The document provides a comprehensive overview of cement concrete, detailing its ingredients, properties, types, and mix design processes. It emphasizes the importance of factors like water-cement ratio, quality control, and durability in concrete production, as well as the handling and curing of concrete to ensure its effectiveness as a building material. Various mix types and ratios for different applications are also outlined, along with production and compaction methods to achieve optimal concrete quality.

1. CEMENT
CONCRETE

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INDEX
Introduction
Ingredients and market survey
Properties
Quality Control
Concrete Mix Design
Production of Concrete
Factors affecting its strength
Tests
Storage of materials
Concrete Chemicals
Types(Plain and reinforced)
Uses

3. INTRODUCTION
• Cement Concrete is a major building
material used in modern building
constructions.
• It is used in all parts of the building like
foundations, superstructure and roofs.
• It is obtained by mixing cementitious
materials, water, and aggregates(and
sometimes admixtures) in required
proportions which when mixed and allowed
to cure hardens into a rock like mass known
as concrete.
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INGREDIENTS
Concrete is a composite material
comprising a matrix of aggregate and
binder that hold the mixture together.
The constituent are -:
• Cement
• Water
• Aggregates
• Admixture

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• CEMENT IS USED AS
BINDING MATERIAL IN
CONCRETE.
• PORTLAND CEMENT IS MOST
COMMONLY USED CEMENT
IN CONCRETE.
• CEMENT WHEN MIXED WITH
WATER WILL FORMS A PASTE
THAT HARDENS INTO A
STRONG MATERIAL.
• THIS PASTE FILLS THE
VOIDS BETWEEN
AGGREGATE PARTICLE AND
BINDS THEM TOGETHER TO
FORM CONCRETE.
CEMENT

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WATER
There are two main purposes of water in concrete
that is to hydrate the cement and make concrete
workable.
There are certain things that should be kept in mind
while using the water that is –
• Water used for mixing and curing should be clean
and free form injurious amount oil, alkalis, acid,
salt and organic materials.
• Ph value should not be less than 6 of the water
used.

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Coarse aggregates
• Coarse aggregate is the portion of
the concrete which is made up of the
larger stones embedded in the mix.
• Coarse Aggregates in concrete provid
es body and strength to the concrete
and acts as a filler material which
will give the homogeneous mass of
the concrete.
Fine aggregates
• Fine aggregate is the essential
ingredient in concrete that
consists of natural sand or
crushed stone. Fine aggregates
are the structural filler that
occupies most of the volume of the
concrete mix formulas.
• It provides dimensional stability
and appropriate amount of it
enhances the hardening of
concrete.

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ADMIXTURES
• Admixture are the material in form of
power or fluid that are added to
concrete to give it certain
characteristics that can’t be obtainable
with plane concrete mixes.
• There are no. of type of admixture,
some of the are :
1. water reducing
2. Controls setting time
3. Increasing Strength
4. Environmental Benefits
5. Accelerators

9. Price
• Cement :
340 rupees – 380 rupees per bag of 50 kg ( depends on the quality)
• Sand :
River sand – 50 rupees (per cubic feet)
M sand – 55 rupees (per cubic feet)
• Aggregate :
Mix aggregate - 52 rupees (per cubic feet)
Small aggregate ( jeera gitti) – 40 rupees (per cubic feet)
MARKET SURVEY
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1.It possesses a high compressive strength.
2.It is a corrosion resistance material and atmospheric agent
has no appreciable effect on it.
3.It hardens with age the process of hardening continues for
a long time after the concrete has attained sufficient
strength. It is this property of cement concrete which gives it
a distinct place among building materials.
4.It is more economical than steel.
5.It binds rapidly with steel and as it is weak in tension, the
steel reinforcement is placed in cement concrete at suitable
places to take up the tensile stresses. This is termed as the
reinforced cement concrete or simply as R.C.C.
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
CONCRETE
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properties of cement concrete are influenced by many
factors mainly due to mix property of cement , aggregates
and water. ratio of these materials control the various
concrete properties which are discussed below.
1.compressive strength of concrete.
2.tensile strength of concrete.
3.shrinkage of concrete.
4.durability of concrete.
FACTORS AFFECTING
PROPERTIES
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12. Compressive strength of concrete is the most
important properties of concrete.
• The characteristic strength that is in concrete
grade is measured by 28 days cylinder/cube
strength.
• Standard cylinder 150 x 300 mm or 1500x300
club with aggregate size of which is not
exceeding 25mm is used to determine the
strength.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE
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• the estimate of flexure tensile strength or the
modulus of the rupture or the cracking strength
of concrete from cube compressive strength from
cube compressive strength is obtained by the
relation.
• the tensile strength of he concrete in direct
tension is obtained experimentally by split
cylinder.
TENSILE STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE
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14. • the property diminishing in volume during
the process of drying and hardening causes
shrinkage.
• it depends mainly on the duration of
exposure. if this strain is prevented it
produces tensile stress in the concrete and
hence concrete develops crack.
SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE
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15. The Factors Affecting the Compressive
Strength of Concrete are -
1. Water Cement Ratio
2. Quality of cement and chemical constituents
3. Storage of cement
4. Aggregate
5. Water Moisture in aggregate
6. Slump
7. Degree of compaction
8. Temperature at the time of molding cubes
9. Curing efficiency
10. Curing temperature
11. Moisture content at the time of cube tests
12. Direction of loading
13. Duration of loading
14. Degree of lateral restraint
15. Compression machine and operation factor
• Different concretes require different degrees of
durability depending on the exposure environment and
properties desired.
• The ability of concrete to withstand the conditions for
which it is designed without deterioration for a long
period of years is known as durability. concrete will
remain durable if: The cement paste structure is dense
and of low permeability Under extreme condition,
• Following are the factors affecting durability of concrete-
• Cement Content • Moisture • Aggregate Quality • Temperature •
Water Quality • Abrasion • Concrete Compaction • Carbonation •
Curing Period • Permeability • Carbonation • Wetting and Drying
Cycles • Freezing and Thawing • Alkali-Aggregate Reaction • Sulfate
Attack • Organic Acids
DURABILITY
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COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

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WORKABILITY
Workability is the most important property of freshly mixed concrete. In
simple words, workability means the ease of placement and workable
concrete means the concrete which can be placed and can be compacted
easily without any segregation. Workability is a vital property of concrete and
related with compaction as well as strength.
Factors Affecting Workability-
1. Method and duration of transportation
2. Quantity and characteristics of cementing materials
3. Aggregate grading, shape and surface
4. Texture
5. Quantity and characteristics of chemical
6. Admixtures
7. Amount of water
8. Amount of entrained air
9. Concrete & ambient air temperature.

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CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
Cement
Fine Aggregate
Water
Air
Coarse Aggregate
Admixtures

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Concrete Mix Design means,
determination of the proportion of the
concrete ingredients i.e.
• Cement,
• Water,
• Fine Aggregate, and
• Coarse Aggregate
which would produce concrete possessing
specified properties such as workability,
strength and durability with maximum
overall economy.
Concrete Mix Design

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The characteristic strength of concrete is
defined as the strength of concrete below which
not more than 5% of the test result are expected
to fall.
Grade of concrete
For Example:-
M 20
• M refers to MIX.
• 20 refers to characteristic compressive
strength of cube (150mm*150mmm*150mm)
at 28 days in N/mm2.

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Types of Mixes
• Nominal Mix:- The Wide use of concrete as
construction material has led to the use of
mixes of fixed proportions, which ensure
adequate strength. These mixes are called
Nominal Mix.
Nominal mix concrete may be used for grade
M 5, M 7.5, M 10, M 15, and M 20.
• Mix Design:- The concrete mix produced
under quality control keeping in view the
strength, durability, and workability is called
the Mix Design.

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Types of Mixes
 M5 Grade Concrete (1:5:10)
 Mix Ratio: 1 part cement : 5 parts sand : 10 parts aggregate
 Water-Cement Ratio: 0.6 to 0.7
 Uses: Plain concrete, non-structural applications like flooring, and leveling.
 M7.5 Grade Concrete (1:4:8)
 Mix Ratio: 1 part cement : 4 parts sand : 8 parts aggregate
 Water-Cement Ratio: 0.5 to 0.6
 Uses: Foundations for small structures, non-load bearing walls.
 M10 Grade Concrete (1:3:6)
 Mix Ratio: 1 part cement : 3 parts sand : 6 parts aggregate
 Water-Cement Ratio: 0.5
 Uses: Footings for small buildings, pathways, and non-structural applications.

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 M15 Grade Concrete (1:2:4)
 Mix Ratio: 1 part cement : 2 parts sand : 4 parts aggregate
 Water-Cement Ratio: 0.4 to 0.45
 Uses: Pavement, floors, paths, and light-duty reinforced concrete structures.
 M20 Grade Concrete (1:1.5:3)
 Mix Ratio: 1 part cement : 1.5 parts sand : 3 parts aggregate
 Water-Cement Ratio: 0.45
 Uses: Residential and commercial construction, reinforced concrete structures, beams, slabs, and columns.
 M25 Grade Concrete (1:1:2)
 Mix Ratio: 1 part cement : 1 part sand : 2 parts aggregate
 Water-Cement Ratio: 0.4
 Uses: Structural elements of buildings, load-bearing walls, high-strength concrete structures.
 M30 Grade Concrete and Above
 Mix Ratio: Designed mix (proportion based on performance requirements, not fixed)
 Water-Cement Ratio: 0.35 to 0.4
 Uses: High-rise buildings, bridges, heavy-duty floors, industrial structures, pre-stressed concrete structures.

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Mix Design
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF
MIX DESIGN
• Grade Of Concrete
• Type Of Cement
• Maximum nominal size of Aggregate
• Grading Of Combined Aggregate
• Maximum Water/Cement ratio
• Workability
• Durability
• Quality Control

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PRODUCTION

25. Batching is the process of measuring concrete mix
ingredients by either mass or volume and introducing
them into the mixer. To produce concrete of uniform
quality, the ingredients must be measured accurately
for each batch.
• Volume batching
• Weight batching
BATCHING
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FORM WORK
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•Construction joint locations should be
approved (as shown in drawings)
•Items like insert, pipe sleeves, pipe, bolt & other
fixtures should be provided as given in the good
for construction drawing.
•All works should be true to level, plumb and
square and all corners and edges in all cases
should be unbroken & neat.

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1) Mortar Pan : Concrete is carried in small Quantities
2) Wheelbarrows and Buggies: The capacity of
wheelbarrows varies from 70 to 80 litres. Suitable for
concrete road construction where concrete is
deposited at or below mixer level.
3) Belt Conveyors: Conveying concrete horizontally or
higher/lower level.
4) Cranes and Buckets: • Used for Work above ground
level , Buckets use with Cranes, cableways, and
helicopters.
5) Pumps: Conveying concrete from central discharge
point to formwork.
6) Transit Mixer: Used for transporting the concrete over
long distance .
TRANSPORTING
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Mixing :- The mixing should be ensured that
the mass becomes homogeneous , uniform
in colour and consistency .
Methods of Mixing :
1.Hands(using hand shovels)
2.Stationary Mixers
3.Ready mix concrete Hand Mixing:- Mixing
by hands using ordinary tools like, hand
shovels etc. This type of mixing is done for
less output of concrete.
MIXING
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Procedure
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1. Measured quantity of sand is spread evenly
on platform.
2. Spread the measured quantity of cement on
this sand and mix it till the colour of concrete
mixture is uniform.
3. Spread the measured quantity of coarse
aggregate on the platform with sand and
cement. Now spread the mixture of cement and
sand on the stack of aggregate and mix it at
least 3 times.
4. Add 3 quarters of total quantity of water
required and turn the material towards the
centre with spades.

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Stationary Mixers:-
Concrete is sometime mixed at jobsite in a stationary mixer having a size of 9 cubic meter .
These mixers may be of :
Tilting type mixer:-
It consist a conical drum which rotates on an inclinable axis.
It has only one opening.
The drum charged directly and discharged by tilting and reversing the drum.
Non tilting type mixer:-
The mixing drum is cylindrical in shape and revolves two – horizontal axis.
It has opening on both sides.
The ingredients are charged in from one opening.
For discharging concrete chute is introducing to other opening by operating a lever.
Agitator Trucks:- A vehicle carrying a drum or agitator body, in which freshly mixed concrete can be conveyed
from the point of mixing to that of placing, the drum being rotated continuously to agitate the
contents.
Non-agitating Trucks:- Used for: Transport concrete on short hauls(small distance) over smooth roadways.
Truck-mixed concrete :- Used for: Intermittent (periodic) production of concrete at jobsite,
or small quantities.

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• It is a process of depositing a fresh concrete
on its final position.
• Before placing concrete form work must be
checked for its rigidity and cleanliness .
• Concrete should not be dropped from
height as it causes segregation or piled up
in heaps
PLACING

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Compaction is the process of removing entrapped air bubbles from the fresh
concrete and improving the packing of aggregates to form dense concrete. If air
bubbles present in structure or placed concrete Then honey combing or blow
holes are caused in concrete. This effects the strength of concrete The
approximate air content in fresh concrete is 25% which is reduced to 2-5% by
compaction.
HAND COMPACTION
It is a type of compaction done by manually. There are three types in this
compaction process
1. Rodding A single steel rod is used for pocking the fresh Concrete.
2. Ramming A flat metal piece attached to a hammer is used to hit on the
surface of concrete. Compaction process of this type is done in floor
construction
3. Tamping In thin cross sectional surface tamping is done tamping in the
surface of the concrete with a wooden bar is used.
COMPACTION
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Vibration takes place on the surface of the
concrete.
1. Form vibrator This is used for vibrating thin
section of concrete members.
2. Table vibrator Vibrating tables are used for the
compaction of concrete in the production of
precast member.
3. Platform vibrator It is used in smaller thickness
structures construction like slabs. The
compaction of concrete is done by applying
vibration at the surface the platform vibrator
consists of metal platform attached with
vibrating motors.
4. Screed vibrator Screed is also used for the
compaction of concrete up to a depth of
100mm the screed consists of a long beam
attached to a frame and vibrating motor.
Vibration takes place inside the concrete mix.
Needle vibrator Poker vibrators essentially consist
of vibrating needle which is inserted into the fresh
concrete A loosely kept mass attached with the
cable inside the needle hits on the inner surface of
the hallow needle on rotation driven by a motor the
hitting action generates vibration in the needle.
The compaction of concrete takes place due to the
vibration of the needle.
EXTERNAL VIBRATOR
INTERNAL VIBRATOR

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• Curing can be defined as a procedure for ensuring the
hydration of the Portland cement in newly-placed
concrete.
• It generally implies control of moisture loss and
sometimes of temperature.
Need for curing:-
• Causes Hydration reaction of cement with water.
• Loss of water by evaporation can be prevented.
• Maintain conductive Temperature .
• For completing of Hydration reaction.
CURING
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There are two ways to cure:-
Cure by applying water Use a fine spray of water
over the concrete the concrete must be moist all
of the time. Hosing it once or twice a day and
letting it dry in between is no good this way can
use a lot of water.
Cure by keeping the moisture :-
Overlap the sheets and hold them down with
sand, rocks or timber Regularly check that the
concrete is still moist under the sheets.
Curing compounds:-
Curing compounds can be applied to concrete
soon after finishing. They are sprayed or painted
on the surface and help slow the loss of water.
They are effective but very expensive.

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BLEEDING in concrete is a phenomenon in
which free water in the mix rises up to the
surface and forms a paste of cement on the
surface.
BLEEDING
• Segregation is the cause of bleeding
in the concrete mix.
• Bleeding will be more frequent on the
surface of concrete, when water to
cement ratio is higher.
Causes Of Bleeding In Concrete
• Due to bleeding concrete loses its homogeneity.
• Bleeding is responsible for causing permeability in
concrete.
• As far as safety is concerned, water that
accumulates below the reinforcing bars, reduces
the bond between the reinforcement and concrete.
• In the process of bleeding the accumulation of
water creates a water voids and reduces bond
between the aggregate and cement paste.
• Due to bleeding pumping ability of concrete is
reduced.
• Increase in the water-cement ratio at the top.
• The accumulation of water at the top, results in
delayed surface finishing.
EFFECTS OF BLEEDING

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Segregation is the cause of bleeding in the
concrete mix.
METHODS OF REDUCING BLEEDING
1) Add minimum water content in the
concrete mix, use chemical admixtures to
reduce demand to water for a required
workability.
2) Design the concrete mix properly.
3) Use fly ash or other supplementary
cementitious materials.
4) Add more cement in the mix.
5) Increase the amount of fine aggregate in
mix
FINISHING
• The finish can be strictly functional or
decorative.
• Finishing makes concrete attractive and
serviceable.
• The final texture, hardness and joint
pattern on slabs, floors, sidewalks, patios
and driveways depend on the concrete's
end use.

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TEST

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SLUMP TEST
• It is to determine workability of the concrete.
• SLUMP MEAN
• Slump is the vertical settlement of fresh concrete
after the mould has been withdrawn.
• It is measured as the difference between the height
of the mould and highest point of the subsided
concrete.
• NOT SUITABLE
• For very wet or very dry concrete mixes.
• Aggregate size is greater than 40 mm.
• SUITABLE
• For concrete of medium to high workabilities, ie
slump value of 25 mm to 125 mm.

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VEBE TEST
APPARATUS
• Vibrating table
• Elastic supports
• Cylindrical container
• Metal cone open at both ends
• Iron rod
SUITABLE
• For concrete mixes with low or very low
workability.
NOT SUTTABLE
• For concrete of higher workability, i.e. Slump
above 75 mm.

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HARDENED CONCRETE
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
• It is conducted to determine the strength of the concrete.
DIFFERENT TESTS FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
• Cube Test
• Cylinder Test

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CYLINDER TEST
• It is conducted to determine the strength of the concrete.
• Cylinder module of 150mm diameter x
300 mm height
• Compression testing machine
• Weighing balance

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CUBE TEST
• It is conducted to determine the strength of
the concrete.
APPARATUS
• Iron Moulds 150 mm X 150 mm
X 150 mm
• Clamping Equipment’s
• Mineral Oil / Normal Oil
• Steel Rule
• Trowel
• Compression Testing Machine

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STORAGE OF MATERIAL
• Store construction materials in a building
which is dry, leak proof and as moisture proof
as possible.
• There should be minimum number of
windows in the storage building. Stack the
chemical materials off the floor on wooden
planks in such a way, so that it is about 150
mm to 200 mm above the floor.

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CONCRETE CHEMICALS
CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS
Construction chemicals, as the name suggests are chemicals used in construction activities. These chemicals have
an extensive functional scope in the field of construction. They can be used in ongoing construction projects for
speeding up the work or in new construction ventures or for repairing and retrofitting existing buildings or for
enhancing durability and providing strength to the structures. Construction chemicals are used along with various
building materials at the construction site to improve workability, to increase efficiency, add effectiveness and to
protect the part of any structure, or to accelerate the speed of construction work.
1. Admixtures, 2. Plasasticizersrs, 3.Superplasticizers, 4.Retarders and Retarding Plasticizers
5.Accelerators and Accelerating Plasticizers, 6.Air-entraining Admixtures
7.Pozzolan IC or Mineral Admixtures, 8.Damp-proofing and Waterproofing Admixtures
9.Gas forming Admixtures, 10.Air-detraining Admixtures, 11.Alkali-aggregate
12.Expansion Inhibiting Admixtures, 13.Workability Admixtures, 14.Grouting Admixtures,
15.Corrosionsion Inhibiting Admixtures, 16.Bonding Admixtures Fungicidal, Germicidal, Insecticidal Admixtures,
17.Colouring Admixtures

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ADMIXTURES
• An admixture is a substance which can be
added to concrete to achieve or modify its
properties. Admixtures are added to the
concrete, in addition to cement, water and
aggregate, typically immediately before or
during the mixing process.
• Admixtures can be used to reduce the cost of
building with concrete, or to ensure certain
required properties or quality of the cured
concrete. If problems arise with the concrete
during the construction process, admixtures
can be used as an emergency measure to try
and prevent failure.
Fig. Liquid admixtures, from left to right:
antiwashout admixture, shrinkage reducer, water
reducer, foaming agent, corrosion inhibitor, and air-
entraining admixture.

47. TYPES OF
CONCRETE
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LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE
• Made up of light weight
aggregates(expanded shale, foamed
slag, etc.)
• These aggregates can also be
prepared artificially by heating
special clays at 1000 which expands
and becomes light weight.
• Used as filling-concrete in
bathrooms, terraces, etc.
• It also acts as thermal insulation
compared to normal concrete.
FLYASH CONCRETE
• Concrete using flyash obtained from
lignite or other materials is called
flyash concrete.
• Flyash can replace cement or fine
aggregates or both. The addition of
flyash is said to improve the
impermeability, corrosion resistance
and sulphate resistance of concrete.

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HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE/HIGH PERFORMANCE
CONNCRETE
• Concrete with strength over 40N/mm sq.
• It satisfies the requirements which cannot be
achieved by normal concrete. These performances
can be high strength, low shrinkage, self
compaction, high fire resistance, etc.
• They may have strength up to 80N/mm sq..
• Materials used are- cement, coarse and fine
aggregates In required quantity, water,
superplasticizers(high water reducing agents) and
supplementary cementing materials like silica fume,
blast furnace slag, etc.
SILICA FUME CONCRETE
• Silica fume is very finely divided silica obtained as a
byproduct in industry. Concrete to which Silica Fume
is added is called “silica fume concrete”.
• Silica fumes consist of very fine particles. Hence it is
found that if we mix silica fumes with concrete the
minute pore spaces can be reduced resulting in high
strength concrete.
• Silica fume is also a pozzolana which will contribute
to the strength.

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PLAIN CONCRETE
• The plain concrete will have no reinforcement
in it.
• The main constituents are the cement,
aggregates, and water.
• Most commonly used mix design is 1:2:4
which is the normal mix design.
• The density of the plain concrete will vary
between 2200 and 2500 Kg/meter cube.
• The compressive strength is 200 to 500 kg/cm2.
These types of concrete are mainly used in the
construction of the pavements and the
buildings, especially in areas where there is
less demand of high tensile strength.
• The durability given by these type of concrete
is satisfactory to high extent.

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PRECAST CONCRETE
• Various structural elements can be made and
cast in the factory as per the specifications and
bought to the site at the time of assembling.
Such concrete units are called as the precast
concrete.
• The examples of precast concrete units are
concrete blocks, the staircase units, precast
walls and poles, concrete lintels and many
other elements.
• These units have the advantage of acquiring
speedy construction as only assemblage is
necessary.
• As the manufacturing is done at site, quality is
assured. The only precaution taken is for their
transportation.
AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE
• It is a specially prepared plain concrete in which
air is entrained in the form of thousands of
uniformly distributed particles.
• The Volume of air thus, entrained may range
between 3-6 percent of the concrete.
• The air entrainment is achieved by adding a small
quantity of foaming or gas-forming agents at the
mixing stage.
• Fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and resins are some
common air entraining agents.
• Air entrained concrete is more resistant to
Scaling
Deterioration due to freezing and thawing
Abrasion

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GLASS CONCRETE
• When the recycled glass is used
as an aggregate in the concrete,
concrete, this type of concrete is
known as Glass Concrete.
• They provide better thermal
insulation and also have a great
great appealing look as compared
to other types.
• This concrete will increase the
aesthetic appeal of the concrete.
concrete.
RAPID STRENGTH
CONCRETE
As the name implies these
concretes will acquire strength
with few hours after its
manufacture.
Hence the formwork removal is
made easy and hence the
building construction is
covered Fastly.
These have a wide spread
application in the road repairs
as they can be reused after few
hours.
This type of concrete is mostly used in
underwater construction and in
repairing of roads.
VACCUM CONCRETE
• In this type, more quantity of
water is added to the concrete
mix, and then the mixture is
poured into the formwork.
• The excess water is then
removed from the concrete
with the help of a vacuum
pump. That is why it is called
vacuum concrete.
• This technique is used to attain
the strength of concrete early.
It will attain the compressive
strength within the period of 10
days as compared to 28 days
of ordinary concrete.

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REINFORCED CEMENT
CONCRETE
• Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) is a composite
building material consisting of structural concrete
reinforced with a reinforcing material like steel. The
most common reinforcement used is steel, due to
its complimentary properties and it is called steel
reinforced cement concrete or simply Reinforced Cement
Concrete.
• Steel bars embedded in concrete are called as ‘reinforcing
bars or reinforcement’.
• Reinforcing bars are available in two major grades, mild
steel and high yield strength steel. Steel fabric made
from cold drawn steel wires welded to form a mesh are
also used as reinforcement in RCC.

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Plain concrete is strong in compression, but it is weak in
bending. Too weak that its tensile strength is around
one tenth of its compressive strength. When plain
concrete member is subjected to bending, it develops
cracks and ruptures. For the same reason plain concrete
is not used where bending action can occur. Tensile
strength is defined as the ability to resist bending
forces.
Bending forces causes tensile stresses in flexural
members like beams and columns. Plain concrete when
reinforced with steel, which is more than hundred times
stronger than concrete in tension, the overall capacity of
plain concrete in bending is enhanced.
The steel bars compensate the concrete’s incapability for
tensile resistance, effectively taking up all the tension,
acting monolithically with concrete. So, when concrete
and steel bars combine to act against forces result in
good strength. Similar to how human bones reinforces
the flesh and mass around it.

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ADVANTAGES OF USING REINFORCED CONCRETE
Concrete and steel bars: Since RCC have both the elements with the properties of concrete which is strong in compression
and steel good in tension it gives the advantage of both.
Casted into any shape: Fresh concrete will be in the form of fluid and so it can be poured and casted into any shape. It gives
easiness to the engineer to decide the shape of structure based on architectural aspects
Resistant to fire and weather: RCC with proper cover will withstand to fire for about 3 – 4 hours. RCC will also survive any type of
weather with proper quality control and durability considerations.
Maintenance: After the completion of work low maintenance is needed for concrete structures compared to the other (steel
and timber) type of structures.
Availability: Steel and Concrete are a commonly used construction material and so it is easily available to prepare reinforced
cement concrete.
Economical: It is economical compared to the other materials like steel structure.
Rigidity: Reinforced Concrete members are good in rigidity due to their stiffness.

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USES

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PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE
• The objective of plain cement concrete alias PCC
is to arrange a firm impermeable bed to RCC in
the foundation where the soil is soft and flexible.
It is mostly applied over brick flat soling or
devoid of brick flat soling. Plain cement concrete
is commonly used for foundations.
• As concrete on the bed flooring, under the
column footings.
• As a solid to get a hard and uniform surface on
the surface of the window and ventilator.
• Coping -To counter concrete on parapets and
composite walls.

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PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE
• To flag the area around the buildings.
• Pavement Making - it is used in rigid Pavement construction (
reinforced-less rigid pavements).The surface course can vary in
thickness but is usually between 150 mm (6 inches) (for light
loading) and 300 mm (12 inches) (for heavy loads and high traffic).
• For making tennis courts, basketball courts etc.
• Plinth protection reduces direct water entering into the soil close to
the plinth wall. In other word , the area surrounding the building is
usually known as the plinth protection. A plinth protection usually is
done by pouring an approximate 75 – 100 mm layer of plain cement
concrete along the edge of the building.
• 9. Storm / sewer on drains, small retaining walls and in small scale
canal construction. 10.It is also used in some stone masonry works

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REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE
• R.C.C. is used as a structural element, the
common structural elements in a building where
R.C.C. is used are:
a) Footings
b) Columns
c) Beams and lintels
d) Chejjas , roofs and slabs.
e) Stairs
• R.C.C. is used for the construction of storage
structures like
a) Water tanks
b) Dams
c) Bins
d) Silos and bunkers.
• It is used for pre-casting
a) Railway sleepers
b) Electric poles

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REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE
• It is used for the construction of big structures like
a) Bridges
b) Retaining walls
c) Docks and harbors
d) Under water structures.
• R.C.C. is used for constructing tall structures like
a) Multistorey buildings
b) Chimneys
c) Towers.
• It is used for paving
a) Roads
b) Airports.
• R.C.C. is used in building atomic plants to prevent
danger of radiation. For this purpose R.C.C. walls built
are 1.5 m to 2.0 m thick

61. THANK YOU
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