1. The document discusses mixed conditional sentences, which combine elements of type II and type III conditional structures. It provides examples of different combinations, such as a type III conditional in the if-clause and a type II conditional in the main clause. 2. Mixed conditionals are used to describe hypothetical present or future situations that result from past events that did not actually happen. They allow for discussing how circumstances could be different based on changing past actions. 3. The most common mixed conditional structures are those that discuss a past action with a present result, a present condition with a past result, or a future action with a past result.

1. Mixed Conditional
Specializedmaster’sdegree inanalyticalsciences
andinstrumentation

2. Plan
Introduction
Conditional Sentences:
Variations in tenses
Conclusi
on .

3. Conditionals
Sometimes the two parts of a conditional
sentence refer to different times. This is
called a mixed conditionalre sentences
that combine the second and third
conditional together.. Ready to learn?

4. The main clause usually has the verb will / shall.
But we can also use:
 Going to:
If Helen passes her exams, I'm going to buy her a present.
 Future continuous:
If we book this holiday, we'll be lying on the beach in two weeks` time.
 Future perfect:
If they win the next match, they'll have won every match in the season.
 Imperative:
If you need me, call me.
 Can / could, may / might, should / ought
to, must
If you don't eat your dinner, you can't have an ice cream.

5. The main clause usually has the modal would +
infinitive. However, the modals could and might are also
used and the infinitive can be in the continuous form:
 If we had more money, we wouldn`t be living here.
 If we had more money, we could go out more.
 If you asked Ali, he might do it for you.

6. The main clause usually has the modal would +
perfect infinitive. However, we can also use the
modals could and might + perfect infinitive.
If I had known there was no more work to do, I
could have stayed in bed.
If the ambulance had come sooner, he might
have been saved.

7. Zero Conditional
• Uses: Use the zero conditional to
talk about scientific facts, constant
laws of nature, unchangeable rules,
customs and personal routines.
• Formula: present simple, present
simple
• Positive Example: If/When it is
lunch time in London, it is
breakfast time in New York.
• Negative Example: If/When it
is not below zero degrees Celsius, it
is not snowing.
• Notes: Either if or when can be
used in the if-clause.
First Conditional
• Uses: Use the first conditional to
talk about probable/possible
conditions in the future, or for
threats or warnings involving direct
action.
• Formula: present simple, future
• Positive Example: If it rains
tomorrow, I will bring my umbrella.
• Negative Example: If you
don´t like a food, don´t eat it.
• Notes: You can use an imperative
in the main clause
You can use the present continuous or
present perfect instead of the present
simple.

8. Second Conditional
• Uses: Use the second conditional to talk
about unreal or hypothetical situations in
the present or improbable events in the
future.
• Formula: past simple, would / wouldn´t
+ infinitive
• Positive Example: If I met Obama, I
would ask for his autograph.
• Negative Example: If I didn´t have a
small house, I would invite you all to a
party.
• Notes: You can use the past continuous
instead of the past simple.
• Instead of would, you can use could or
might.
Third Conditional
• Uses: Use the third conditional to talk
about past events that are untrue.
• Formula: past perfect, would have /
wouldn’t have + past participle
• Positive Example: If you had paid
attention, you would have known what to
do.
• Negative Example: If they had not
been looking the other way, they would
have seen the sign.
• Notes: You can use the past perfect
continuous instead of the past perfect.

9. Tense variations in conditional 2
The if clause usually takes the past simple. However, it is also
possible to use:
 Past continuous:
If you were coming with me, I`d give you a lift.
 Could
If I could have the day off, I`d go with you.
Were / was to:
If you were to ask Steve, I`m sure he would do it.

10. Tense variations in conditional 3
The if clause is usually in the past perfect simple.
However, we can also use the past perfect
continuous or could + perfect infinitive.
If he had been travelling in the car, he would
have been killed too.
If we could have got a taxi, we would have
come round to see you.

11. Words other than if
Unless I won`t go out unless he comes too.
Even if Even if it rains, we`ll go to the match.
If only If only I had money, I would go out more.
As/so long as You can use the car as long as you take care of
it.
On condition
(that)
I`ll lend you the car on condition that you take
care of it.
Provided /
providing
(that)
I`ll lend you the car provided that you take care
of it.
Assuming
(that)
Assuming that you take care of the car, I`ll lend
it to you.

12. Suppose /
supposing (that)
Suppose you had a lot of
money, would you give up
work?
What if What if you had a lot of money,
would you give up work?
Imagine Imagine you had a lot of
money, would you give up
work?
In questions….

13. Mixed Conditionals
 When we talk about mixed conditionals, we are referring to
conditional sentences that combine two different types of conditional
patterns.

14. What Are Mixed Conditionals?
Mixed conditionals are conditional sentences that combine elements
oftype II conditionalsandtype III conditionals. They are used to
describe ahypothetical or unreal situationin the present or
futurethat is connected to a hypothetical or unreal situationin the
past. In other words, mixed conditionals describe a present or future
situation that is the result of a past hypothetical event that did
notactuallyhappen.

15. Mixed Conditional: Structure
Themixedconditionalcantake twoforms:
•[If+typeIII conditional,typeIIconditional]
•[If+typeIIconditional,typeIIIconditional]
Thefirststructure ismore common. Checkoutthe example:
IfIhadtaken anaspirin,Iwouldn'thaveaheadachenow.
IfIhadstayed home, Iwouldn'thaveproblems now.
Nowlet'sseesome examplesofthe secondstructure:
IfIweren'tsoscared ofsnakes,Iwouldhavegonetothereptile zoo.
Inthisexample,'ifclause'isahypotheticalpresentsituationwithapastresult.
IfIweren'tmoving tomynewhousenextmonth, Iwouldhavecome toyourbirthdayparty.
Inthiscase,'ifclause'isahypotheticalfuturesituationwithapast result

17. MIXED CONDITIONALS
 If-clauses canbemixedprovidedthattheymakesensewithina context.
If-clause Main clause
Type 3 If she had worked harder
at university,
She would have a degree
now.
Type 2
(she didn`t work hard at
university
so she doesn`t have a
degree now. )
Type 2 If I were faster, I would have won the
race.
Type 3
(I´m not fast so I didn´t win the race.)
Type2 If they were studying all
morning,
they will be tired now. Type 1
(they were studying so they are tired now.)

18. TimeandTense
Mixed conditionals are used to describe hypothetical situations that connect past, present, and future
events. They allow us to use different verb tenses to talk about actions that occur at different times.
It's important to note that while verb tense and time are often related, they are not always the same.
Forexample:
Sheworked atahospital.
Shewasworkingasanurse.
These two examples do not have the same tense, but they are both referring to the same time, which
ispast.
Mixedconditionals aresentences thatuse twodifferent times.Check outthe examples:
IfIhadslept earlier,Iwouldn'thavemissedmy appointment.
Both the 'if clause' and the 'main clause' have the same time: past. But they have different
tensesinthepast.
IfIhadslept earlier,Iwouldbeatmyappointment now.

19. Themost common combinations ofmixedconditionalsare:
Thistype ofmixedconditionalisusedtodescribeahypothetical presentor futureresultthatis
theconsequenceofapastactionthatdidnot actuallyhappen.Thistype ofmixedconditionaldeals
withchangingapastactionanditshypothetical present orfutureresult.However,it'simportant to
note thattheresultcannotactuallyhappen becausewecannotchangethepast.Checkout the
examples:
IfIhadfinishedhighschool,Iwouldbe acollege student now.
Hereinthisexample, thespeakerisnotacollegestudentnow,butheistalkingaboutachange
inthepastanditsresult.
Wewouldbegetting marriedifyou hadsaidyes.
Mixed Conditionals: Functions
1-PastActionwithPresent Result

20. 2-Present ConditionwithPastResult
The second type of mixed conditional is used to imagine a hypothetical
present situation that is the result of a past action that did not actually
happen.
Ifshe weremore hardworking,she wouldhave succeeded.
IfIweren't injured, Iwouldhave played.

21. This type of mixed conditional is used to describe a hypothetical situation in the present or
future that is the result of a past action that did not actually happen. It helps us to explore how the
present or future could be different if we had acted differently in the past.
Let's explain this function with an example. Imagine that you are a soccer player and tomorrow you
have an important match. You will probably stay home the night before the match, eat a healthy
dinner,andtryto bewell-rested. Soyoumightsay:
IfIdidn'thaveanimportant matchtomorrow, Iwouldhavestayed uplate.
Here, the person means: I am not staying up late because I have an important match
tomorrow.
IfIwasn'tparticipating inamatch,Iwouldhaveeatenicecreamafterdinner.
3-Future Actionwith PastResult

22. 3rd Conditional Mixed Conditional
 Describes what the outcome
would have been in the past, if
things had happened differently
in the past.
 Example: If Houda hadn’t given
birth to a unicorn, she wouldn’t
have gone to the hospital last
night.
• Describes what the outcome
would be in the present, if
things had happened
differently in the past.
• Example: If Houda hadn’t
given birth to a unicorn, she
wouldn’t be a mother today.
What is the difference between the third
conditional and the mixed conditional?

23. Mixed 3/2 Conditional
• 3rd conditional in the if-clause followed by
a 2nd conditional in the main clause
Example:
If he had taken the medication as prescribed, he
wouldn't still be sick in bed.
If Clause (3rd) Main Clause (2nd)
If + had/hadn’t +
past participle
Would/wouldn’t + infinitive

24. Mixed 3/2 Conditional
• With this combination we are describing what
the outcome would be in the present, if things
had happened differently in the past.
the opposite of what actually happened
Example: If she had taken reasonable
precautions, she wouldn't be pregnant now.
Hypothetical present outcome

25. Mixed 2/3 Conditional
• 2nd conditional in the if-clause followed by a
3rd conditional in the main clause
Example: If you weren´t so scary, you
wouldn’t have made the baby cry.
If clause (2nd) Main Clause (3rd)
If + simple past Would/wouldn’t + have +
past participle

26. Mixed 2/3 Conditional
• With this combination we are describing ongoing
circumstances or characteristics in relation to a past
event.
ongoing characteristic
Example: If you weren't such a poor dancer, you
would've got a job in the chorus line in that musical.
past event

27. Mixed Conditinal Practice
 If you weren't so blind to his faults, you ________that he was out to swindle
you. (realize)
 If you weren't so blind to his faults, you would've realized that he was out to
swindle you.
• If he hadn't run after the car thief and suffered a heart attack, he ___ (die).
• If he hadn't run after the car thief and suffered a heart attack, he wouldn't have
died.
• She wouldn’t need a visa to work here if she _______ (be) born in Europe.
• She wouldn’t need a visa to work here if she had been born in Europe.
• Sam would have translated the letter for you if he ______ (speak) Russian.
• Sam would have translated the letter for you if he spoke Russian.