This document summarizes research on concurrent media distractions and media multitasking behavior from a cross-cultural perspective. It discusses how media usage and media multitasking has increased globally due to proliferation of mobile devices. It reviews literature on types and causes of multitasking, and effects on cognition, learning, academic performance, and evolving media consumption patterns. Demographic factors like age and gender that influence multitasking behavior are also examined. Studies find younger generations and digital natives are more likely to multitask and own more devices, while negative impacts include decreased performance, attention, and memory.
Research on Socially Enabled TV Advertisingsarah_cui
How many digital devices do you have? According to the 2014 Nielsen Digital Consumer Report, Americans now own four digital devices on average, and the average U.S. consumer spends 60 hours a week consuming content across devices. The proliferation of digital devices and platforms contributes to the media revolution and blurring traditional media definitions.
As a result, consumers’ media habits are changing. Nowadays, watching TV while simultaneously using a smartphone, laptop or tablet is on the verge of becoming a majority behavior worldwide. A survey of 55,000 people by the research consultancy TNS shows that 56% of Americans engage in another digital activity when they are watching TV. The rapid adoption of a second screen has transformed the traditional TV watching experience. Instead of only watching TV, audiences now are enhancing their viewing experience by actively surfing the Web, engaging with social networks and shopping online while they are watching TV. Especially, this “multitasking” behavior is fostering a surge of real-time social media conversation between friends, fans and online communities.
Facing this new trend of media usage, advertisers want to introduce socially enabled TV advertising to communicate with their target audiences. In this way, audiences could be actively interacting with ads and co-creating advertising content. To get a better understanding of how audiences think about this new form of advertising, we conducted indepth interviews in this research.
The first part of this report closely examines audiences’ TV watching behaviors, social media uses and the ways that they engage with media. Then we give our analysis of primary data in detail and provide three key findings: Bonding Facilitator, Reciprocal Interaction and Hashtag Marketing. Finally, our recommendations will be offered about what could be done to further improve the engagement and the effectiveness of socially enabled TV advertising.
If audiovisual materials communicate more effectively than print, can we achieve better international development results by sharing information differently? My experience working with telecentres in Nigeria suggests so.
The intentional use of technology in 21st century teaching and learningBen Kahn
This essay examines the role of the educational system in knowledge dissemination in light of increasingly pervasive information networks and connected devices. Information of all kinds is becoming much more easily accessible; at the same time concerns that young people are distracted by ubiquitous screens and overly immersed in digital entertainment and social media are mounting. Ultimately, this paper argues that technology integration is crucial to prepare students to become successful, engaged, effective citizens who effectively use the power of networks to participate in society. To support this need, curriculum should be designed to develop student’s attentional capacity and to emphasize the deliberate and intentional use of technology.
Research on Socially Enabled TV Advertisingsarah_cui
How many digital devices do you have? According to the 2014 Nielsen Digital Consumer Report, Americans now own four digital devices on average, and the average U.S. consumer spends 60 hours a week consuming content across devices. The proliferation of digital devices and platforms contributes to the media revolution and blurring traditional media definitions.
As a result, consumers’ media habits are changing. Nowadays, watching TV while simultaneously using a smartphone, laptop or tablet is on the verge of becoming a majority behavior worldwide. A survey of 55,000 people by the research consultancy TNS shows that 56% of Americans engage in another digital activity when they are watching TV. The rapid adoption of a second screen has transformed the traditional TV watching experience. Instead of only watching TV, audiences now are enhancing their viewing experience by actively surfing the Web, engaging with social networks and shopping online while they are watching TV. Especially, this “multitasking” behavior is fostering a surge of real-time social media conversation between friends, fans and online communities.
Facing this new trend of media usage, advertisers want to introduce socially enabled TV advertising to communicate with their target audiences. In this way, audiences could be actively interacting with ads and co-creating advertising content. To get a better understanding of how audiences think about this new form of advertising, we conducted indepth interviews in this research.
The first part of this report closely examines audiences’ TV watching behaviors, social media uses and the ways that they engage with media. Then we give our analysis of primary data in detail and provide three key findings: Bonding Facilitator, Reciprocal Interaction and Hashtag Marketing. Finally, our recommendations will be offered about what could be done to further improve the engagement and the effectiveness of socially enabled TV advertising.
If audiovisual materials communicate more effectively than print, can we achieve better international development results by sharing information differently? My experience working with telecentres in Nigeria suggests so.
The intentional use of technology in 21st century teaching and learningBen Kahn
This essay examines the role of the educational system in knowledge dissemination in light of increasingly pervasive information networks and connected devices. Information of all kinds is becoming much more easily accessible; at the same time concerns that young people are distracted by ubiquitous screens and overly immersed in digital entertainment and social media are mounting. Ultimately, this paper argues that technology integration is crucial to prepare students to become successful, engaged, effective citizens who effectively use the power of networks to participate in society. To support this need, curriculum should be designed to develop student’s attentional capacity and to emphasize the deliberate and intentional use of technology.
On OERs: Five ideas to guide engagement with the Open Educational Resources ‘...Saide OER Africa
This brief paper was developed in response to the launching of the Cape Town Declaration that set itself up as a manifesto of a ‘movement’, the ‘open education movement’.It describes five ideas that SAIDE regards as important in engaging with the OER 'movement'.
In this context, the aim of this research paper is to assess and verify the public understanding on ‘Fake Contents’ which ultimately hampering the social fabric and diverging immense popularity of “fifth estate” i.e. online (social and digital) media. This research will be based on an Exploratory Research wherein 100 respondents were selected based on random sampling technique through scheduled questionnaire which were used.
Helping Crisis Responders Find the Informative Needle in the Tweet HaystackCOMRADES project
Leon Derczynski - University of Sheffield,
Kenny Meesters - TU Delft, Kalina Bontcheva - University of Sheffield, Diana Maynard- University of Sheffield
WiPe Paper – Social Media Studies
Proceedings of the 15th ISCRAM Conference – Rochester, NY, USA May 2018
Understanding Disengagement from Social Media: A Research AgendaUniversity of Sydney
Digital disengagement presentation for the Alfred Deakin Institute International Conference, Recovery, reconfiguration, and repair
Mobilising the social sciences and humanities for a post-pandemic world
11–12 November 2021
Diverse Social Media Networks in Public Safety PowerPoint for CCHE 590Nicholas Tancredi
PowerPoint on how social media is used in various Public Safety agencies, including the fact of how it can bridge the communication gap that has been occurring lately.
Combining of Narrative News and VR Games: Comparison of Various Forms of News...sipij
The information explosion makes it easier to ignore information that requires social attention, and news games can make that information stand out. There is also considerable research that shows that people are more likely to remember narrative content. Virtual environments can also increase the amount of information a person can recall. If these elements are blended together, it may help people remember important information. This research aims to provide directional results for researchers interested in combining VR and narrative, enumerating the advantages and limitations of using text or non-text plot prompts in news games. It also provides hints for the use of virtual environments as learning platforms in news games. The research method is to first derive a theoretical derivation, then create a sample of news games, and then compare the experimental data of the sample to prove the theory. The research compares the survey data of a VR game that presents a story in non-text format (Group VR), a game that presents the story in non-text format (Group NVR), a VR game that presents the story in text (Group VRIT), and a game that presents the story in text (Group NVRIT) will be compared and analyzed. This paper describes the experiment. The results of the experiment show that among the four groups, the means that can make subjects remember the most information is a VR news game with a storyline. And there is a positive correlation between subjects' experience and confidence in recognizing memories, and empathy is positively correlated with the correctness of memories. In addition, the effects of "VR," "experience," and "presenting a story from text or video" on the percentage of correct answers differed depending on the type of question.
Our major goal is to help you achieve your academic goals. We are commited to helping you get top grades in your academic papers.We desire to help you come up with great essays that meet your lecturer's expectations.Contact us now at http://www.premiumessays.net/
Psychological Factors of Mobile Phone Users and Social Media Networks on Indi...journal ijrtem
Abstract : Mobile devices in this modern generation such as cell phones has become the most used instrument in the people’s daily activities including browsing Internet and sending e-mails. In this work, the mobile technology is suggested to help the higher educational students, studies, check their emails, self-testing themselves, following news, search for jobs, the help of new learning environment to learn course subjects easily, collaborative learning opportunity, and remaindering the learning activities automatically (Homework and announcement, exam, self-test, chat, etc.). This application will also have the ability to send a voice call to their teachers and attend conferences through internet, even by video calls. Basically, some methods have been suggested to settle this application according to the available new technology. The preliminary outcomes of the conducted experiment demonstrated the possibility of applying mobile devices within the various help of the students at Girne American University and for the young people and scientific. In this work, survey is prepared as two forms, one for personnel information and the second for the use and benefits of using smart phones in higher education. Keywords: Psychology, Smart Phone, higher education, Internet Addiction, Positive Media
On OERs: Five ideas to guide engagement with the Open Educational Resources ‘...Saide OER Africa
This brief paper was developed in response to the launching of the Cape Town Declaration that set itself up as a manifesto of a ‘movement’, the ‘open education movement’.It describes five ideas that SAIDE regards as important in engaging with the OER 'movement'.
In this context, the aim of this research paper is to assess and verify the public understanding on ‘Fake Contents’ which ultimately hampering the social fabric and diverging immense popularity of “fifth estate” i.e. online (social and digital) media. This research will be based on an Exploratory Research wherein 100 respondents were selected based on random sampling technique through scheduled questionnaire which were used.
Helping Crisis Responders Find the Informative Needle in the Tweet HaystackCOMRADES project
Leon Derczynski - University of Sheffield,
Kenny Meesters - TU Delft, Kalina Bontcheva - University of Sheffield, Diana Maynard- University of Sheffield
WiPe Paper – Social Media Studies
Proceedings of the 15th ISCRAM Conference – Rochester, NY, USA May 2018
Understanding Disengagement from Social Media: A Research AgendaUniversity of Sydney
Digital disengagement presentation for the Alfred Deakin Institute International Conference, Recovery, reconfiguration, and repair
Mobilising the social sciences and humanities for a post-pandemic world
11–12 November 2021
Diverse Social Media Networks in Public Safety PowerPoint for CCHE 590Nicholas Tancredi
PowerPoint on how social media is used in various Public Safety agencies, including the fact of how it can bridge the communication gap that has been occurring lately.
Combining of Narrative News and VR Games: Comparison of Various Forms of News...sipij
The information explosion makes it easier to ignore information that requires social attention, and news games can make that information stand out. There is also considerable research that shows that people are more likely to remember narrative content. Virtual environments can also increase the amount of information a person can recall. If these elements are blended together, it may help people remember important information. This research aims to provide directional results for researchers interested in combining VR and narrative, enumerating the advantages and limitations of using text or non-text plot prompts in news games. It also provides hints for the use of virtual environments as learning platforms in news games. The research method is to first derive a theoretical derivation, then create a sample of news games, and then compare the experimental data of the sample to prove the theory. The research compares the survey data of a VR game that presents a story in non-text format (Group VR), a game that presents the story in non-text format (Group NVR), a VR game that presents the story in text (Group VRIT), and a game that presents the story in text (Group NVRIT) will be compared and analyzed. This paper describes the experiment. The results of the experiment show that among the four groups, the means that can make subjects remember the most information is a VR news game with a storyline. And there is a positive correlation between subjects' experience and confidence in recognizing memories, and empathy is positively correlated with the correctness of memories. In addition, the effects of "VR," "experience," and "presenting a story from text or video" on the percentage of correct answers differed depending on the type of question.
Our major goal is to help you achieve your academic goals. We are commited to helping you get top grades in your academic papers.We desire to help you come up with great essays that meet your lecturer's expectations.Contact us now at http://www.premiumessays.net/
Psychological Factors of Mobile Phone Users and Social Media Networks on Indi...journal ijrtem
Abstract : Mobile devices in this modern generation such as cell phones has become the most used instrument in the people’s daily activities including browsing Internet and sending e-mails. In this work, the mobile technology is suggested to help the higher educational students, studies, check their emails, self-testing themselves, following news, search for jobs, the help of new learning environment to learn course subjects easily, collaborative learning opportunity, and remaindering the learning activities automatically (Homework and announcement, exam, self-test, chat, etc.). This application will also have the ability to send a voice call to their teachers and attend conferences through internet, even by video calls. Basically, some methods have been suggested to settle this application according to the available new technology. The preliminary outcomes of the conducted experiment demonstrated the possibility of applying mobile devices within the various help of the students at Girne American University and for the young people and scientific. In this work, survey is prepared as two forms, one for personnel information and the second for the use and benefits of using smart phones in higher education. Keywords: Psychology, Smart Phone, higher education, Internet Addiction, Positive Media
Demographics, Psychographics and the Uses and Gratifications Theory, Understa...ijtsrd
The issues of how the media affect people and what people do with the media have presented perennial and perplexing questions for communication scholars. Some of the research results in these areas are more controversial than useful. Uses and gratification studies straddle the two domains of media effects and people’s employment of the media. The field of gratification research holds great promise in the continual search for comprehensive knowledge on how and why we use the media. Drawing from a wide range of local and international literature, this paper presents a clear and concise review of the ontological, epistemological and axiological assumptions of the uses and gratifications theory. Paleowei, Zikena Cletus "Demographics, Psychographics and the Uses and Gratifications Theory, Understanding Text and Preferences" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56314.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/56314/demographics-psychographics-and-the-uses-and-gratifications-theory-understanding-text-and-preferences/paleowei-zikena-cletus
MIL for Teachers Module 06: New and Traditional MediaPEDAGOGY.IR
MIL for Teachers Module 06: New and Traditional Media
2023 UNITED NATIONS ALLIANCE OF CIVILIZATIONS (UNAOC)
and
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO)
Source URL:
http://unesco.mil-for-teachers.unaoc.org/modules/module-6/
A stronger shield against electromagnetic radiation is produced by the negative ion sticker. High-quality metal was used to create this sticker, which is intended to reflect electromagnetic waves and stop them from entering your environment. Additionally, it inhibits the damage that these radiations might do to your body .
https://youtube.com/shorts/-Og9dyIoNIA
Intercultural research in the area of communication was initiated in the
early 20th century. Over the last few decades, researchers have built a solid theoretical basis in this field. Nowadays, intercultural analyses include a rich collection of
texts on cross-cultural differences, the specificity of the phenomenon in the area of
verbal and non-verbal communication and also the role of the media. There is no
doubt that in an era of dynamic transformations of media use by people all over the
world, the sub-discipline of intercultural communication is facing another challenge
– that of including social media and network communication processes into new
empirical theories and research. The article answers the question of the status of
communication research in the field of the intercultural contexts of the new media.
Additionally, the directions of future development of these studies and conclusions
are discussed
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
The Role of the Instruction of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Enhancing ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :Throughout my studies and teaching English in different language centers and higher studies
institutions, I have come to conclude that students consider Reading comprehension as a nightmare that
frightens them and hinders their language acquisition in the Moroccan EFL Context. This may cause them to
develop an internal psychological obstacle that grows as their lack of the necessary instruments or tools to
overcome are not equipped with. They become lost and unaware about or unfamiliar with the necessary reading
comprehension strategies that could help them to face the problem of misunderstanding or non-understanding
of English texts. Respectively, this article which is only one part of my whole study aims at showing the effect
of teaching reading strategies in enhancing the S1 students‟ familiarity with reading strategies and raising their
frequency use. A sample of 283 University students in EFL context have been chosen randomly and have
attended the usual academic reading classes, yet only 76 are subject to this survey. 38 of them constitute the
experimental group who have attended the treatment regularly in one of the language centers and the other 38
participants are chosen randomly from the whole population to constitute the Control group. They all have
Psychosocial Factors and Deviant Behaviors of Children in Conflict with the L...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This study aims to determine the relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant
behaviors among children in conflict with the law (CICL) inDavao Region. The researchers want to discover the
prevalent factors thatdrive these children to their behaviors. Further, the study sought to determinethe
manifestation of psychosocial factors in terms of life satisfaction, emotionalsupport, self-esteem, and personality
traits. The study's data came from N-83children in conflict with the law (CICL) at the Regional Rehabilitation
Center forYouth (RRCY) in Bago Oshiro, Davao City; all respondents are male. This studyused a total
enumeration sampling technique due to the relatively smallpopulation size. The researchers adapted the
Psychosocial surveyquestionnaires by Zabriskie & Ward (2013) and by John and Srivastava (1999)as well as the
Deviant Behavior Variety Scale (DBVS) by Sanches et al. (2016).Through the use of a validated questionnaire,
the mean and standard deviationare determined. The researchers modified this questionnaire and translated itinto
the respondents' mother tongue (Cebuano) for them to comprehend itbetter. The study discovered no significant
relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant behaviors of children in conflict with the law (CICL) in
theDavao Region
KEYWORDS :Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL), deviant behaviors, psychosocial factors
Entropy: A Join between Science and Mind-SocietyAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Entropy is join, intersection and interaction between natural science and human mind-society.
We proposed that if internal interactions exist in isolated systems, entropy decrease will be possible for this
system. Management in system is a typical internal interaction within the isolated system. The purpose of
management is to use regulating the internal interactions within the system, and to decrease the increasing
entropy spontaneously. We propose the principle of social civilization and the developing direction is: freedom
of thought, rule of action. Both combinations should be a peaceful revision and improvement of social rules and
laws. Different countries and nations, different religions and beliefs should coexist peacefully and compete
peacefully. The evolution of human society must be coevolution. Its foundation is the evolution of the human
heart and the human nature.
KEYWORDS: entropy, science, society, management, mind, evolution.
A Model of Disaster Resilience Among Colleges and Universities: A Mixed Metho...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research paper aimed to create a comprehensive framework for measuring disaster
resilience in colleges and universities. The study used a mixed method through Exploratory Factor Analysis
(EFA), which involved analyzing data from a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed based on
in-depth interviews with 12 selected participants from the University of Mindanao, as well as relevant literature
and studies. It was reviewed and validated by 10 experts using a method called Content Validity Ratio (CVR).
This questionnaire was then administered to 400 students from 10 different colleges in University of Mindanao.
After conducting the Exploratory Factor Analysis and performing rotations and iterations, the researchers
identified five main constructs that characterize disaster resilience among colleges (1) disaster preparedness, (2)
disaster awareness, (3) community readiness, and (4) disaster management, (5) disaster resilience. The
researchers aimed to create an organization called “Council of College Disaster Volunteers (CCDV)” which
consist of student volunteers. These factors can be used to develop effective management strategies and
strengthen efforts in preventing and managing disasters and accidents.
KEYWORDS:content validity ratio, criminology, disaster resilience, disaster management, exploratory factor
analysis, and Philippines.
Environmental Struggles and Justice Among Lumad Farmers of Davao CityAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The study described the various environmental struggles experienced among the participants
and their status in accessing justice. The study followed a qualitative multiple-case study approach; the
participants are the Lumad farmers of Marilog, Davao City selected through a Critical sampling method and
aims to present the environmental violations experienced by the Lumad farmers in Davao City and how it
affected their families and sustenance further, their status in accessing justice is also explored. The study
concluded that the most common struggles the participant experience are Illegal logging and improper waste
disposal, which affect their farms, family, health, and income. Their preferred means to accessing justice is
through barangay settlement; the rigors of accessing courts, such as distance, expenses, fear of ruling, and the
hassle of being called to be present in court, are the most prevalent barriers that hinder the lead farmers from
accessing justice or seeking legal action. Nevertheless, the participants believed that the government would help
them in accessing justice.
KEYWORDS :access to justice, criminology,environmental justice, environmental struggles, lumadfarmers
CYBERBULLYING EXPERIENCES OF UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTSAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This paper explores the cyberbullying experiences among Criminology students at the
University of Mindanao. A simple random sampling method was used to distribute the study's online
questionnaire to the respondents and to survey the target population. This study has four hundred (400)
respondents, and the respondents are Criminology students at the University of Mindanao. The findings of this
study revealed that the level of cyberbullying experiences is sometimes manifested. On the other hand, the
cyberbullying experiences of the students indicate a moderate level, which indicates that the cyberbullying
experiences of the respondents are sometimes manifested. Also, the computations showed that among the
indicators presented, the highest mean is obtained in the psychological effect, which implies that there is a
significant effect of cyberbullying experiences of the respondents in terms of the Gender level of the
respondents. Therefore, respondents with a low level of cyberbullying experiences tend to have a moderate level
of cyberbullying experience. However, there is no significant effect in terms of age and year level of the
respondents according to the results regarding the psychological, emotional, and physical impact of
cyberbullying.
KEYWORDS :cyberbullying, emotional, experiences, psychological,physical effect, and simple random
sampling method.
A philosophical ontogenetic standpoint on superego role in human mind formationAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: One of the most significant contributions of psychoanalysis to understand the human being is the
elaboration of a model about the mind from a topical and dynamic perspective. Freud explains the mind by the
constitution of the preconscious, conscious, and subconscious. Later, by three dynamic components: the id, the
ego and the superego. Such an organization of the psychic apparatus supposes not only individual elements, but
social influences along the process of hominization. In this paper, we recover the findings of the renowned
anthropologist Lewis Morgan, trying to link some of them to the psychoanalytic theory. Especially highlighting
the importance of superego in Haidt’s social intuitionism.
Keywords: evolutionism, intuitionism, psychoanalysis, Freud, Haidt, Morgan
Improving Workplace Safety Performance in Malaysian SMEs: The Role of Safety ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: In the Malaysian context, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) experience a significant
burden of workplace accidents. A consensus among scholars attributes a substantial portion of these incidents to
human factors, particularly unsafe behaviors. This study, conducted in Malaysia's northern region, specifically
targeted Safety and Health/Human Resource professionals within the manufacturing sector of SMEs. We
gathered a robust dataset comprising 107 responses through a meticulously designed self-administered
questionnaire. Employing advanced partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques
with SmartPLS 3.2.9, we rigorously analyzed the data to scrutinize the intricate relationship between safety
behavior and safety performance. The research findings unequivocally underscore the palpable and
consequential impact of safety behavior variables, namely safety compliance and safety participation, on
improving safety performance indicators such as accidents, injuries, and property damages. These results
strongly validate research hypotheses. Consequently, this study highlights the pivotal significance of cultivating
safety behavior among employees, particularly in resource-constrained SME settings, as an essential step toward
enhancing workplace safety performance.
KEYWORDS :Safety compliance, safety participation, safety performance, SME
Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of ForgivenessAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of Forgiveness.
The two variables are regarded to have influence on the decision one makes to forgive another. The study aimed
at examining the relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness, empathy and forgiveness
and to identify which one of the two,Psychological Empowerment or Empathy, is the more powerful predictor of
forgiveness. The study took a survey design with a sample of 350 drawn from a population of university students
using a self-administered questionnaire with four sections: Personal information, Psychological empowerment
scale, Toronto Empathy questionnaire, and the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS). Data analysis employed
Pearson’s product moment correlation and regression analysis to test hypotheses. The results show significant
relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness as well as empathy and forgiveness.
Empathy was found to be the more powerful predictor of forgiveness.
KEY WORDS: Psychological empowerment, empathy, forgiveness
Exploring The Dimensions and Dynamics of Felt Obligation: A Bibliometric Anal...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTARCT: This study presents, to our knowledge, the first bibliometric analysis focusing on the concept of
"felt obligation," examining 120 articles published between 1986 and 2024. The aim of the study is to deepen our
understanding of the existing knowledge in the field of "felt obligation" and to provide guidance for further
research. The analysis is centered around the authors, countries, institutions, and keywords of the articles. The
findings highlight prominent researchers in this field, leading universities, and influential journals. Particularly,
it is identified that China plays a leading role in "felt obligation" research. The analysis of keywords emphasizes
the thematic focuses of these studies and provides a roadmap for future research. Finally, various
recommendations are presented to deepen the knowledge in this area and promote applied research. This study
serves as a foundation to expand and advance the understanding of "felt obligation" in the field.
KEYWORDS: Felt Obligation, Bibliometric Analysis, Research Trends
Les autorités traditionnelles et l’administration coloniale au Tchad : 1900-1960AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : In Africa, traditionalauthorities are the guardians of tradition. Recently, however, they have
been caughtbetween tradition and modernity in the exercise of political power in Chad. However, we are
witnessing the revival of chieftaincy and the hybridization of the politicalpowersexercisedwithinit. In this
cohabitation of powers, traditionalauthorityisescapingitsrole as guardian of tradition.
Traditionalauthorityisthereforepresented in itscurrent state, as a proxy for the modern state in traditional
administrative districts. The aim of thisstudyis to analyze the mutations and adaptability of
traditionalauthorityfrom the pre-colonialperiodthrough the colonial period to the post-colonial period. This
workanalyzes the mutations of authorities. The data collected and processedrevealthattraditionalauthorities have
survivedalmosteverywhere, the former chiefdomsdissolvedduringcolonization have been restored by
republicanheads of state, while more and more frequently civil servants, businessmen, academics and
othermembers of the literateelite, whopreviouslyhad no attraction for the position of traditionalchief, are
beingenthroned.
Key words:Authorities, Administration, colonization, Chad, Kanem.
A Conceptual Analysis of Correlates of Domestic Violence and Adolescent Risky...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores domestic violence and how it influences adolescent risky behavior.
Domestic violence is a devastating social problem resulting in significant and enduring effects on children,
threatening both their health and emotional well-being. The study aimed at examining the relationships between
domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem, psychological
Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem and Selfregulation, Self-Regulation and Adolescent Risky Behavior and identify the stronger predictor of self-regulation
between psychological empowerment and Self-esteem. Adolescent respondents who experienced domestic
violence were purposely selected and guided by teachers and administrators who had provided support to these
children.The questionnaire had six sections namely; personal information, the Child Exposure to Domestic
Violence Scale, the Psychological empowerment scale, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory, and the Brief
Self-Control Scale. Data analysis employed Pearson's product-moment correlation (r) to test hypotheses 1,
2,3,4,5, and 6. Regression analysis was used for hypothesis 7.The results show a significant relationship
between domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem,
psychological Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem
and Self-regulation, Self-Regulation, and Adolescent Risky Behavior. The study documents that Psychological
empowerment is a stronger predictor of self-regulation than Self-esteem.
KEYWORDS:Domestic violence, psychological empowerment, self-regulation, and Adolescent risky behavior
Driving Sustainable Competitive Advantage Through an Innovative Aggregator Bu...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The aim of the research is to analyze the influence of the aggregation business model on
Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA). Through a survey of 216 MSMEs in the creative economy sector
selected randomly using an ex post facto causal research approach, an overview of the aggregator business
model and its impact on financial resources and SCA was obtained. The aggregator business model plays a role
in facilitating increased access to financial resources to meet both available and required working capital for
realizing SCA in Malang's Lokanima area. The strength of ABM lies in understanding the resources needed for
SCA and the effectiveness of mobilizing services while considering the most cost-effective options, including
providing various alternatives in their provision. Financial resources are an important factor supporting the
achievement of SCA. Access to financial resources is key to facilitating business growth and sustainability.
Theoretical implications: The concept of the aggregator business model emphasizes the efficient and effective
collection, aggregation, and distribution of resources in connecting service providers with consumers in an
economical and efficient manner. Practical implications: ABM can enhance the performance of financial
resource provision by optimizing relationships with MSMEs and financial institutions, leading to business
growth and sustainability for MSMEs.
KEYWORDS -Aggregator Business, Creative Economy, Financial Resources, Sustainable Competitive
Advantage
Accuracy of ChatGPT for Basic Values of Trigonometric FunctionsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study analyzes the accuracy of ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence model based on GPT3.5, in determining the values of basic trigonometric functions. To this end, we examine ChatGPT's responses to
sine, cosine, tangent, and cotangent values for a wide range of angles. We compare the results provided by
ChatGPT with the accuracy values determined by basic trigonometry. We also explore differences in accuracy
depending on changes in question complexity and given context. The results show a high level of accuracy of
ChatGPT in determining the values of trigonometric functions, especially for common angles. However, it is
noted that accuracy may be affected in certain cases of extreme angles or complex questions. This analysis
provides an important representation of ChatGPT's capabilities in the field of mathematics, using a new method
for testing the accuracy of artificial intelligence models in determining trigonometric values.
Keywords -Accuracy, AI Model, ChatGPT, Trigonometric Functions, Trigonometry
Postmodern Marketing and Its Impact on Traditional Marketing Approaches: Is K...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The essay discusses the concept of postmodern marketing and its impact on marketing theory
and practice. It explores the characteristics of postmodernism, including openness, tolerance, hyper-reality,
fragmentation, and the lack of clear boundaries, and how they challenge traditional marketing approaches. The
paper also looks at the contributions of postmodern marketing to consumer and marketing research and how it
has redefined the way we think about marketing as a science. Ultimately, it raises the question of whether and
how marketing should adapt itself to the new conditions brought about by postmodernism.
KEYWORDS :Postmodernism, Postmodern Marketing, Kotler, Marketing Theory, Postmodern Consumer
Reorientation of Health Service Governance Toward the Fulfillment of Social J...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Health insurance is a human right. At the practical level, this health insurance program in
Indonesia is organized by BPJS Kesehatan (Social Security Administering Body for Health). The
implementation of BPJS Kesehatan is still not optimal and effective. Three problems are discussed in this
writing: the dynamics of health insurance governance in Indonesia, the implementation of the fulfillment of the
right to health by BPJS Kesehatan, and the reorientation of BPJS Kesehatan services toward social justice.
These problems are then answered by scientific research methods using a sociological juridical approach.
Complaintsoften occur regarding the regulations, the services provided by the health facility providers, and the
distance between the community and the health facilities. Such complaints affect the public interest in becoming
BPJS Kesehatan participants. The aforementioned conditions must be considered and evaluated for the
government's success in the aspired national health insurance plan.
KEYWORDS -BPJS Kesehatan, Health Insurance, Social Justice
“To be integrated is to feel secure, to feel connected.” The views and experi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Although a significant amount of literature exists on Morocco's migration policies and their
successes and failures since their implementation in 2014, there is limited research on the integration of subSaharan African children into schools. This paperis part of a Ph.D. research project that aims to fill this gap. It
reports the main findings of a study conducted with migrant children enrolled in two public schools in Rabat,
Morocco, exploring how integration is defined by the children themselves and identifying the obstacles that they
have encountered thus far. The following paper uses an inductive approach and primarily focuses on the
relationships of children with their teachers and peers as a key aspect of integration for students with a migration
background. The study has led to several crucial findings. It emphasizes the significance of speaking Colloquial
Moroccan Arabic (Darija) and being part of a community for effective integration. Moreover, it reveals that the
use of Modern Standard Arabic as the language of instruction in schools is a source of frustration for students,
indicating the need for language policy reform. The study underlines the importanceof considering the
children‟s agency when being integrated into mainstream public schools.
.
KEYWORDS: migration, education, integration, sub-Saharan African children, public school
Sport et vieillissement : une analyse de la pratique des activités physiques ...AJHSSR Journal
Abstract : The aim of thispaperis to report on the effects of physicalactivity and sport on the health of older
people. Based on a mixed-methodsapproach, several techniques, namelydocumentaryanalysis and semistructured interviews, wereused in thisresearch in order to obtain a range of data thatwasavailable, accessible
and relevant to the subjectunderstudy. This enabled us to arrive at the resultsaccording to which the
stakeholders' perceptions of theirhealth are based on the practice of physicalactivities and sport as a social
construct in a socio-cultural context. Older people see sport as a way of curingillnesses, but above all as a way
of givingtheir bodies vitality. Othersseeit as a way of reinvigoratingthemselvesafter retirement.
Key words: Ageing, Physical activities, Sports activities, Elderly people.
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The Challenges of Good Governance and Project Implementation in Nigeria: A Re...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study reveals that systemic corruption and other factors including poor leadership,
leadership recruitment processes, ethnic and regional politics, tribalism and mediocrity, poor planning, and
variation of project design have been the causative factors that undermine projects implementation in postindependence African states, particularly in Nigeria. The study, thus, argued that successive governments of
African states, using Nigeria as a case study, have been deeply engrossed in this obnoxious practice that has
undermined infrastructure sector development as well as enthroned impoverishment and mass poverty in these
African countries. This study, therefore, is posed to examine the similarities in causative factors, effects and
consequences of corruption and how it affects governance, projects implementation and national growth. To
achieve this, the study adopted historical research design which is qualitative and explorative in nature. The
study among others suggests that the governments of developing countries should shun corruption and other
forms of obnoxious practices in order to operate effective and efficient systems that promote good governance
and ensure there is adequate projects implementation which are the attributes of a responsible government and
good leadership. Policy makers should also prioritize policy objectives and competence to ensure that policies
are fully implemented within stipulated time frame.
KEYWORDS: Developing Countries, Nigeria, Government, Project Implementation, Project Failure
Non-Financial Information and Firm Risk Non-Financial Information and Firm RiskAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to examine how ESG disclosure and risk disclosure affect the total risk of
companies. Using cross section data from 355 companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange, data regarding
ESG disclosure and risk was collected. In this research, ESG and risk disclosures are measured based on content
analysis using GRI 4 guidelines for ESG disclosures and COSO ERM for risk disclosures. Using multiple
regression, it is concluded that only risk disclosure can reduce the company's total risk, while ESG disclosure
cannot affect the company's total risk. This shows that only risk disclosure is relevant in determining a
company's total risk.
KEYWORDS: ESG disclosure, risk disclosure, firm risk
Social media refers to online platforms and tools that enable users to create, share, and exchange information, ideas, and content in virtual communities and networks. These platforms have revolutionized the way people communicate, interact, and consume information. Here are some key aspects and descriptions of social media:
Exploring Factors Affecting the Success of TVET-Industry Partnership: A Case ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to explore factors affecting the success of TVET-industry
partnerships. A case study design of the qualitative research method was used to achieve this objective. For the
study, one polytechnic college of Oromia regional state, and two industries were purposively selected. From the
sample polytechnic college and industries, a total of 17 sample respondents were selected. Out of 17
respondents, 10 respondents were selected using the snowball sampling method, and the rest 7 respondents were
selected using the purposive sampling technique. The qualitative data were collected through an in-depth
interview and document analysis. The data were analyzed using thematic approaches. The findings revealed that
TVET-industry partnerships were found weak. Lack of key stakeholder‟s awareness shortage of improved
training equipment and machines in polytechnic colleges, absence of trainee health insurance policy, lack of
incentive mechanisms for private industries, lack of employer industries involvement in designing and
developing occupational standards, and preparation of curriculum were some of the impediments of TVETindustry partnership. Based on the findings it was recommended that the Oromia TVET bureau in collaboration
with other relevant concerned regional authorities and TVET colleges, set new strategies for creating strong
awareness for industries, companies, and other relevant stakeholders on the purpose and advantages of
implementing successful TVET-industry partnership. Finally, the Oromia regional government in collaboration
with the TVET bureau needs to create policy-supported incentive strategies such as giving occasional privileges
of duty-free import, tax reduction, and regional government recognition awards based on the level of partnership
contribution to TVET institutions in promoting TVET-industry partnership.
KEY WORDS: employability skills, industries, and partnership
How social media marketing helps businesses in 2024.pdfpramodkumar2310
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Concurrent Distractions: A Cross-Cultural Study of Media Multitasking Behavior
1. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2022
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 143
American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN : 2378-703X
Volume-6, Issue-01, pp-143-154
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
Concurrent Distractions: A Cross-Cultural Study of
Media Multitasking Behavior
Anna Croyle1
, Fatemeh Askarinejad1
, Damian Schofield1
and Jorge Abreu2
1
Department of Computer Science, State University of New York, Oswego, New York, 13126, USA
2
Digimedia Departamento de Comunicação e Arte, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
Corresponding author: Damian Schofield
ABSTRACT : As media usage continues to increase on a global scale, fueled by the proliferation of mobile
devices, this facilitates the effortless behavior of mediamultitasking. This paradigm shift in the way in which
media is consumed presents fundamental challenges for the domains of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI),
education, psychology, and commerce. This technological shift introduces a new dimension that is needed when
attempting to understand user interaction related to both the devices themselves andthe digital platforms
accessed. This study begins a process of developing an understanding of cross-cultural media multitasking
habits through a survey of a large group of experimental participants. In this study, participants from two
different countries were surveyed. The countries used in this study were the USA and Portugal. This research
provides valuable insights into theincreasingly common phenomenon of media multitasking and the similarities
and differences between cultures when users are engaging in this activity. This study contributes to previous
research in the realm of media multitasking by expanding on foundational knowledge on a global scale setting
the stage for more detailed research on predictors, outcomes, and habits of global media multitasking.
KEYWORDS : Media Multitasking,Human-Computer Interaction, Focus, Media Consumption, Cross-
Cultural.
I. INTRODUCTION
Media has evolved over the past century from a print and radio dominant form, to become dominated
by television and film, to its current streaming and digitally dominant forms. In the last few years, there has
been a proliferation globally of untethered digital devices (such as mobile phones) that can access media
content. The average daily duration of media consumption among the general public has increased as has the
number of occurrences of media multitasking.
From working on a desktop computer with multiple windows open, to listening to a lecture while
checking the news on a phone, to unwinding in front of a television after a long day while browsing Facebook,
media exposure and media multitasking is a fact of life for many people. Media multitasking is defined as
"simultaneously engaging in two or more types of media or using media while engaging in non-media activities"
[1]. Anecdotally, many have observed this phenomenon but measuring and deeply understanding media
multitasking is nascent in academic research.
For the purpose of this study, media is defined as including, but is not limited to, print media,
streaming video, computer games, social media, mobile phone usage and traditional film and television
consumption. Media multitasking, also known as second-screen viewing, is defined as using any two forms of
media concurrently.
Understanding media multitasking is important because the activity is pervasive, and the number of
occurrences is on the rise; it is also a relatively new phenomenon. This shift in behavior presents challenges and
new opportunities for media producers, application developers and software companies, educators, and
advertisers. Media and technology are merging as delivery methods and distribution platforms and are
increasingly pervasive and ubiquitous in everyday life. Media and commerce are increasingly global and
interconnected, which means that understanding the cross-cultural habits of the media is becoming more
important than ever.
According to recent studies, users spend 20-50 percent of their media time multitasking [2]. According
to the Kaiser Family Foundation, adolescents and young adults spent an average of more than 7.5 hours daily
using media [3]. In addition, within these 7.5 hours of daily use, there was up to 10 hours and 45 minutes of
media content time, with teens accessing multiple media types simultaneously. In other words, more than a
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quarter of the time (29%) was spent in media multitasking [3]. This finding is characteristic of media
multitasking behavior, where through accessing multiple media types or platforms at one time, people may be
exposed to more combined hours of media use than the number of chronological hours that have passed (say
10.75 hours of media use occurring within 7.5 hours of time).
Additional studies have indicated that people generally engage in media multitasking during 25 to 50%
of media consumption time [4]. Cultures may have different behavioral patterns when it comes to media
multitasking, and because the practice is becoming more popular, it's important to understand how these
differences occur. The time spent media multitasking and device proliferation is currently increasing and is
likely to continue to rise. It is highly likely that the increases in this behavior will have an impact on human
cognition, educational approaches, media design and digital product design.
1.1 Types of Multitasking
Given the variety and number of media types and media tasks (from watching television, to browsing
the web on a laptop, to messaging friends on a cellphone), media multitasking can occur in various ways.
Certain media have characteristics which make them more suitable for multitasking. For example, passive media
(e.g., television) is easily combined with other more active media, while internally paced media (such as
newspapers) requires greater cognitive engagement. In addition, interactive media (e.g., computers) may
stimulate multitasking behavior on their own be easily facilitating multiple tasks simultaneously [4].
The amount of media exposure has increased dramatically in the past two decades, primarily through
technological advancements which now provides a variety of media types and supports the extensive of use of
media multitasking, which in turn further increases the amount of media exposure. Given this dramatic shift in
how people spend a significant portion amount of their time, the broader implications - both positive and
negative - need to be further assessed.
1.2 Multitasking Theory
Media multitasking requires rapidly switching attention between tasks, deciding which information is
critical, and filtering out the unimportant information. Three primary theories are applied here to understanding
why and how media multitasking may impact cognition [1,5,6] :
The bottleneck theory of attention frames attention as a limited resource which can only be allocated to one
task at a time. In this case, “multitasking” is a misnomer - since the mind simply switches between tasks.
Instead, the “bottleneck” limits processing to one item at a time [5].
The consequences of media multitasking can also be understood through the lens of cognitive control. The
scattered attention hypothesis proposes that long-term media multitasking may disrupt cognitive control,
and reduce performance, because the individual will gravitate towards the “preferred task” rather than
maintain focus [1]. In this way, the increased attentional demands - and the finite nature of attention - hurts
performance during multitasking.
However, these increased attentional demands during frequent media multitasking may also improve
cognitive control through the “training” of control processes, as posited by the trained attention hypothesis
[6].
However, while frequent media multitasking may improve the ability to filter information, the scattered
attention hypothesis is more consistent with other research than the trained attention hypothesis [1].
A variety of studies have been carried out in order to better understand the elements that either cause or
predict media multitasking. Researchers have looked into why people multitask, stating that [7]:
“The findings indicated that media ownership, polychronicity, and four motivations (control,
entertainment, connection, and addiction) positively predicted media multitasking behaviors”
Polychronicity is described as the belief that certain individuals are more likely to multitask, whereas
Monochronocity is defined as the belief that some people are more likely to focus on one activity at a time.
Polychronicity and Monochronocity have been linked to diverse cultural preferences [8].
1.3Causes and Effects of Multitasking
The core purpose of multitasking is to accomplish more in the same amount of time. Research has
indicatedthat task speed and accuracy decrease when multitasking even across modalities with audio and visual
tasks. This shows that even though the neural processing for auditory and visual tasks appears to not overlap,
they still compete for neural resources [9].Users may have different reasons and motivations to multitask
different media sources.
Multitasking based on the use of digital media, such as the Internet or mobile media, might be
explained by motives such as information seeking or social media engagement. Multitasking can help users find
information faster, especially when using the Internet, Television viewers or newspaper readers frequently use
the Internet (typically on a mobile device), to look for relevant information. Newspaper readers may search for
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geographical information about a city named in a news story, or a television viewer may look up information
about an actor in the show they are watching.
Willingness to interact socially with friends and family members is also a common motivator for
multitasking. For example, viewers may continually communicate with others while watching television via
instant messaging and social networking sites such as Twitter, Facebook and Instagram.
Research has shown that media multitasking is not associated with improved dual-task performance but
was associated with an increased ability to shift between tasks[10]. Despite this possible boost in task shifting
ability, frequent media multitaskers may also be more susceptible to irrelevant environmental stimuli. Heavy
media multitaskers were found to perform worse on task-switching tasks compared to light media multitaskers,
possibly due to a reduced ability to filter out irrelevant stimuli [11].
Although multitasking typically lowers media impacts, if it incorporates the use of the Internet, it may
boost media effects by enabling information searching. Overall, it appears that frequent media multitaskers
process information differently from infrequent media multitaskers. This may have negative effects on task
accuracy, performance, and filtering of irrelevant stimuli - however it may also promote mental flexibility and
improve task switching.
1.4Learning Cognition and Academic Performance
Several studies have addressed media multitasking and its effects across numerous dimensions related
to learning cognition and academic performance. A number of researchers have focused on understanding media
multitasking in the context of academic performance in colleges. Media multitasking in this context has been
defined as engaging with another media source or media technology while primarily working on academic
coursework. Researchers found that is a pervasive phenomenon and that 97% of college students reported some
form of media use distracts them while they are in the classroom [12].
While frequently multitasking while consuming entertainment and social media may have long-term
negative effects on attentional control, media multitasking in educational settings can have more immediate
consequences. Media multitasking is frequently associated with a significant drop in academic performance.
Heavy media users (more than 16 hours of media content daily, often through media multitasking) reported
getting in trouble often, frequently feeling sad or unhappy, and poor grades (C‟s or lower) [3]. In addition,
college students who frequently multitask in class have lower GPAs [13]. Despite this, students generally do not
fully recognize the negative effects of media multitasking on academic performance; college students
mistakenly reported that multitasking increased productivity [9]. An ideal media multitasking experience is one
that meets affective needs through participation and enables the mixing of individual and shared media
experiences.
Other researchers have expanded on this idea and found that a negative relationship between media
multitasking and student academic performance, and that in-class media multitasking led to poorer academic
performance among university students [14].
Much of the research has associated this behavior with negative emotional outcomes such as
procrastination, regret, and guilt [12]. This research is interesting but limited as college students in the US are
used as participants. This is done primarily for convenience (given the geographic location of the researchers)
but unfortunately means that the results represent a narrow sample selection. Also, college students being
generally younger than the average population age, are also more likely to multitask [15].
Memory and cognitive function in relation to media multitasking has been investigated extensively by
other researchers. They found that media multitasking comes with various costs, including lowered task
performance, prolonged task completion time, and frequent attentional lapses. The researchers posited that [16]:
“It is plausible that heavy media multitaskers may find it difficult to prevent their minds from
wandering off because they compromise top-down attentional control by frequently and consistently
switching attention between multiple forms of media, diminishing their ability to stay focused on a
single task”
Hence, memory and cognitive function seem to be negatively associated with media multitasking due
to the cognitive load limitations of human cognition.Expanding on the idea that media multitasking can be
correlated with negative cognitive outcomes, other researchers explored media multitasking in the context of
cognitive flexibility. In these experiments, researchers extended the examination of cognitive effects and found
that heavy media multitaskers were negatively affected by these distractors to a greater degree than lesser media
multitaskers [17].
1.5 Evolving Media
The shift from television to streaming and untethered media has been a relatively gradual one.
Television programs are still popular, although the delivery of television programshas shifted to predominantly
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asynchronous streaming platforms. Whereas previous generations may have gathered around the TV to watch
live scheduled programming, younger generations binge watching shows on streaming platforms, and are often
sharing their thoughts with their friends as they watch..
A number of researchers have explored the evolving way in which people now watch TV, and the
increasingly common behavior of media multitasking while watching television. One study explored how
multitasking while watching television might impact stress and engagement with programming. They found that
participants were able to multitask and remain engaged with the television program easily, without increasing
their levels of stress [18].
Researcher have also investigated the rise of social TV, where television programs are live tweeted and
the multitasking behavior (tweeting) becomes part of the larger overall television viewing experience. The
researchers found that roughly 44% of general television viewers interact with a second screen while watching
live-television shows. Cultural touchstone events, such as the world cup, generated 35.6 million tweets on this
topic around the globe [19]. More recently, another research study found that 90% of consumers are typically
multitasking while watching TV and that 53% of viewers are multitasking every time or almost every time they
watch TV [20].
Current trends in television watching suggest that television is used as a meeting place where family
and friends gather to be with one another, both to watch programs together and also to do other tasks while not
actively watching [21]. Television has been established as a primary media consumption tool, multitasking is
common, and hence television has grown to serve a social mediating function rather than a primary engaging
and immersive experience.
Researchers have also discovered that second-screen viewing has become especially popular around
large-scale news events such as theU.S. presidential debates, election night, and the State of the Union address
[22]. Previous research has also established that the more media and devices a person owns the more they
multitask [2].
This further illustrates the increasingly common behavior of media multitasking, where second screens
are used as ancillary tools to increase understanding around events and to participate socially, remotely in
television viewing. Expanding on this research by understanding media multitasking in a more modern an in-
depth way will add to the body of previous research knowledge.
1.6Demographic Factors: Age andGender
A range of demographic factors have been explored in relation to media multitasking. Although the
exact effects of media multitasking on cognition and task performance are varied, the impact on the way we
process information is undeniable. In particular, younger generations are both more likely to multitask than
previous generations and are “immersed in new media” and use “multiple technologies easily, interchangeable,
and simultaneously” as “digital natives” [9, 15, 23].
Researchers have explored the recent rise in media multitasking use by adolescents. They examined
adolescent media use over the past 15 years finding that it had increased significantly [24]. The researchers
found media being consumed concurrently meant the reported time difference was made up with media
multitasking. This study also found that adolescents who spend more time with media report lower grades and
lower levels of personal contentment [24].
Expanding on age related research, other researchers investigated media multitasking across three
generations. This work found that members of the „Net Generation‟ reported more multitasking than members
of „Generation X‟, who, in turn, reported more multitasking than members of the „Baby Boomer Generation‟.
Hence there was an increasing amount of general multitasking of media and resources in successively younger
generations.As a result, younger generations have become more adept at multitasking media and resources in
general[25]. Compared to other age groups, teenagers and young adults are most confident in their multitasking
ability and have the best task performance on dual visual and audio tasks [9, 26].
The effect of gender on multitasking is more unknown, with some finding that females are more likely
to multitask than males[27]and generally more efficient multitaskers [28]. In contrast, other research studies
have shown that male participants were more likely to own a tablet device, allowing for increased multitasking
tendencies in the group [29]. However, others have attributed these effects to differences in executive
functioning skills, not gender differences, and they have also asserted that there are minimal gender differences
in real-world multitasking [30].
Other demographic factors have been explored such as educational levels and family income however
these differences did not accurately predict multitasking behaviors.
Hence, research has shown that generational media multitasking habits are observable and quantifiable.
Research into broad demographic differences demonstratethat cultural differences could be an important
dimension to understand and likely to expand on the current research‟s foundational knowledge.
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1.7 Demographic Factors: Location and Culture
Very little work has been undertaken assessing the media multitasking habits of different countries.
Many previous cross cultural or cross-national studies have been concentrated on the media multitasking
behaviors of the United States. While this is important, the global reality of media and technology make this an
incomplete view of the phenomenon.
For example, one recent study found that significant differences between multimedia viewing habits
can be observed between the USA media multitask more than participants in the Netherlands. The research
proved that participants in the USA media multitask significantly more than their counterparts in the
Netherlands [2].
Researchers compared three countries (the Unites States, Kuwait, and Russia) and found that media
multitasking was most common in the United States, which was attributed to differences in technology
ownership and press freedom [30].
Similarly, a survey of 5,973 participants from six countries (the United States, the United Kingdom,
Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and France) found that media multitasking was most prevalent in the United
States and least in the Netherlands [4]. This study found that age was a universal predictor of media multitasking
behavior, indicating that younger demographics were the most likely to multitask, agreeing with much of the
previous work inthis field. The researchers also found that the media multitasking was again more prevalent in
the United States [23].
Research has suggested that the cultural differences between monochronic and polychronic countries
may be a predictor of differences in multitasking behavior [4]. Amonochronic culture can be described as one
where in tasks are typically undertaken in a linear and structured manner, polychronic cultures, on the other
hand, are less regimented and multiple tasks are often conducted at once.
The United States is often typically characterized as a monochronic culture, whereas Portugal is often
classed as a polychronic culture[31], which may play a part in any noticeable country-based differences of
media device selection and media multitasking behavior. Note that while North American and Northern
European countries are traditionally conceptualized as monochronic cultures, society worldwide is becoming
increasingly polychronic due to technological advancements [4, 32]. In addition to cultural concepts of time use,
country-based differences in the type of media used for media multitasking may also be based on differences in
media or patterns of human interaction.
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
Much of the previous media multitasking research has previously been focused on the advantages and
disadvantages of media multitasking, effect of media multitasking on learning performance, advertising,
differences between two similar cultures; effect on learner outcomes; and habits of US college students.
This study aims to build on previous research to increase understanding of cross-cultural habits
regarding so called media multitasking. The project aims to gather media habit data from participants from USA
and Portugal, which each have different demographic, cultural, and economic dimensions.
This study aims to provide a starting point for further cross-cultural research on this increasingly
important and increasingly ubiquitous cultural phenomenon.
2.1 Research Question
This study proposes the hypothesis that there are cultural differences in media multitasking behavior,
whether it's due to the medium through which the media is received or the applications that users utilize as
secondary media sources with which they multitask. The study also posits the hypothesis that some dimensions
in media consumption will overlap cross culturally i.e. the American and Portuguese participants engage with
media in comparable ways, as well as perceive and use media when multitasking (Table 1).
Category Questions/Data available
Demographics Country, age, gender
Self-reported media use Media consumption
Social media consumption
Experiment Primary media device, secondary media device selected
Media, social media selected
Time watching media, time media paused
Time accessing social media on primary/secondary device
Social media alerts received
Table 1: QuestionCategories
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2.2 Participants and Procedures
137 participants were recruited from Portugal (N=49) and the USA (N=88). The average age of
Portuguese participants (M=21.98) did not vary significantly from the average age of the American participants
(M=23.52). Of the American participants, there were 20 female and 66 male participants; the gender of
Portuguese participants was not collected. This analysis uses parametric tests for ordinal, Likert-scale data[33].
III. RESULTS
3.1 Part A: Self-Reported Media Use
Question One: participants were asked to describe their media consumption and time spent on social
media on a 5-point scale, from “Not much” to “A lot.” Time spent on media consumption did not vary
significantly depending on whether the participant was from Portugal (M=3.39) or the United States (M=3.59).
Graph 1: Media Consumption of Participants
Question Two:Time spent on social media also did not vary significantly between Portuguese and
American participants (M=3.12 and M=3.18, respectively). Interestingly, the average participant reported that
they consumed an “above-average” amount of media.
Graph 2: Social Media Use of Participants
Question Three:Participants were asked to report their discomfort without access to social media
during other tasks on a 5-point scale, from “Very uncomfortable” to “Very comfortable.” Reported discomfort
did not vary significantly with country of origin, whether Portuguese (M=3.29) or American (M=3.32).
Interestingly, 0 Portuguese participants reported feeling “Very uncomfortable.”
3.2 Part B: Media and Social Media Use During the Experiment
Question Four: Device selection; The laptop was the most common primary media device selected by
participants in both Portugal (59.2% of respondents within the country) and the USA (35.2%), followed by a TV
or other independent digital screen (14.3% and 23.9%, respectively).
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Graph 3: Discomfort Rate Without Access to Social MediaDuring Other Tasks
Graph 4: Primary Media Device of Participants During the Experiment
Question Five :The most common secondary device identified for social media use was
overwhelmingly the mobile phone in both Portugal (73.5%) and the USA (83%). The distribution of selected
primary and secondary devices did not vary significantly by country.
Graph 5: Secondary Media Device of ParticipantDuring the Experiment
Question Six: Media selection; TV series/show was the most frequently consumed media type selected
by participants in both Portugal (40.8%) and the USA (31.8%), followed closely by Internet/Social Media
(40.8% and 31.8%, respectively).A chi-square test of independence showed there was a significant association
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between social media type and country of origin, χ2
(5, N=137) = 14.83, p < .05.53.1% of Portuguese
participants selected “Messaging” as their primary social media activity, followed by “Checking social media
sites” (26.5%). In contrast, 38.6% of American participants selected “Checking social media sites” as their
primary social media activity, followed by “Messaging” (22.7%).
Graph 6: Primary Social Media Activity During the Experiment
3.3 Part C: Time Allocation and Second Device Use
Four independent-sample T-tests showed that there was no significant association between time
allocation and country of origin. This includes time watching TV/streaming media on a primary device, time
with TV/streaming media paused, time accessing social media on the primary device, and time accessing social
media on secondary device. Fourteen participants (4 Portuguese and 10 American) who reported greater than 60
minutes for a single category were excluded from the analysis.
Graph 7: Time Allocation and Second Device Use
Graph 8: Overall Mean Time Paused (Minutes) by Reported Discomfort Level
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3.4 Part D: Comparison ofDiscomfortWithout Access to Social Media while Multitasking
Device use and time allocation during the course of the experiment were also compared between
groups who previously reported discomfort without access to social media while performing other tasks (rated 1
= "Very Uncomfortable" or 2 = "Quite Uncomfortable") and those who were neutral or reported being
comfortable (rated 3 = "Neither Comfortable nor Uncomfortable," 4 = "Quite Comfortable," or 5 = "Very
Comfortable").
Participants who reported feeling uncomfortable without access to social media during other activities
trended towards a greater number of minutes accessing social media on a secondary device (M=13.73) than
participants who reported no discomfort (M=10.43), t (121) = -1.78, p=.078. The difference in time spent
accessing social media on a primary device was not significant between groups.
In addition, there was a significant difference in the amount of time with TV/streaming media paused
with statistically significantly more pause time for participants who reported discomfort without access to social
media (M=9.67) than participants who did not (M=5.56), t(121)=-2.67, p<.05.
Graph 9: Overall Mean Time Paused (Minutes) by Reported Discomfort Level by Country
Graph 10: Number of Social Media Alerts Received During the Experiment by Country
3.5 Part E: Social Media Alerts
Participants reported how many social media alerts they received during the one-hour experiment on a
6-point scale, in which 1 = "None," 2 = "1-2," 3 = "3-5," 4 = "6-10," 5 = "11-20," and 6 = "More than 20." An
independent samples t-test revealed that participants from Portugal received significantly more social media
alerts on average (M=3.63) than participants from the USA (M=2.92), t(135)=3.05, p<.05.
3.6 Part F: Device Use and Time Allocation
Device use and time allocation during the course of the experiment were also compared between
groups who previously reported discomfort without access to social media while performing other tasks (rated 1
= "Very Uncomfortable" or 2 = "Quite Uncomfortable") and those who were neutral or reported being
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comfortable (rated 3 = "Neither Comfortable nor Uncomfortable," 4 = "Quite Comfortable," or 5 = "Very
Comfortable").
III- DISCUSSION
In this study the survey responses provided a rich data set which when analyzed qualitatively showed
insights into how the USA and Portugal multitask with media. Drawing from gathered sample set allowed the
results to reflect the habits of 137 participants from the two mentioned countries.
In this study the survey responses provided a rich data set which when analyzed qualitatively showed
insights into how two different countries multitask with media. Drawing from a global sample set allowed the
results to reflect the habits of 137 participants from two different countries. The data collected demonstrated that
multitasking behaviors are similar cross culturally, althoughparticipants from the United States and Portugal
prefer different media combinations when multitasking.
The data collected demonstrated that some multitasking habits are similar in many ways in the United
States and Portugal. It was showed that TV series/show was the most frequently consumed media type as a
primary media and all participants tend to use their mobile devices as a secondary media device. The results also
indicate the number of social media notifications participants received during the experiment is considerably
high, which shed a light on the reason why mobile phone devices are mostly used as a secondary media device.
The total sample size for this study was 137 participants, which is still a relatively small number. More
cultures and larger sample sizes of each country/culture should be explored in order to properly comprehend the
complexities of media multitasking behaviors of different cultures.
This study focused on two cultures/countries: The United States and Portugal. In addition, the sample
size was weighted toward men and younger participants. It would be useful to investigate a more
demographically balanced sample group in the future.
Relying solely on self-reported behavior can be effective but is, by its very nature, inherently limited as
a research method. It has been reported that some of the participants can be poor at estimating just how much
time they are spending on digital devices and so misrepresent the extent to which they media multitask [34].
Incorporating predictors of media multitasking, such as device ownership and access to media, is also
an area that should be explored. Also, metrics such as the amount of media access available and factors such as
press freedom and media structures (public vs private broadcasting) could also be of interest. Media systems
vary greatly by country and should be explored as a potential factor in media consumption behavior.
In HCI research, surveys are an effective and frequent method. Other research approaches, especially
when used in conjunction with surveys, might indirectly improve more insights. In person testing and video
recordings, for example, have been used in some past related studies in the domain of media multitasking to
better understand the real behavior of media multitasking in action. Future research could benefit from
concentrating in a more detailed way on specific media combinations with respect to different countries.
IV. CONCLUSION
The research project demonstrated that media multitasking behavior differs by cultures in perspective
of the way media is consumed. Overall, it appears that while Portuguese and American participants engage with
media, and perceive and use media while multitasking, in remarkably similar ways. However, statistically
significant differences were found between groups in the type and use of social media.
Portuguese participants were both more likely to choose Messaging as their primary social media
activity and received significantly more social media alerts during the duration of the experiment than American
participants. In addition, participants who reported feeling “Uncomfortable” without access to social media
while multitasking, paused their TV or streaming media for a statistically significant greater amount of time than
participants who reported feeling neutral or “Comfortable.”
The project also demonstrated that some of the modalities of media consumed will overlap cross
culturally, the degree to which users media multitask and the applications they use to carry out that behavior will
be significantly different.
Similar to the findings of the few other research projects in this area, this project also showed that in
most cases, the heaviest media multitaskers will be from the United States due to the media saturated
environment and high device concentration in US households.
Future study might benefit from a more extensive examination of certain media combinations in
relation to different countries.
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