This document discusses the different types of variables in research: dependent, independent, intervening, extraneous, and confounding. It explains that dependent variables are what is measured, independent variables are what is manipulated, and intervening variables explain the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Extraneous variables can also impact dependent variables, while confounding variables are related to both dependent and independent variables. Controlling variables through research design enhances internal validity and prevents bias. Uncontrolled extraneous variables can lead to inaccurate conclusions, while confounding variables distort outcomes. Properly controlling extraneous variables improves research validity and prevents their effects from masking the independent variable's impact. Understanding and controlling variables is crucial for valid findings.

1. CONCEPT OF VARIABLES IN RESEARCH
BY SAMAJA DEVAN

2. Types of Variables
1 Dependent Variable
The outcome or response that is being
studied and measured.
2 Independent Variable
The variable that is manipulated or
controlled by the researcher.
3 Intervening Variable
A variable that explains the relationship
between the independent and
dependent variables.
4 Extraneous Variable
Variables other than the independent
variable that can affect the dependent
variable.
5 Confounding variables
Type of extraneous variable that is related to both the independent and dependent variables.

3. The Significance of Controlled
Variables
Ensuring Internal Validity
Controlled variables are essential to
enhance the internal validity of
research studies.
Preventing Bias
They help in preventing bias and
ensuring that the outcomes are directly
related to the manipulation of the
independent variable.

9. Extraneous vs. Confounding Variables
An extraneous variable is not under
investigation
A confounding variable affects both the
dependent and independent variables
Can affect the dependent variable Related to the independent variable

10. Relations to Study Validity
Uncontrolled
Extraneous
Variables
Lead to inaccurate
conclusions about variable
relationships.
Confounding
Variables
Impact both the dependent
and independent variables,
resulting in distorted
outcomes.
Controlled
Extraneous
Variables
Enhance research validity
and reliability.

11. Importance of Controlling
Extraneous Variables
1 Enhancing Research Validity
Controlled extraneous variables lead
to more accurate conclusions about
the relationship between different
variables.
2 Avoiding Masked Effects
Proper control prevents extraneous
variables from masking the genuine
effects of the independent variable.

12. Ensuring Research Validity
1 Role of Variables
Understanding and controlling
variables are crucial for valid and
reliable research findings.
2 Continuous Improvement
Researchers continually refine
methodologies to maintain the
accuracy of their studies.

13. THANK YOU