The document provides an overview of key topics in computer networks that will be discussed in Part 2, including topology, network stack, modulation, collision, error checking and correction codes, MAC, routing, DNS, URL structure, basic networking tools, protocols, HTTP, email, HTTPS, and some common network applications. It also provides brief definitions and explanations of several of these topics, such as defining topology as the manner of connecting computers in a network, describing network stack implementation of networking protocol suites, and explaining modulation as the conversion of carrier signals.
This document describes a CCN CEP project involving 3 group members to simulate a LAN network. The project involves configuring IP addresses, routers, servers, and VLANs. Connectivity is tested using ping commands between devices like PCs, servers, and across VLANs which are successful. Basic network functions like email and web access are also verified to work as intended. The simulation validates the network design and configuration.
TCP/IP is the standard communication protocol on the internet. It is comprised of several layers including application, transport, internet, and link layers. The transport layer includes TCP and UDP which provide connection-oriented and connectionless data transmission respectively. TCP ensures reliable data delivery through features like connections, acknowledgments, and flow control. IPv6 is the latest version of the Internet Protocol which addresses the shortcomings of IPv4 like limited address space. IPv6 features include a larger 128-bit address space, simplified header format, built-in security, and autoconfiguration capabilities.
The document discusses networking concepts such as the difference between the internet and a network, internetworking, internet protocols, internet architecture, TCP/IP models, address mapping protocols, dynamic host configuration protocol, and domain name system servers. It provides definitions and explanations of these topics, describing for example that the internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks that uses common protocols like TCP/IP to connect devices, while a network is a set of devices connected locally.
RCS Global Limited is a software and IT services company focused on providing quality solutions at reasonable prices in a timely manner. It aims to redefine IT consulting through excellent teamwork, total client satisfaction, and helping clients focus on their core businesses. The company offers various software suites and services including Medi-Suite, Edu-Suite, SAP, .NET, and Ramco. It is part of the RAMA Group established in 1992.
This 3 sentence summary provides an overview of the key points from the document:
The document discusses the basics of computer networking including network protocols, architectures, connection models, host identification using IP addresses and DNS, process identification using port numbers, and other network resources like email addresses and URIs. It explains concepts like layered architectures, subnetting and supernetting IP addresses, and how network protocols establish communication between networked devices.
The document discusses the network layer and IPv4 addressing. It covers topics such as the functions of the network layer including routing, logical addressing, and internetworking. It describes IPv4 addressing including classful and classless addressing. Concepts like packet switching, datagram approach, virtual circuit approach, and IPv4 address formats are explained. The document also discusses IPv4 protocols, IPv4 packet structure, fragmentation, security issues in IPv4, and an introduction to IPv6 addressing.
Routers forward data packets between networks while switches operate at the data link layer and forward packets within a local area network. Hubs simply broadcast all incoming data to all ports. The document provides answers to common CCNA interview questions about networking fundamentals like IP addressing, routing, switching, protocols and Cisco router components.
The document provides an overview of the OSI model layers and their associated protocols. It discusses the seven layers of the OSI model from physical to application layer. For each layer, it describes the main functions and examples of protocols used. Key points covered include physical layer components like cabling, data link layer protocols like Ethernet, switches and spanning tree, network layer addressing and routing, transport layer protocols TCP and UDP, and wireless network security standards.
This document describes a CCN CEP project involving 3 group members to simulate a LAN network. The project involves configuring IP addresses, routers, servers, and VLANs. Connectivity is tested using ping commands between devices like PCs, servers, and across VLANs which are successful. Basic network functions like email and web access are also verified to work as intended. The simulation validates the network design and configuration.
TCP/IP is the standard communication protocol on the internet. It is comprised of several layers including application, transport, internet, and link layers. The transport layer includes TCP and UDP which provide connection-oriented and connectionless data transmission respectively. TCP ensures reliable data delivery through features like connections, acknowledgments, and flow control. IPv6 is the latest version of the Internet Protocol which addresses the shortcomings of IPv4 like limited address space. IPv6 features include a larger 128-bit address space, simplified header format, built-in security, and autoconfiguration capabilities.
The document discusses networking concepts such as the difference between the internet and a network, internetworking, internet protocols, internet architecture, TCP/IP models, address mapping protocols, dynamic host configuration protocol, and domain name system servers. It provides definitions and explanations of these topics, describing for example that the internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks that uses common protocols like TCP/IP to connect devices, while a network is a set of devices connected locally.
RCS Global Limited is a software and IT services company focused on providing quality solutions at reasonable prices in a timely manner. It aims to redefine IT consulting through excellent teamwork, total client satisfaction, and helping clients focus on their core businesses. The company offers various software suites and services including Medi-Suite, Edu-Suite, SAP, .NET, and Ramco. It is part of the RAMA Group established in 1992.
This 3 sentence summary provides an overview of the key points from the document:
The document discusses the basics of computer networking including network protocols, architectures, connection models, host identification using IP addresses and DNS, process identification using port numbers, and other network resources like email addresses and URIs. It explains concepts like layered architectures, subnetting and supernetting IP addresses, and how network protocols establish communication between networked devices.
The document discusses the network layer and IPv4 addressing. It covers topics such as the functions of the network layer including routing, logical addressing, and internetworking. It describes IPv4 addressing including classful and classless addressing. Concepts like packet switching, datagram approach, virtual circuit approach, and IPv4 address formats are explained. The document also discusses IPv4 protocols, IPv4 packet structure, fragmentation, security issues in IPv4, and an introduction to IPv6 addressing.
Routers forward data packets between networks while switches operate at the data link layer and forward packets within a local area network. Hubs simply broadcast all incoming data to all ports. The document provides answers to common CCNA interview questions about networking fundamentals like IP addressing, routing, switching, protocols and Cisco router components.
The document provides an overview of the OSI model layers and their associated protocols. It discusses the seven layers of the OSI model from physical to application layer. For each layer, it describes the main functions and examples of protocols used. Key points covered include physical layer components like cabling, data link layer protocols like Ethernet, switches and spanning tree, network layer addressing and routing, transport layer protocols TCP and UDP, and wireless network security standards.
This slide deck covers Networking Fundamentals, Various Penetration testing standards, OWASP TOP 10 Vulnerabilities of Web Application and the Lab Setup required for Penetration testing.
This presentation summarizes the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification and covers networking concepts relevant to the CCNA including networking devices, the OSI model, IP addressing, routing, access lists, network address translation, switches, virtual LANs, WAN connection types, wireless technology, and comparisons of 802.11 wireless standards.
chapter-4-networking hjgjjgj did hfhhfhjAmitDeshai
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including client-server computing, networking basics, ports, sockets, TCP, UDP, proxy servers, internet addressing, and Java networking APIs. Some key points:
- A client-server model involves a client machine making requests to a server machine that provides a shared resource. Common server types include web, print, file, and compute servers.
- Network communication uses TCP or UDP protocols over IP addresses and port numbers to direct data between applications on different devices.
- Sockets provide an endpoint for inter-process communication and are identified by an IP address and port number combination.
- Java supports networking through classes like InetAddress, ServerSocket, Socket,
Chapter 4 internetworking [compatibility mode]Sĩ Anh Nguyễn
The document provides an overview of network layer concepts including internetworking, IP addressing, routing protocols, and routing algorithms. Some key points include:
- Internetworking allows different networks to connect through protocols like virtual circuits and tunneling.
- IP addresses identify systems on a network and consist of a network portion and host portion. Private IP addresses are used internally.
- Routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and BGP allow routers to share route information and determine the best path between networks.
- Subnetting divides network classes into smaller subnets to better manage IP addresses and network design.
Introduction to Network Devices & Addressing SchemesMuhammadRizaHilmi
This document provides an introduction to network devices, addressing schemes, and the basic elements of a network. It discusses:
- The basic function of a network is to enable communication between end users such as servers, clients, mobile devices, and PCs.
- All networks have four basic elements - hardware devices and medium, and software messages and rules/agreements. It describes examples of each element.
- It differentiates between end devices that users directly interact with, and networking devices that help facilitate communication between end devices. Common examples of each type of device are given.
- There are three important addressing schemes that help identify locations and applications in a network - IP addresses identify individual devices, port numbers
Osi week10(1) [autosaved] by Gulshan K Maheshwari(QAU)GulshanKumar368
The document discusses the OSI model, which outlines the steps needed to send data from one computer to another. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and what each layer is responsible for.
The physical layer deals with physical components like cabling and data encoding. The data link layer places and retrieves data from the physical layer and provides error detection. The network layer provides addressing and routing between networks. The transport layer provides reliable data delivery. The session layer allows applications to maintain ongoing sessions. The presentation layer prepares data to be processed. The application layer gives access to network resources. Data moves down the layers at the source and up at the destination, with each layer adding its own header.
The document discusses the upcoming introduction of IPv6. [1] IPv6 is a new standard for IP numbering that will provide more IP addresses as the current IPv4 addresses are running out. [2] It will help overcome limitations in the old IPv4 system and ensure there are enough addresses available into the next century. [3] The document outlines some of the key features and improvements IPv6 will provide, such as larger packet sizes, better security features, quality of service support, and mobility support.
This document discusses various tools that can be used for network troubleshooting. It describes command line tools like ping and traceroute that provide basic network reachability information. It also discusses using the command line or web interfaces of network devices to check metrics like packet counts, errors, and CPU utilization. Protocol analyzers like Wireshark are mentioned as tools to analyze packets and protocols. SNMP tools that monitor network elements using SNMP are also discussed. Specialized tools like NetFlow that provide traffic statistics are covered. The document provides a high-level overview of different classes of tools available for network troubleshooting.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Packet Analysis - Course Technology Computing Conference
Presenter: Lisa Bock - Pennsylvania College of Technology
Most network administrators are well-versed in hardware, applications, operating systems, and network analysis tools. However, many are not trained in analyzing network traffic. Network administrators should be able to identify normal network traffic in order to determine unusual or suspicious activity. Network packet analysis is important in order to troubleshoot congestion issues, create firewall and intrusion detection system rules, and perform incident and threat detection. This hands-on presentation will review fundamental concepts necessary to analyze network traffic, beginning with an overview of network analysis, then a review the TCP/IP protocol suite and LAN operations. Participants will examine packet captures and understand the field values of the protocols and as to what is considered normal behavior, and then examine captures that show exploits, network reconnaissance, and signatures of common network attacks. The program will use Wireshark, a network protocol analyzer for Unix and Windows, to study network packets, look at basic features such as display and capture filters, and examine common protocols such as TCP, HTTP, DNS, and FTP. Time permitting, the presentation will provide suggestions on how to troubleshoot performance problems, conduct a network baseline, and how to follow a TCP or UDP stream and see HTTP artifacts. Participants should have a basic knowledge of computer networking and an interest in the subject.
This document discusses the key topics for Lab 4 of the CSE-307 Internetworking Essentials course, including network hardware, IP addressing concepts, and configuration of routers using Cisco Packet Tracer. It provides definitions and explanations of communication modes, carrier waves, IP addressing formats, and the functions of switches, routers, and hubs. The lab objectives are to understand these networking components and configure routers with IP addresses using simulation software. Evaluation will include two practical exams before the midterm covering the first four labs.
This document provides an overview of routing fundamentals and subnets. It defines key concepts like routed protocols, routing protocols, IP addressing, and subnetting. Routed protocols like IP define packet formats and addressing to enable communication across networks, while routing protocols like RIP exchange information to maintain routing tables and select optimal paths. The document also explains how routers use routing tables to determine the best path for sending packets and contains examples of subnetting IP addresses to create multiple subnets within a class C network.
Ntc 362 forecasting and strategic planning -uopstudy.comULLPTT
The document provides information about the NTC 362 Fundamentals of Networking course, including a study guide link, assignments for weeks 1 through 4, and quizzes covering various topics. Key topics covered include networking models, infrastructure, addressing, protocols, routing, subnets, VLANs, and performance/recovery. The document contains links to additional online course materials.
Ntc 362 effective communication uopstudy.comULLPTT
This document provides information about an online course on networking fundamentals (NTC 362) including:
- A link to the course homepage with information on accessing assignments and quizzes.
- Sample questions from Week 1 and Week 2 quizzes covering topics like the OSI model, network devices, protocols, topologies and more.
- Additional links to resources and information on accessing other parts of the course.
This presentation covers several topics related to computer networking:
- IPv4 and IPv6 addressing and how addresses are represented in binary.
- IP tunneling and how IP packets are encapsulated for transmission.
- The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and how it assigns IP addresses.
- Network Address Translation (NAT) and how it allows private IP addresses to connect to the public internet.
- Distance-vector and link-state routing protocols and how they differ in how routers share information to determine the best paths between networks.
The document discusses the OSI model and networking fundamentals. It defines the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. It also compares the OSI model to the TCP model. The physical layer defines cables and physical components. The data link layer provides error-free transmission using frames and MAC addresses. The network layer uses IP addresses for routing. The transport layer segments messages and ensures reliable delivery. The session, presentation and application layers establish communication sessions and enable user applications.
IP addresses identify devices on the network and have a standard dotted decimal format. MAC addresses uniquely identify a device's network interface and are burned into the hardware. Port numbers further specify applications/services within devices, with well-known ports below 1024.
The document discusses network design using TCP/IP. It covers IP addressing, subnet masks, default gateways, and subnetting. It also discusses network security methods like IP packet filtering, encryption, authentication, and IPSec. Optimizing the subnet design, IP performance, remote subnets, and quality of service can create an effective network infrastructure.
The document discusses network topologies, protocols, and layers. It begins with an introduction to common network topologies like star and mesh. It then discusses protocols like TCP/IP, HTTP, and SMTP. The main portion explains the concept of networking layers, with the application, transport, internet, and link layers. It uses the analogy of sending a picture in the mail, cut into pieces and reassembled, to illustrate how packet switching works across the layers.
This slide deck covers Networking Fundamentals, Various Penetration testing standards, OWASP TOP 10 Vulnerabilities of Web Application and the Lab Setup required for Penetration testing.
This presentation summarizes the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification and covers networking concepts relevant to the CCNA including networking devices, the OSI model, IP addressing, routing, access lists, network address translation, switches, virtual LANs, WAN connection types, wireless technology, and comparisons of 802.11 wireless standards.
chapter-4-networking hjgjjgj did hfhhfhjAmitDeshai
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including client-server computing, networking basics, ports, sockets, TCP, UDP, proxy servers, internet addressing, and Java networking APIs. Some key points:
- A client-server model involves a client machine making requests to a server machine that provides a shared resource. Common server types include web, print, file, and compute servers.
- Network communication uses TCP or UDP protocols over IP addresses and port numbers to direct data between applications on different devices.
- Sockets provide an endpoint for inter-process communication and are identified by an IP address and port number combination.
- Java supports networking through classes like InetAddress, ServerSocket, Socket,
Chapter 4 internetworking [compatibility mode]Sĩ Anh Nguyễn
The document provides an overview of network layer concepts including internetworking, IP addressing, routing protocols, and routing algorithms. Some key points include:
- Internetworking allows different networks to connect through protocols like virtual circuits and tunneling.
- IP addresses identify systems on a network and consist of a network portion and host portion. Private IP addresses are used internally.
- Routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and BGP allow routers to share route information and determine the best path between networks.
- Subnetting divides network classes into smaller subnets to better manage IP addresses and network design.
Introduction to Network Devices & Addressing SchemesMuhammadRizaHilmi
This document provides an introduction to network devices, addressing schemes, and the basic elements of a network. It discusses:
- The basic function of a network is to enable communication between end users such as servers, clients, mobile devices, and PCs.
- All networks have four basic elements - hardware devices and medium, and software messages and rules/agreements. It describes examples of each element.
- It differentiates between end devices that users directly interact with, and networking devices that help facilitate communication between end devices. Common examples of each type of device are given.
- There are three important addressing schemes that help identify locations and applications in a network - IP addresses identify individual devices, port numbers
Osi week10(1) [autosaved] by Gulshan K Maheshwari(QAU)GulshanKumar368
The document discusses the OSI model, which outlines the steps needed to send data from one computer to another. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and what each layer is responsible for.
The physical layer deals with physical components like cabling and data encoding. The data link layer places and retrieves data from the physical layer and provides error detection. The network layer provides addressing and routing between networks. The transport layer provides reliable data delivery. The session layer allows applications to maintain ongoing sessions. The presentation layer prepares data to be processed. The application layer gives access to network resources. Data moves down the layers at the source and up at the destination, with each layer adding its own header.
The document discusses the upcoming introduction of IPv6. [1] IPv6 is a new standard for IP numbering that will provide more IP addresses as the current IPv4 addresses are running out. [2] It will help overcome limitations in the old IPv4 system and ensure there are enough addresses available into the next century. [3] The document outlines some of the key features and improvements IPv6 will provide, such as larger packet sizes, better security features, quality of service support, and mobility support.
This document discusses various tools that can be used for network troubleshooting. It describes command line tools like ping and traceroute that provide basic network reachability information. It also discusses using the command line or web interfaces of network devices to check metrics like packet counts, errors, and CPU utilization. Protocol analyzers like Wireshark are mentioned as tools to analyze packets and protocols. SNMP tools that monitor network elements using SNMP are also discussed. Specialized tools like NetFlow that provide traffic statistics are covered. The document provides a high-level overview of different classes of tools available for network troubleshooting.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Packet Analysis - Course Technology Computing Conference
Presenter: Lisa Bock - Pennsylvania College of Technology
Most network administrators are well-versed in hardware, applications, operating systems, and network analysis tools. However, many are not trained in analyzing network traffic. Network administrators should be able to identify normal network traffic in order to determine unusual or suspicious activity. Network packet analysis is important in order to troubleshoot congestion issues, create firewall and intrusion detection system rules, and perform incident and threat detection. This hands-on presentation will review fundamental concepts necessary to analyze network traffic, beginning with an overview of network analysis, then a review the TCP/IP protocol suite and LAN operations. Participants will examine packet captures and understand the field values of the protocols and as to what is considered normal behavior, and then examine captures that show exploits, network reconnaissance, and signatures of common network attacks. The program will use Wireshark, a network protocol analyzer for Unix and Windows, to study network packets, look at basic features such as display and capture filters, and examine common protocols such as TCP, HTTP, DNS, and FTP. Time permitting, the presentation will provide suggestions on how to troubleshoot performance problems, conduct a network baseline, and how to follow a TCP or UDP stream and see HTTP artifacts. Participants should have a basic knowledge of computer networking and an interest in the subject.
This document discusses the key topics for Lab 4 of the CSE-307 Internetworking Essentials course, including network hardware, IP addressing concepts, and configuration of routers using Cisco Packet Tracer. It provides definitions and explanations of communication modes, carrier waves, IP addressing formats, and the functions of switches, routers, and hubs. The lab objectives are to understand these networking components and configure routers with IP addresses using simulation software. Evaluation will include two practical exams before the midterm covering the first four labs.
This document provides an overview of routing fundamentals and subnets. It defines key concepts like routed protocols, routing protocols, IP addressing, and subnetting. Routed protocols like IP define packet formats and addressing to enable communication across networks, while routing protocols like RIP exchange information to maintain routing tables and select optimal paths. The document also explains how routers use routing tables to determine the best path for sending packets and contains examples of subnetting IP addresses to create multiple subnets within a class C network.
Ntc 362 forecasting and strategic planning -uopstudy.comULLPTT
The document provides information about the NTC 362 Fundamentals of Networking course, including a study guide link, assignments for weeks 1 through 4, and quizzes covering various topics. Key topics covered include networking models, infrastructure, addressing, protocols, routing, subnets, VLANs, and performance/recovery. The document contains links to additional online course materials.
Ntc 362 effective communication uopstudy.comULLPTT
This document provides information about an online course on networking fundamentals (NTC 362) including:
- A link to the course homepage with information on accessing assignments and quizzes.
- Sample questions from Week 1 and Week 2 quizzes covering topics like the OSI model, network devices, protocols, topologies and more.
- Additional links to resources and information on accessing other parts of the course.
This presentation covers several topics related to computer networking:
- IPv4 and IPv6 addressing and how addresses are represented in binary.
- IP tunneling and how IP packets are encapsulated for transmission.
- The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and how it assigns IP addresses.
- Network Address Translation (NAT) and how it allows private IP addresses to connect to the public internet.
- Distance-vector and link-state routing protocols and how they differ in how routers share information to determine the best paths between networks.
The document discusses the OSI model and networking fundamentals. It defines the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. It also compares the OSI model to the TCP model. The physical layer defines cables and physical components. The data link layer provides error-free transmission using frames and MAC addresses. The network layer uses IP addresses for routing. The transport layer segments messages and ensures reliable delivery. The session, presentation and application layers establish communication sessions and enable user applications.
IP addresses identify devices on the network and have a standard dotted decimal format. MAC addresses uniquely identify a device's network interface and are burned into the hardware. Port numbers further specify applications/services within devices, with well-known ports below 1024.
The document discusses network design using TCP/IP. It covers IP addressing, subnet masks, default gateways, and subnetting. It also discusses network security methods like IP packet filtering, encryption, authentication, and IPSec. Optimizing the subnet design, IP performance, remote subnets, and quality of service can create an effective network infrastructure.
The document discusses network topologies, protocols, and layers. It begins with an introduction to common network topologies like star and mesh. It then discusses protocols like TCP/IP, HTTP, and SMTP. The main portion explains the concept of networking layers, with the application, transport, internet, and link layers. It uses the analogy of sending a picture in the mail, cut into pieces and reassembled, to illustrate how packet switching works across the layers.
Similar to computer-networks-class-xii-part-2-eng.pdf (20)
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
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Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
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computer-networks-class-xii-part-2-eng.pdf
1. Computer Networks (Part-2)
Based on CBSE Syllabus
Class XII
By-
Neha Tyagi
PGT CS
KV No. 5 Jaipur II Shift
Website: www.pythontrends.wordpress.com
Email: python.kvs@gmail.com
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
2. In previous part, we learnt following points... .
• Network
• Benefits of Network
• Terminology of Network
• Structure of Network
• Types of network
• LAN, MAN, WAN, PAN
• Internet
• Intranet
• Node
• Server
• NIU
• Interspace
• Channel
• Transmission Media
• Twisted Pair
• Co-axial Cable
• Fiber Optical Cable
• Wireless Media
• Microwaves
• Infrared Waves
• Satellite Link
• Client Server Architecture
• Cloud Computing
• IoT
• Network Devices
• HUB, Switch,
• Repeater, Router
• Gateway
• WAP
• Setting Computer Network
• Technique for solving
questions
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
3. In Part – 2 , we will discuss following
points……….
1. Topology
2. Network stack
3. Modulation
4. Collision
5. Error Checking And correcting codes
6. MAC
7. Routing
8. Domain name Systems
9. URL Structure
10. Basic Networking tools
11. Protocols
12.HTTP
13.E-mail
14.HTTPS
15.Network applications
16.FTP
17.Telnet
18.SMTP
19.VoIP
20.POP
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
4. Topology
Topology is the manner of connecting computers in a network, as shown in given diagrams.
Topology is of following types-
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
5. Network Stack
• Protocol stack or Network stack is a implementation of a
computer networking protocol suite.
• Suite is a medium of transmission protocols and stack is
a software to implement these suites.
• In a suite, individual protocols are designed to achieve
one common goal.
• It ease the process of modularization, design and
evaluation.
• While implementing, protocol stack is generally divided
in to three main parts- Media, Transport and Application.
• In a special operating system or platform, there are two
well designed software interface exists- one in between
a media layer and transport layer and one in between
transport layer and application layer.
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
6. Modulation
• Modulation is a technique of conversion of an electronic or optical carrier signal in to radio waves.
There is a carrier signal in a stationary wave with certain height or dimensions or frequency. For
optical signals, its dimensions, frequency, phase, polarization and spin like quantum level entities are
to be separated to add in carrier. It is of three types-
– Amplitude Modulation (AM)
– Frequency Modulation (FM)
– Phase Modulation (PM)
We will cover these points as per our syllabus only.
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
7. Amplitude Modulation (AM)
• The modulation of a wave by varying its amplitude, used especially as a means of
broadcasting an audio signal by combining it with a radio carrier wave.
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
8. Frequency Modulation (FM)
• Frequency modulation (FM) is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the
instantaneous frequency of the wave.
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
9. Collision in Wireless Network
• In a network, collision occurs when two or more devices tries to
transmit data in a network at the same time. It is common in an
Ethernet network.
• In an Ethernet network, if two computers sends data at the
same time then collision occurs and transmission ends
otherwise it transmits the data.
• To prevent this condition, we van implement CSMA/CD (Carrier
Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection) . In this, when a
device wants to transmit data , it needs to first sense the carrier.
It first check the signal of carrier line for any other transmission.
If any transmission is already there it waits for its turn others
starts transmitting the data.
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
10. Error Checking and correction
• Error occurs when output does not match with input.
• During transmission, digital signals can be affected by noise and while traveling from one
system to another, binary bit of data may get errors. i.e. change in 0 with 1 and vice versa
can change whole data.
• Error detection is a technique which is used to observe change in noise or data during
transmission.
• Error detection ensures the reliable delivery of data in a network.
• Error detection minimizes the probability of transmission of any incorrect frame .
• Error Detecting Codes: when a message transmits then due to noise or data the message
got corrupted. To resolve this, some additional data is used to add in message which is
known as error detecting codes . With the help of these codes, the errors that comes during
transmission of message, are identified. Example is Parity Check.
• Error-Correcting Codes: when we pass come data to separate the original message from error-detecting
codes, this data is called error-correcting code.
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
11. Media Access Control (MAC)
• A Media Access Control (MAC) address is a 48 bit address, used to establish communication
between two hosts in an Ethernet network.
• It is a hardware address which gets fixed for individual network interface card (NIC) and can
not be changed later.
• A MAC address should always be unique. It is also known as physical address.
• MAC address is a 6 digit hexadecimal number.
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
You can check your computer’s
MAC address and IP address by
using this command on DOS
prompt.
12. ROUTING
• Router is responsible for routing for
traffic in a network.
• Routing is the process of moving
data packets between different
networks.
• Two different network can not
communicate with each other. A
medium is required to switch
packets between them, router does
this work.
• Router acts as an interface between
two different networks. There is a
routing table in a router.
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
13. IP Addresses (V4 and V6)
• In a computer network, each computer has a unique address(IP address) which is used to
get information about a computer on network. An IP address is an address of network layer.
• It may differ on computer restarting. It can be same at a time only.
• An IP address is a 4 digit hexadecimal number assigned to a node in a network. IP address
settings of a node can be changed by user.
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
14. Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
IPV4 IPV6
IPv4 has 32-bit address length IPv6 has 128-bit address length
It Supports Manual and DHCP address configuration It supports Auto and renumbering address configuration
In IPv4 end to end connection integrity is Unachievable In IPv6 end to end connection integrity is Achievable
It can generate 4.29×109 address space Address space of IPv6 is quite large it can produce 3.4×1038 address space
Security feature is dependent on application IPSEC is inbuilt security feature in the IPv6 protocol
Address representation of IPv4 in decimal Address Representation of IPv6 is in hexadecimal
Fragmentation performed by Sender and forwarding
routers In IPv6 fragmentation performed only by sender
In IPv4 Packet flow identification is not available
In IPv6 packet flow identification are Available and uses flow label field in
the header
In IPv4 checksum field is available In IPv6 checksum field is not available
It has broadcast Message Transmission Scheme In IPv6 multicast and any cast message transmission scheme is available
In IPv4 Encryption and Authentication facility not provided In IPv6 Encryption and Authentication are provided
IPv4 has header of 20-60 bytes. IPv6 has header of 40 bytes fixed
15. Domain Name System (DNS)
• Domain name system (DNS) is a hierarchical and decentralized naming system for
computers, services or other resources connected to the internet. Domain Name system
delegates the responsibility of assigning domain names and mapping those name to internet
resources by designating authoritative name servers for each domain.
• Domain Name makes it easy to change names in IP addresses. Domain name is used to
identify a web server in a URL i.e. a domain name is an address of a web server, for ex.-
http://cbse.nic.in/index.html , index.html is a file here and this file is places at the server
cbse.nic.in which is a domain name.
• A domain name has two parts-
– Top-level domain name (.in is primary domain name in above example.)
– Sub-domain name (.nic is sub domain name in above example and cbse is also sub domain name.)
• Example of domain names are- .com, .edu, .gov, .mil, .net, .org etc
• Domain name of some countries are- : .in, .au, .nz, .jp, .us etc
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
16. URL(Uniform Resource Locator) Structure
• URL is used to identify a website or webpage. HTTP locators are used to access distributed
documents world wide.
• URL is used to specify any information on internet.
• URL structure has four factors-
– Protocol like http: , ftp:, https: etc.
– Host computer like cbse.nic.in
– Port it is optional. Like, a port has a number 8080 and it is placed between host and path.
– Path it is the name of that path or place where file is stored.
•
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
17. Basic Networking tools
• Generally, network tools or commands are used for-
– Netowrk configuration
– Network Troubleshooting
– To identify Network status
– To identify a User
• We will discuss some tools and commands here-
• Traceroute – it is a network diagnostic tool. In different OS, different command name is
there followed by domain name.
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
18. Basic Networking tools
• Ping – it is a network diagnostic tool carrying ip address or domain name . It tells that we are
connected to server or not.
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
19. Basic Networking tools
• Ipconfig – It is a network troubleshooting tool. With the help of this we get basic information
about network like MAC address, ip address, subnetmask etc.
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
20. Basic Networking tools
• nslookup – it means name server lookup and it is used to get information about internet
server.
• whois – it is a query tool with which we can get information about registered user. It is an
external command.
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
21. Basic Networking tools
• netstat – it is used to get information about network statistics.
• Speedtest – We can use various web services to get information about network speed like
ookla.
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
22. Protocols
• In a Network, there is a group of rules for transmission of data, developed by the organization
AIEEE. These rules are termed as Protocols. i.e. Protocols are the set of rules to transmit the
data over the network.
• As when we walk/drive on road, we need to follow traffic rules so that we can safely reach to
our destination. Similarly, when the data flows in a network from sender to receiver, it needs
to follow network rules. These rules are known as protocols.
• Some of the common protocol are-
– TCP/IP
– http:
– https:
– FTP
– Telnet
– POP
– SMTP
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
23. E-mail
• Most common service of internet is e-mail used to send a message from sender to receiver.
• An email address is required for it like xyz@gmail.com where xyz is a unique ID of a user and
gmail.com is its service provider for e-mail.
• A service provider has a mail server to keep all the mail safe. A user can access it’s mail after
login to his account. It is also based on client-server architecture. 2 protocols works together
here- SMTP works during sending of email and POP works during receiving of email. Email
sending has following phases- –
– Composition get ready the mail
– Transfer sending of mail from computer to server.
– Reporting informing the sender about status
of mail i.e. it is delivered or not.
– Displaying reading of mail by user.
– Disposition act is decided by user after reading mail.
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
24. HTTP
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol is a protocol used to access data on internet or on world wide
web.
• It is a mixture of FTP and SMTP protocol.
• It is based on client-server architecture.
• Here, client sends a request to server and server respond to this request. http send the code
of a webpage for this.
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
25. HTTPS
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure is a safe
protocol to send data on internet or on world
wide web.
• It is a version of HTTP where ‘s’ stands for
secure. Because of which the communication
between web-browser and server remains
encrypted.
• It is used at the places of high security like
online banking or transaction etc.
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift
26. Network Applications
• Remote Desktop accessing a computer from a far place (or different place known as
remote computer).
• Remote Login accessing a remote computer using user name and password.
• Telnet also used for remote login where many users can connect to a server.
• FTP it is protocol to send a file from one computer to another in a network.
• SMTP it is a protocol used for e-mail . SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
• VoIP it means Voice over Internet Protocol , used to carry voice over internet.
• POP it means Post Office Protocol used for distribution of mails from server.
Neha Tyagi, K V 5 Jaipur II Shift