Qiyas is an Islamic legal principle of analogical reasoning where the ruling for an issue not directly addressed in the Quran or Hadith is deduced by analogy with a similar issue that is addressed. The original case with a known ruling is called the asl, while the new case is called the far'. For qiyas to apply, the far' must share the same effective cause, or illah, with the asl. This allows scholars to issue new rulings in areas not explicitly covered by sacred texts by determining the illah behind an existing ruling and applying it to similar cases. Examples provided demonstrate applying qiyas to extend prohibitions on transactions near prayers, intoxicants, and theft to new scenarios based

1. Concept of Qiyas:
Qiyas means measuring or ascertaining the length, weight or
quality of something. Qiyas also means comparison to
establish equality or similarity between two things. In the
language of Usul, Qiyas is the extension of a Shari'ah ruling
from an original case (Asl) to a new case (Far') because the
new case has the same effective cause (Illah) as the original
case.
The original case is regulated by a text of the Qur'an or the
Sunnah and Qiyas seeks to extend the original ruling to the
new case. The emphasis of Qiyas is identification of a
common cause between the original and new case. However,
for all practical purposes, Qiyas leads to new ruling on a
different matter.
Example No 1
The Qur'an (al-Jumu'ah, 62:9) forbids selling or buying
goods after the last call for Friday prayer until the end of the
prayer. By analogy this prohibition is extended to all kinds of
transactions, since the effective cause called (Illah), that is,
diversion from prayer, is common to all.
Asl – forbids selling & buying
Far’ – forbids all kinds of sale i.e. agricultural activity,
industrial activity etc.
‘Illah – diversion from prayers
Hukm – prohibition
Example No 2
Prohibition of wine drinking based on Qur’anic verse
in Surah Al-Maidah:90
Asl – wine drinking
Far’ – taking drug

2. ‘Illah – intoxicating effect
Hukm – prohibition
Example No 3
Smoking in mosque
Asl – eating onion in mosque
Far’ – smoking in mosque
‘Illah – causing bad smell to the mouth
Hukm - prohibition/haram
Example No 4
Life insurance
Asl – gambling
Far’ – life insurance
‘Illah – contain the elements of gharar, gambling and
riba
Hukm - prohibition/haram
Example No 5
Criminal misappropriationof property –
Asl – theft
Far’ – criminal misappropriation of property
‘Illah – take unlawful possession of one’s property
Hukm - prohibition/haram.
Conclusion
Qiyas is a methodology developed by jurists through
which rulings in new areas are kept close to the Qur'an
and Sunah because new rulings are based on the Illah
(causes) discovered in the legislation of the Qur'an and

3. Sunnah. Rulings on new areas could diverge a lot, if
Qiyas was not applied.