Computer basic bangla sheet by tanbircox

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AvaywbK we‡k¦ Ávb weÁv‡bi GKwU Awe¯§iYxq D™¢veb n‡jv Kw¤úDUvi| eZ©gvb mf¨Zvi Ggb †Kvb Kvh© cwimi †bB,
†hLv‡b mv_©Kfv‡e Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi Kiv nq bv| cÖMwZkxj gvbe Rxe‡bi cÖ‡Z¨KwU av‡ci mv‡_B Kw¤úDUvi
RwoZ| gvbe mf¨Zvi GK we‡kl Avk©xev` n‡jv Kw¤úDUvi|
Kw¤úDUvit gvbe mf¨Zvi P~ovš— c‡e© Kw¤úDUvi n‡jv GKwU AZ¨vaywbK B‡jKUªwbK hš¿ we‡kl| A_©vr Kw¤úDUvi n‡jv
eûgyLx Kv‡Ri ¶gZv m¤úbœ GKwU B‡jKUªwbK hš¿, hvi gva¨‡g DcvË MÖnY, web¨vm I we‡klY Kivi ci H DcvË‡K
wW‡¯‹ ev ¯§„wZ‡Z Rgv ivLv nq cÖ‡qvR‡b eënvi Kiv hvq Ges B-‡gBj, B›Uvi‡bU Kvh© m¤úbœ n‡e|
Kw¤úDUvi GKwU Bs‡iwR kã| GwU MÖxK kã Compute †_‡K Computer iƒ‡c D™¢e n‡q‡Q| MÖxK Compute A_© n‡jv
MYbvKvix B‡jKwUªK hš¿| myZivs A_©MZfv‡e ejv hvq-myk„•Lj Ges mymse× Z_¨ mgwš^Z wn‡me wbKv‡ki B‡jKwUªK hš¿
n‡jv Computer|
g~jZt Kw¤úDUvi n‡jv we`y¨r PvwjZ GKwU eûgyLx ¶gZv m¤úbœ B‡jKUªwbK hš¿ hvi gva¨‡g wekvj Z_¨ fvÛvi msMÖn
K‡i Zvi web¨vm, we‡klY, e¨vL¨v, ms‡hvRb, we‡qvRb K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq Kvh©vw` mym¤úbœ Kiv nq|
Bs‡iwR‡Z ejv hvq-Computer is a automatic problem solving machine whose main purpose is data processing or
processing information and which is represented electrically.
eZ©gvb we‡k¦i wmwfjvBb mgv‡R Gi mvnv‡h¨ K‡¤úvR Kiv, Mvb‡kvbv, wnmve-wbKvk Kiv, WvUv msMÖn, web¨vm Kiv,
†cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Kiv, wUwf †`Lv, mgq †`Lv, wfwWI †MBg Kiv, B-‡gBj Ges B›Uvi‡bU BZ¨vw` Kvh©µg h_v_©fv‡e m¤úbœ
Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †gŠwjK ¶gZv
Kw¤úDUv‡ii wb‡R †_‡K †Kvb wKQy Kivi ¶gZv †bB| GwU GKwU B‡jKUªwbK hš¿ weavq ¯^qswµqfv‡e KwZcq KvR
Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Kw¤úDUvi gvby‡li g‡Zv bq Ges gvby‡li weKíI bq| gvbyl Z_v eënviKvix †hfv‡e Kw¤úDUvi‡K
wb‡`©k `vb Ki‡eb †mfv‡e Kw¤úDUvi KvR K‡i _v‡K| GLv‡b gvby‡li eyw×gËvB n‡jv eo Kw¤úDUvi| gvby‡li m„wó
n‡jv Kw¤úDUvi| eënviKvixi wb‡`©kbvq Kw¤úDUvi KvR K‡i _v‡K, Z_¨ I djvdj ¯§„wZ‡Z a‡i iv‡L, Dcv‡Ëi e¨vL¨v
we‡klY K‡i Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b cybivq e¨³ K‡i| Z_vwc Ab¨vb¨ B‡jKUªwb· h‡š¿i PvB‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii wKQy Avjv`v
we‡klZ¡ Av‡Q hv‡ì‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii †gŠwjK ¶gZv wn‡m‡e aiv nq| A_©vr Kw¤úDUv‡ii †gŠwjK ¶gZv wn‡m‡e wb‡Pi
`„wófw½¸‡jv‡KB we‡ePbv Kiv hvq| †hgb-
1. Kv‡Ri MwZi `ª“ZZv;
2. wbfy©j KvR Kivi ¶gZv;
3. `ª“Z DcvË cÖwµqvKiY ¶gZv;
4. K¬vwš—nxbZv I †cÖiY ¶gZv;
5. wekvj ¯§„wZi fvÊvi msi¶Y;
6. Abyf~wZnxb Ges wb‡e©va B‡jKUªwbK hš¿;
7. wek¦vqb cÖeYZv;
8. Z‡_ï `ª“Z we‡klY I Dc¯’vcb ¶gZv|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvwiK ¸i“Z¡
Avgv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Kw¤úDUvi GKwU we¯§qKi B‡jKUªwb· hš¿ wn‡m‡e Avwef~©Z n‡q‡Q| wmwfjvBR mgv‡R
Rxe‡bi cÖ‡Z¨K †¶‡ÎB Kw¤úDUvi eëüZ n‡”Q| Kv‡RB Avgv‡ì gvbe mf¨Zvi weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ Kw¤úDUv‡ii
eënvwiK ¸i“Z¡ eû¸‡Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q| w`b w`b Gi Zvrch©I †e‡oB Pj‡Q| gvbe mgv‡R Kw¤úDUvi eënv‡ii
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ev Gi eënvwiK ¸i“‡Z¡i K‡qKwU w`K wb‡æ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
1. wk¶v`v‡bi †¶‡Ît eZ©gv‡b wk¶v‡¶‡Î Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi eû¸Y e„w× cv‡”Q| we‡klK‡i wk¶v M‡elYv,
wk¶v`vb, Z_¨ cwi‡ekb, Z_¨vwì ms‡hvRb, msi¶Y, cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb, gy`ªY, cvV¨cy¯—K gy`ªY, †MvcbxqZv i¶v, B-
‡gBj B›Uvi‡bU G Z_¨vwì †cÖiY BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUvi eëüZ n‡”Q| G‡Z K‡i wk¶vi Dbœqb Av‡iv ‡ewk
MwZkxjZv cv‡”Q|
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2. wPwKrmv †¶‡Ît wPwKrmv †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi Av‡iK we¯§q m„wó Ki‡Q| we‡kl K‡i †iv‡Mi j¶Y msi¶Y
mbv³KiY, †ivM wbY©q, †iv‡Mi cÖwZKvi, JlacÎ mbv³KiY BZ¨vw` Kv‡h© Kw¤úDUvi eëüZ n‡”Q| G Qvov
†ivMxi hveZxq Z_¨vwÌ msi¶Y Ges M‡elYvKv‡h© eënvi Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g|
3. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Ît eZ©gvb we‡k¦ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg cÖavb gva¨g n‡”Q Kw¤úDUvi| Gi gva¨‡g B-‡gj, B›Uvi‡bU
K‡i g~û‡Z©i g‡a¨B we‡k¦i GK cÖv‡š—i Lei Ab¨ cÖv‡š— P‡j hv‡”Q| GQvov m¨v‡UjvBU cÖhyw³, Z_¨ cÖhyw³ AvR
wek¦‡K GKwU MÖv‡g cwiYZ K‡i‡Q|
4. Awdm eë¯’vcbvqt wewfbœ wkí KviLvbv, eëmv cÖwZôvb, wKsev cÖkvmwbK A_ev wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi Awdm eë¯’vcbvq
Kw¤úDUvi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡”Q| e¨w³ Kv‡h© Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi Awdm eë¯’vcbv‡K A‡bK
‡ewk cÖMwZkxj K‡i‡Q| Gi gva¨‡g `ª“Z KvR Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
5. ‰`bw›`b wnmve wbKvkt Avgv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b wewfbœ wn‡me wbKvk Z_v MvwYwZK mgm¨vi mgvav‡b Kw¤úDUvi
eëüZ n‡”Q| MvwYwZK Ges cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨vwì e¨vL¨v we‡klY Ges mgvavb Ki‡Y Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënv‡ii
ì“b Avgv‡ì Rxeb n‡q‡Q Av‡iv †ewk MwZkxj, mnRZi Ges Kvw•LZ| Kv‡RB Gi eënvwiK ¸i“Z¡ A‡bK
†ewk|
6. Z_¨ eë¯’vcbvt eZ©gvb hyM‡K ejv nq Z_¨ cÖhyw³i hyM| G hy‡M Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g weÁvb, cÖhyw³, wk¶v,
wPwKrmv, BwÄwbqvwis BZ¨vw` cÖwZwU †¶‡ÎB Z‡_ï eë¯’vcbv n‡q _v‡K| hvi d‡j Avgiv Avgv‡ì cÖ‡qvR‡bi
mg‡q AwZ `ª“Z Z_¨vwì ms‡hvRb I Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvwi|
7. cÖKvkbv wk‡ít eZ©gv‡b cÖKvkbv wkí‡K Kw¤úDUvi A‡bK †ewk mg„× K‡i‡Q| cvÊywjwc K‡¤úvR, WvUv cÖ‡mwms,
KvwUs, †cw÷s, bZzbZ¡ Avbqb, Kvjvi cÖ‡mwms Ges wcÖw›Us BZ¨vw` hveZxq Kv‡h© Kw¤úDUvi eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| hvi
djkÖ“wZ‡Z cy¯—K cÖKvk Kiv mnR Ges `ª“ZZi n‡q‡Q|
8. †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi‡Zt gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRbxq wewfbœ ‡cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi‡Z Kw¤úDUvi eëüZ nq| we‡klK‡i we‡bv`b, e¨vswKs,
†Ljv, Z_¨vwì msi¶Y, wfwWI cÖ`k©‡bi †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi‡Z Kw¤úDUvi AZxe ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| GwUi eënv‡i
Rxeb n‡q‡Q ab¨|
9. djvdj cÖKvk I mb` cÖ`v‡bt wewfbœ cix¶vi djvdj cÖKvk Ges `ª“Z mb` cÖ`v‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi Kiv
n‡”Q| G‡Z K‡i wk¶v_©xiv ¯^í mg‡q Zv‡ì mb` wKsev djvdj kxU nv‡Zi Kv‡Q cv‡”Q| wk¶vi Dbœqb Kvh© Av‡iv
†ewk MwZkxj n‡”Q| ms‡hvRb n‡”Q Z_¨ cÖhyw³i|
10. dvBj msi¶Yt wewfbœ Awdm Av`vj‡Zi Ri“wi †Kvb ¸i“Z¡c~Y© dvBj msi¶‡Y Kw¤úDUv‡ii Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©|
GwU wbivc` I `xN© †gqv`x eë¯’v| G‡¶‡Î †MvcYxq Z_¨vwì msi¶‡Y Kw¤úDUvi n‡jv †Mvcb Ges wek¦¯— eÜz|
gvbe mf¨Zvi weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ Avgv‡ì Rxeb n‡q‡Q cÖMwZkxj| wek¦Uv n‡q‡Q †Mvevj wf‡jR| G‡¶‡Î Kw¤úDUvi
cÖhyw³i eënvi gvbe Rxeb‡K Av‡iv †ewk cÖMwZkxj K‡i‡Q| A_©vr, hvwš¿K mf¨Zvq gvbeRxeb‡K weKwkZ Ki‡Y
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©|
Kw¤úDUvi Ges gvby‡li Kv‡Ri Zzjbv
Kw¤úDUvi gvby‡li ˆZwi| Z_vwc Kw¤úDUvi Ges gvby‡li KvR Kivi g‡a¨ h‡_ó mv`„k¨ Ges êmv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q| gvbyl
Ges Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Ri mv`„k¨ Ges êmv`„k¨ Z_v Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv wb‡Pi Q‡Ki g‡a¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv-
(K) Kw¤úDUvi Ges gvby‡li Kv‡Ri mv`„k¨
Kw¤úDUvi gvbyl
1. Kw¤úDUvi `ª“Z KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| 1. gvbylI PvB‡j `ª“Z KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2. Kw¤úDUv‡ii KvR Kivi ¶gZv Av‡Q| 2. gvby‡liI KvR Kivi ¶gZv Av‡Q|
3. GwU RwUj wn‡me wbKvk Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
3. gvbylI RwUj wn‡me wbKvk Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
4. Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvwiK eûgyLxZv
Av‡Q|
4. gvby‡li Kvh© aiY I eûgyLx|
5. Kw¤úDUvi cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨
†g‡gvix‡Z msi¶Y Ki‡Z cv‡i|
5. gvbylI Rxe‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨vw`
†g‡gvix‡Z ivL‡Z cv‡i|
6. GwU RwUj mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
6. gvbylI RwUj mgm¨vi mgvab Ki‡Z
cv‡i|

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(L) Kw¤úDUvi Ges gvby‡li †gŠwjK cv_©K¨ ev êmv`„k¨
Kw¤úDUvi gvbyl
1. Kw¤úDUv‡ii Av‡eM Abyf~wZ
†bB|
1. gvby‡li Av‡eM Abyf~wZ Av‡Q|
2. Kw¤úDUvi GKwU B‡jKUªwb· hš¿| 2. gvbyl Avjvni m„ó Rxe|
3. Kw¤úDUv‡ii †Kvb K¬vwš— †bB| 3. gvby‡li K¬vwš— Av‡Q
4. Gi wbR¯^ †Kvb eyw× we‡ePbv Ges
AvMÖn †bB|
4. gvby‡li wbR¯^ eyw× we‡ePbv Ges
AvMÖn cÖeYZv i‡q‡Q|
5. Gi †Kvb D™¢vebx ¶gZv †bB| 5. Gi D™¢vebx ¶gZv Av‡Q|
6. GwU †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv
eis †cÖvMÖvg ‡gvZv‡eK KvR K‡i|
6. gvbyl wb‡R Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨
†cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi K‡i _v‡K|
7. GwU ‡cÖvMÖv‡gi êwkó¨ cwieZ©b
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
7. gvbyl Zvi B‡”Q Abyhvqx †h †Kvb
êwk‡óï cwieZ©bi I cwiea©b
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
8. GwU †h ‡Kvb RwUj mgm¨vi `ª“Z
mgvavb w`‡Z cv‡i|
8. gvbyl KLbB Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡Zv
`ª“Z KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
9. GwU wec¾bK cwi‡e‡k KvR
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
9. gvbyl Rxe‡bi SzwKc~Y© cwi‡e‡k
KvR Ki‡Z Pvq bv|
10. Kw¤úDUvi PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv|
10. gvbyl Rxe‡bi Zvi“‡Y¨ †¯^”Qvq
PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i|
RAM Gi f~wgKv
RAM nj GKwU Bs‡iwR k‡ãi msw¶ß iƒc| A_©vr Random Acess Memory Gi wZbwU A`¨¶i wb‡q GK‡Î MVb Kiv
n‡q‡Q RAM. GwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii ‡g‡gvixi mv‡_ mswkó welq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii g~L¨ ev cÖavb ¯§„wZ n‡jv `yB cÖKv‡ii Zvi
GKwU n‡jv RAM Ges AciwU n‡jv ROM ev Read Only Memory. BbcyU wWfvBm n‡Z AvMZ mKj cÖKvi Z_¨
cÖ_‡g RAM G Rgv nq| RAM G hLb ZLb bZzb Z_¨ †jLv hvq, Z_¨ co‡Z cviv hvq| Avevi B‡”Q Ki‡j
Z_¨vw`‡K gy‡Q †djv hvq| RAM Gi Z_¨ cov I †jLv Dfq Kv‡RB Kiv hvq e‡j G‡K Avevi wjLb cVb ¯§„wZ bv‡gI
AwfwnZ Kiv hvq|
‡Kvb Kvi‡Y we`y¨r cÖevn eÜ n‡j RAM Gi mKj Z_¨ gy‡Q hvq| GRb¨ G‡K Avevi A¯’vqx ¯§„wZ bv‡gI AwfwnZ Kiv
hvq| mvaviY RAM -G Z_¨vw` cybtcyb wjL‡bi gva¨‡g cybi“¾xweZ Ki‡Z nq| GRb¨B Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨vwì cVb I
cwieZ©‡b RAM eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| KviY RAM wP‡c Aew¯’Z †h‡Kvb ¯§„wZ ¯’vb mivmwi wbe©vPb Kiv hvq Ges
†h‡Kvb ¯§„wZ¯’vb mivmwi WvUv gIRy` Kiv hvq| cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq WvUv wb‡`©k cvV Kiv hvq| GwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii we`y¨r
mieiv‡ni mv‡_ mivmwi mswkó|
cÖKvi‡f`t Kvh©KvwiZvi Dci wfwË K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii RAM-†K Avevi `yB fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq| †hgb-
(K) WvBbvwgK i¨vg (Dinamic Ram);
(L) ÷¨vwUK i¨vg (Static Ram)|
Dcmsnvit Kw¤úDUvi KLbI gvby‡li mgK¶ bq| Kw¤úDUvi hZ `ª“Z MwZ‡ZB KvR Ki“K bv; GwU e¨vcK Kvh©
¶gZv m¤úbœ n‡jI gvbyl‡K KLbI Kw¤úDUv‡ii cðv‡Zi †Kvb wKQy fvev wVK n‡e bv| gvbyl Kw¤úDUvi Avwe®‹vi
K‡i‡Q wKš‘ Kw¤úDUvi gvbyl Avwe®‹vi K‡iwb| Kw¤úDUv‡i †KejgvÎ gvby‡li wb‡`©wkZ †cÖvMÖvg †gvZv‡eK `ª“Z KvR
Ki‡Z _v‡K| Kv‡RB Gi ¯§„wZ kã KLbI gvby‡li g‡Zv n‡Z cv‡i bv| Z_vwc cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zvw`‡M Avgv‡ì wewfbœ RwUj
†¶‡Î gvby‡li weKí wn‡m‡e Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Kiv n‡”Q|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †kªYxwefvM t
Avgv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b eëüZ B‡jKUªwb· `ªe¨vwì g‡a¨ Kw¤úDUvi me †P‡q †ewk ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| wmwfjvBR mgv‡Ri
cÖvq mKj †¶‡ÎB Kw¤úDUvi eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| Kw¤úDUvi Ggb GKwU B‡jKUªwb· hš¿ hvi eûwea KvR Kivi ¶gZv
i‡q‡Q| hvi djkÖ“wZ‡Z gvbyl Zvi cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi D™¢veb K‡i‡Q|

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Kw¤úDUv‡ii †kªYxwefvM
mvaviYZ Kv‡Ri aiY I cÖwµqvi Dci wfwËK‡i Kw¤úDUvi‡K wb‡æv³ Dcv‡q †kªYxwefvM Kiv n‡q‡Q-
QKt Kw¤úDUv‡ii †kªYxwefvM
K. GbvjM Kw¤úDUvit GbvjM k‡ãi A_© mv`„k¨KiY| mvaviY _v‡gv©wgUv‡ii Kv‡Ri mv‡_ mv`„k¨ K‡i evqyi Pv, Zvc,
DòzZv, Av`ªZv, evqycÖevn BZ¨vw` cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ †h Kw¤úDUvi D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡KB GbvjM Kw¤úDUvi
ejv nq| GwU µgvMZ cwieZ©bkxj cwigvc c×wZ‡Z KvR K‡i _v‡K| GbvjM Kw¤úDUv‡i ê`y¨wZK ms‡K‡Zi
gva‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvcMZ djvdj wW‡¯‹ cÖ`k©b K‡i _v‡K& GwU g~jZ c`v_©we`¨vi bxwZi Dci cÖwZwôZ| GwU
_v‡g©vwgUv‡ii Kv‡Ri mv‡_ mv`„k¨ c~Y© weavq G‡K GbvjM Kw¤úDUvi bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
KvR/eënvwiK ¸i“Z¡t GbvjM Kw¤úDUvi w`‡q wb‡æv³ Kvh©µg m¤úvw`Z Kiv nq| †hgb-
1. ê`y¨wZK Zv‡ii ‡fv‡ë‡Ri DVvbvgv cwigvc KiY|
2. ‡Kvb cvBc ev N‡ii ev wkí KviLvbvi †fZ‡ii evqy ev Zij c`v‡_©i Pv‡ci cwigvc KiY|
3. evZv‡mi cÖevn I Pvc cwiewZ©Z nIqv wba©viY|
4. wMqv‡ii N~Y©qb Ges k‡K‡Ui Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b Rvbv|
5. wkí KviLvbv ev Awd‡mi Af¨š—ixY evqyi Pvc, Zvc, cÖevn m¤ú‡K© Z_¨vw` Rvbvi †¶‡Î G Kw¤úDUv‡ii
eënvi Kiv nq|
L. wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvit cÖPwjZ A‡_© Kw¤úDUvi ej‡Z wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi‡KB eySv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| wWwRU kã n‡Z
wWwRUvj k‡ãi DrcwË n‡q‡Q| wWwRU n‡”Q msL¨vevPK msL¨v| wWwRU Z_v MvwYwZK bxwZi wfwË‡Z cÖwZwôZ
Kw¤úDUvi‡KB wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi ejv nq| wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii eY©bv, eY©, msL¨v, ms‡KZ, cÖZxK BZ¨vw`
BbcyU wn‡m‡e wWwR‡U eëüZ nq| GwU Lye m~¶èfv‡e wbfy©j djvdj cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| mycvi Kw¤úDUvi, j¨vcUc
Kw¤úDUvi, †W¯‹Kw¤úDUvi, wgwb Kw¤úDUvi BZ¨vw` Gi D‡jL‡hvM¨ D`vniY|
KvRt Avgv‡ì †`‡k cÖPwjZ Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi AwaKvskB wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi| hv‡ì mvnv‡h¨ wb‡æv³ Kvh©vw` m¤úbœ
nq|
1. wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi msL¨v cÖwµqv Ki‡Yi gva¨‡g KvR K‡i|
2. GwU 0 Ges 1 `ywU msL¨v w`‡q me ai‡bi cÖwµqvKiY m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K|
3. GwU Lye m~¶è Ges wbfy©jfv‡e djvdj cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
4. GwU eY©msL¨v K¨v‡i‡Ui ev ms‡K‡Zi gva¨‡g BbcyU MÖnY K‡i|
AvKvi, aiY Ges ¶gZvi Dci wfwË K‡i wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii †kªYxwefvM t
AvKvi, AvK…wZ I Kvh© `¶Zv I ¶gZvi Dci wfwË K‡i wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi‡K PviwU †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq Avevi
AvqZb Ges ¶gZvi Dci wfwË K‡i wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi‡K PviwU †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-
K. mycvi Kw¤úDUvi;
L. †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi;
M. wgwb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi;
N. gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi|
Kw¤úDUvi
wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi nvBweªW Kw¤úDUviGbvjM Kw¤úDUvi
gvB‡µv
Kw¤úDUvi
wgwb
Kw¤úDUvi
‡gBb‡d«g
Kw¤úDUvi
mycvi
Kw¤úDUvi

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K. mycvi Kw¤úDUvit eZ©gvb we‡k¦i me‡P‡q MwZ m¤úbœ `ª“Z Kvh© ¶gZv hy³ e¨qeûj Kw¤úDUvi n‡jv mycvi
Kw¤úDUvi| AvK…wZi w`K †_‡K GwU me©e„nr| Gi Z_¨ msMÖn Kvh© ¶gZv Ges cÖwµqvKiY Awek¦vm¨ iK‡gi m~¶è Ges
`ª“ZMwZ m¤úbœ| eZ©gv‡b m~¶è êÁvwbK M‡elYv, b‡fvhvb, R½xwegvb, †¶cbv¯¿ wbqš¿‡Y Gi eënvi Kiv nq|
K. †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvit mvaviYZ GKwU eo Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ A‡bK¸‡jv †QvU Kw¤úDUvihy³ K‡i A‡bK¸‡jv
gvby‡li KvR Kivi myweav‡_© †h Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖPjb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡KB †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi ejv nq| G‡Z
mnmªvwaK Wv¤Ûvwg©bvj eënvi Kiv nq| G‡Z GKvwaK cÖwµqv Ki‡Yi Ask _v‡K|
L. wgwb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvit mvaviYZ †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUv‡ii †P‡q †QvU Kw¤úDUvi‡KB wgwb †d«g Kw¤úDUvi ejv nq|
G‡K Avevi wgwb Kw¤úDUvi ejv nq| G‡KI Avevi Uvwg©bv‡ji gva¨‡g GK m‡½ A‡bK eënviKvix eënvi Ki‡Z
cv‡i| Gi kã ˆ`N©¨ 32-64 weU ch©š—|
M. gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvit gvB‡µv cÖ‡mmi w`‡q ˆZwi me©v‡c¶v ¶z`ª Ges eûj eëüZ Kw¤úDUvi‡KB gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi
bv‡g me©vwaK cwiwPZ| Gi kã ˆ`N©©¨ 8-32 weU ch©š—| e¨w³MZ, eëmvwqK, `vßwiK Ges miKvwi I †emiKvwi
Kv‡R GwU eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-j¨vcUc, †W¯‹Uc G ai‡Yi Kw¤úDUvi|
M. nvBweªW Kw¤úDUvit gvby‡li eënvwiK ZvwM‡` GbvjM Ges wWwRUvj G `yB †kªYxi Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³i mgš^‡q wgkª
cÖhyw³i †h Kw¤úDUvi D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡KB nvBweªW Kw¤úDUvi ejv nq| mvaviYZ †hmg¯— êÁvwbK M‡elYv
Kvh©µ‡g †h †¶‡Î GbvjM Ges wWwRUvj Dfq ai‡Yi cÖhyw³i wgkª Dcw¯’wZi ìKvi nq †mme †¶‡Î G nvBweªW
Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi Kiv nq|
KvRt
1. GbjvM c×wZ‡Z G Kw¤úDUvi DcvË msM„nxZ nq Ges msM„nxZ DcvË‡K msL¨vi iƒcvš—Ki‡Y wWwRUvj
As‡ki eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
2. Gi wWwRUvj Ask Dcv‡Ëi cÖwµqvK…Z djvdj cÖ`k©b K‡i _v‡K|
3. GwU A‡c¶vK…Z e„nr Ges LiP eûj weavq gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b mvaviY cÖ‡qvR‡b eënvi Kiv nq bv|
eZ©gvb we‡k¦i Kw¤úDUvi RM‡Zi A‡bKUvB `Lj K‡i †i‡L‡Q wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi| Gi eënvi w`b w`b e„w× †c‡qB
Pj‡Q| gvbyl Zvi cÖ‡qvR‡b Av‡iv wewfbœ ai‡Yi wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi D™¢ve‡bi µgvMZ cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q|
Kw¤úDUvi Ges K¨vjKz‡jU‡ii g‡a¨ we`¨gvb cv_©K¨
মেন রাখেত হেব, -Computer is a automatic problem solving machine whose main purpose is data
processing or processing information and which is represented electrically.
Kw¤úDUvi Ges K¨vjKz‡jU‡ii cv_©K¨
A_©MZfv‡e Kw¤úDUvi Ges K¨vjKz‡jU‡ii g‡a¨ Lye GKUv cv_©K¨ †bB| DfqwU w`‡qB MYbv Kiv hvq| DfqwUi
AvwfavwbK A_© n‡jv wn‡me wbKvk hš¿| Z‡e eZ©gvb we‡k¦ Kw¤úDUvi eënv‡ii e¨vcKZvq G‡ì Kvh©µ‡gi h‡_ó
cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| Kw¤úDUvi Ges K¨vjKz‡jU‡ii ga¨¯’ cv_©K¨ wb‡P D‡jL Kiv n‡jv-
K¨vjKz‡jUi Kw¤úDUvi
1. K¨vjKz‡jU‡ii AvKvi †QvU| 1. Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvKvi eo|
2. Gi mvnv‡h¨ ïay gvÎ MYbv Kiv hvq| 2. Gi Kvh© ¶gZv êwPÎ¨Zvc~Y©|
3. Gi mvnv‡h¨ wfwWI ‡`Lv hvq bv| 3. Gi mvnv‡h¨ wfwWI †`Lv hvq|
4. Gi mvnv‡h¨ B-‡gj Kiv hvq bv| 4. Gi mvnv‡h¨ B-‡gj Kiv hvq|
5. B›Uvi‡bU Kv‡h© Gi eënvi †bB| 5. B›Uvi‡b‡Ui Kv‡h© Gi eënvi Av‡Q|
6. G‡K gnvk~b¨ M‡elYvq eënvi Kiv nq bv| 6. G‡K gnvk~‡Y¨ M‡elYvq eënvi Kiv hvq|
7. K¨vjKz‡jU‡ii wWwRU msL¨v mxgve×| 7. Kw¤úDUv‡ii wWwRU msL¨v mxgve× bq|
8. Gi †cÖvMÖvwgs ¶gZv mxgve×| 8. Gi †cÖvMÖvwgs ¶gZv mxgve× bq|
9. Gi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni ¶gZv Kg| 9. Gi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni ¶gZv AZ¨š— †ewk|
10. Gi hš¿vs‡ki cwigvY Kg| 10. Gi hš¿vs‡ki cwigvY †ewk|
11. Gi enb ev ¯’vbvš—i mnR| 11. Gi enb ev ¯’vbvš—i K¨vjKz‡jU‡ii PvB‡Z KwVb|
12. GwU wn‡m‡ei Kv‡Ri Rb¨ eëüZ nq| 12. GwU Avgv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi eûwe` Kv‡R eëüZ
nq|

9
Kw¤úDUv‡ii µgweKv‡ki BwZnvm (msw¶ßiƒ‡c)
Kw¤úDUv‡ii µgweKv‡ki BwZnvm A‡bK cyiv‡bv| Kw¤úDUv‡ii D™¢e Ges we¯—v‡ii †cQ‡b gvby‡li kZvãxi ci kZvãx
ch©š— cÖ‡Póv Ae¨nZ wQj| GLbI gvbyl Av‡iv DbœZ Av‡iv ‡ewk Kvh©¶g Kw¤úDUvi wKfv‡e D™¢veb Kiv hvq Zvi
cÖ‡Póv Ae¨nZ †i‡L‡Q| g~jZt cÖvPxb MYbv hš¿ n‡ZB Gi D™¢vebx ïi“ nq|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii µgweKv‡ki BwZnvmt gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRbxq MYbv Kvh©µg n‡ZB Kw¤úDUvi D™¢ve‡bi cÖ‡Póv ïi“ nq|
cÖvPxbKv‡j gvbyl MYbvi Rb¨ bywo, wSbyK, `woi wMU, Qwoi wMU BZ¨vw`‡K MYbvi Kv‡h© eënvi KiZ| cÖvPxb †ivgbiv
mi“ †Puv‡O bywo cv_i ‡d‡j MYbv KiZ Ges Zv ¯’vbvš—wiZ KiZ| †ivgvb fvlvq Gme bywocv_i‡K ejv n‡Zv
K¨vjKzwj (Calculi)| Avi G K¨vjKzwj n‡Z Bs‡iwR K¨vjKz‡jUi kãwU D™¢e n‡q‡Q| Gi K‡qK nvRvi eQi c‡i
D™¢vweZ n‡q‡Q A¨vevKvm bv‡g MYbvi hš¿|
A¨vevKvm GKwU cÖvPxb MYbvi hš¿| GUv‡KB Kw¤úDUvi BwZnv‡mi cÖ_g hš¿ wn‡m‡e aiv n‡q _v‡K| g~jZt A¨vevKvm
n‡ZB Kw¤úDUvi BwZnv‡mi µg AMÖhvÎv ïi“ nq| A¨vevKvm wQj †d«‡g AvUKv‡bv ¯’vb cwieZ©b †hvM¨ ¸wUi mgš^q|
Lªxó c~e© 500 A‡ã wgki wKsev Px‡b me©cÖ_g GwU D™¢vweZ n‡qwQj| 1614 mv‡j ¯‹Uj¨v‡Ûi MwYZwe` †bwcqvi
jMvwi`g mviYx Avwe®‹vi K‡i KvwVi eënvi K‡i MYbvi GKwU hš¿ D™¢veb K‡ib hv‡K †bwcqv‡ii nvo (Napiers Bone)
ejv n‡Zv| wbDUb Zvi Dbœqb mvab K‡ib|
Ab¨w`‡K divmx hyeK †eBR 1642 mv‡j D™¢veb K‡ib c¨v¯‹vj bvgK GKwU MYbvi hš¿| Zvici 1670 mv‡j Rvg©vb
MwYZwe` MU d«vBW fb wjewgR D™¢veb K‡ib wjewgR bvgK MYbvi hš¿| hvi mvnv‡h¨ †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM BZ¨vw`
Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| Zvici 1786 mv‡j Rvg©vbxi g~jvi D™¢veb K‡i Av‡iv DbœZ MYbvi hš¿ wWdv‡iÝ BwÄb| hv‡K cÖ_g
K¨vjKz‡jUi wn‡m‡e aiv nq| cieZ©x‡Z Pvjm© e¨v‡eR 1812 mv‡j cwic~Y© MYbvi hš¿ D™¢veb K‡ib| hv‡K AvaywbK
Kw¤úDUv‡ii c~e©iƒc wn‡m‡e aiv hvq|
1887 mv‡j gvwK©b cwimsL¨vbwe` Wt nvig¨vb n‡jwi_ Av`g ïgvix Kv‡h© cvÂKvW© eënvi K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii
AMÖhvÎv‡K Av‡iv ‡ewk mylgvwÊZ K‡ib| Zvi †bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ nq Ò‡Uey‡jwUs †Kv¤úvbxÓ hvi gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUvi wk‡íi
eëmvwqK `„wófw½i m~ÎcvZ N‡U| c‡i G †Kv¤úvbx Ges Av‡iv K‡qKwU †Kv¤úvbx wg‡j Kw¤úDUvi D™¢veb Ges
evwY‡Rï D‡Ï‡k¨ MwVZ nq IBM ev B›Uvib¨vkbvj weR‡bm †gwkb bv‡g GKwU e„nr †Kv¤úvbx| ZLb †_‡KB evRv‡i
G‡m hvq GbvjvBwUK¨vj BwÄb bv‡g bZzb ai‡bi MYbvi hš¿|
1946 mv‡j hy³iv‡óªi †cbwmjfvwb©qv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK Wt Rb gW©mwj Ges Zvi QvÎ †cÖmcvi GKvU© ENIAC
bv‡g GKwU MYbvi hš¿ D™¢veb K‡ib| Gi IRb wQj 30Ub Ges f¨vKzg wUDe wQj 1900wU| hš¿wU Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨
we`y¨rkw³i cÖ‡qvRb n‡Zv 130 wKt Iqvt Avi RvqMvi cÖ‡qvRb wQj 1500 eM©dzU| 1950 ch©š— Gi eënvi Pvjy wQj|
Rb gvDmwj Ges †cÖmcvi GKvU© 1951 mv‡j Avevi D™¢veb K‡ib UNIVAC. hvi eënvi ¶gZv wQj AZ¨š—
êwPÎ¨gq| GwUB n‡jv evwYwR¨K wfwË‡Z ˆZwi cÖ_g B‡jKUªwbK Kw¤úDUvi| G‡Z wµ÷vj Wv‡qvW myBP Ges f¨vKzqvg
wUDe myBP eënvi Kiv nq| Gi me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© êwkó¨ n‡jv Gi mvnv‡h¨ cov, MYbv Ges Z_¨ †jLvi KvR Kiv
hvq| cÖK…Zc‡¶ ZLb n‡ZB †ek wKQy cÖwZôvb evwYwR¨K wfwË‡Z Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwi Ki‡Z _v‡K Ges evRvi RvZ K‡i|
1971 mv‡ji w`‡K gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi KwZcq †Kv¤úvbx Av‡iv †ewk Drcv`b¶g Ges Kvh©¶g Kw¤úDUvi Drcv`b I
evRviRvZ Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡i| Gw`‡K Gwkqvi A_©‰bwZK wKs RvcvbI G‡¶‡Î †gv‡UI wcwQ‡q †bB| ZvivI wewfbœ
g‡W‡ji eûj Kvh©¶gZv m¤úbœ Kw¤úDUvi Drcv`b I evRviRvZ Ki‡Y wek¦‡K `Lj K‡i wb‡q‡Q| Zv‡ì Drcvw`Z
Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv `v‡g m¯—v AZ¨š— `ª“Z MwZ m¤úbœ Ges gReyZ| we‡k¦i gvbyl Rvcv‡bi Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖwZ Av‡iv †ewk
†Suv‡K c‡o|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii µgweeZ©‡bi BwZnvm bvwZ`xN©| Z_vwc Rvbvi Rb¨ GLv‡b msw¶ßiƒ‡c Kw¤úDUv‡ii BwZnvm Dc¯’vcb Kiv
n‡jv| eZ©gv‡b AZ¨š— †QvU wPcm eënvi K‡i AZ¨vaywbK Ges †QvU AvKv‡ii Kw¤úDUvi D™¢vweZ Ki‡Q| GLb Avi
Kw¤úDUvi ïay MYbvi hš¿ bq| Gi eënvi AZ¨š— êwPÎ¨gyLx n‡q‡Q| hvi Kj¨vYKi w`K Amxg|
Updated Bangla e-books(pdf): www.facebook.com/tanbir.ebooks
Any kind of e-book & Software : www.tanbircox.blogspot.com

10
Kw¤úDUv‡ii AMÖMwZi †cQ‡b Pvjm© e¨v‡eR(Kw¤úDUv‡ii RbK)এর Ae`vb t
Kw¤úDUvi we‡k¦i DbœwZi mv‡_ ‡h gnvb e¨w³i bvg Rwo‡q i‡q‡Q wZwb n‡jb Pvjm© e¨v‡eR| Kw¤úDUv‡ii
AvaywbKvq‡bi mv‡_ Pvjm© e¨v‡eR Gi Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©| wZwb g~jZt GKRb Bs‡iR MwYZwe`| wZwbB me©cÖ_g
kw³kvjx MYbvi h‡š¿i D™¢veb K‡ib| hvi Dci wfwË K‡i Kw¤úDUvi D™¢veb mnR nq|
Pvjm© e¨v‡eRt Pvjm© e¨v‡eR wQ‡jb Bsj¨v‡Ûi K¨vgweªR wek¦we`¨vj‡qi MwY‡Zi Aa¨vcK| wZwb 1792 mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib Ges 1871 mv‡j g„ZzëiY K‡ib| wZwb mvivRxeb M‡elYv K‡i GKwU kw³kvjx MYbvi hš¿ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib hvi
bvg wQj wWdv‡iwÝqvj BwÄb ev we‡qvM dj wfwËK MYbvi hš¿| wZwb G‡Z cvÂKv‡W©i eënvi K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii
AvaywbKvq‡bi m~ÎcvZ NUvb| ZvB Zv‡K AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii RbK ejv nq| Pvjm© e¨v‡eR Zvi M‡elYv Kv‡h©i Rb¨
e„wUk miKvi KZ©„K wekvj Aby`vb †c‡qwQ‡jb|
Pvjm© e¨v‡e‡Ri Ae`vbt 1812 mv‡j Pvjm© e¨v‡eR jMvwi`‡gi m~Î‡K cÖ‡qvM K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii wWdv‡iwÝqvj BwÂb
D™¢veb K‡ib| G‡Z wZwb GK mvwi c¨vm‡Kj ai‡Yi MYbvi hš¿ Ggbfv‡e mshy³ K‡ib †h GKwUi Output ev djvdj
AciwUi Input ev †hvMvb wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e| Pvjm© e¨v‡eR Rxe‡bi `k eQi M‡elYv K‡i †h wWdv‡iwÝqvj BwÄb
D™¢veb K‡iwQ‡jb Zvi Kvh©¶gZv h_v_© bv nIqvq cieZ©x‡Z wZwb bZzb ai‡Yi hš¿ Avwe®‹vi g‡bv‡hvMx nb| Zuvi
M‡elYv Kvh©µg wQj my`xN©|
Pvjm© e¨v‡eR Rxe‡bi †kl w`bwU ch©š— †h hš¿ D™¢veb KvwU‡q‡Qb †mwU n‡jv A¨vbvjvBwUK¨vj BwÄb ev we‡klbx hš¿|
Pvjm© e¨v‡e‡Ri G D™¢vweZ wPš—vkw³ wKsev †gwkb cwiKíbv AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii g~jbxwZi Dci mycÖwZwôwZ cvq|
A_©vr Zvi cwiKíbvi m~Î a‡iB Kw¤úDUvi we‡k¦i AvaywbKvqb m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| GRb¨B Pvjm© e¨v‡eR‡K AvaywbK
Kw¤úDUv‡ii RbK ejv nq|
Pvjm© e¨v‡eR Zvi †gwkb cwiKíbvq AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡Zv wbqš¿Y Ask, MvwYwZK Ask, ¯§„wZ Ask, MÖnYgyL Ask,
wbM©gbgyL Ask wPwýZ K‡iwQ‡jb| hwÌ e¨v‡e‡Ri cwiKíbv wQj DbœZ Ges êÁvwbK Z_vwc ZLbI hyMvš—Kvix
cÖhyw³i Dbœqb nqwb weavq Zvi cwiKíbv‡K ZLb ev¯—evqb Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| hvi d‡j ZLbKvi Ab¨vb¨ weÁvbxiv
e¨v‡eR cwiKíbv‡K e¨v‡e‡Ri g~L©Zv (Babbage’s Folly) e‡j Dcnvm K‡iwQj| miKviI Zvi M‡elYvi Aby`vb eÜ
K‡iwQj|
cÖK…Z c‡¶ Pvjm© e¨v‡e‡Ri wPš—v Ges cwiKíbv wQj kZ eQ‡ii AvMvg wPš—v| A_©vr Kw¤úDUvi RM‡Zi kZ eQi
c‡i wKiƒc DbœZ cÖhyw³i ms‡hvRb n‡Z cv‡i ZviB cÖwZdjb K‡iwQ‡jb e¨v‡eR Zvi Kw¤úDUvi cwiKíbvq| Z‡e Zuvi
wPš—v cÖm~Z cwiKíbv Zvi g„Zzï ci ev¯—evqb Kiv m¤¢e n‡qwQj| Zuvi AmsL¨ wPÎ Ges bKkv AvaywbK Kw¤úDUvi
weKv‡ki †cÖiYv hywM‡q‡Q| e¨v‡e‡Ri wPš—vi GKk eQi ci Kw¤úDUv‡ii †h ch©v‡q DbœxZ n‡q‡Q †miƒc Kw¤úDUvi
wPš—v wZwb GKk eQi Av‡M K‡iwQ‡jb| ZvB wZwb AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii RbK wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †c‡q‡Qb|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Dbœq‡b A‡bK weÁvbxi bvgB we‡klfv‡e RwoZ i‡q‡Q| Z‡e Pvjm© e¨v‡e‡Ri Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©| hwÌ G
weÁvbx RxeÏkvq Gi ¯^xK…wZ ‡c‡q †h‡Z cv‡ibwb| c„w_ex‡Z wZwbB GKgvÎ weÁvbx whwb mviv Rxeb GKwU gvÎ hš¿
D™¢ve‡bB KvwU‡q‡Qb, Zey mdj n‡Z cv‡ib wb| ZvB wZwb RxeÏkvq mZx_©‡ì Dcnv‡mi cv‡Î cwiYZ n‡qwQ‡jb|
Kw¤úDUvi cÖRb¥
Kw¤úDUv‡ii µgweeZ©‡bi BwZnvm cyi‡bv n‡jI wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i cieZ©x mgq n‡Z Kw¤úDUvi cÖRb¥ aiv nq| Gi Av‡M
Kw¤úDUv‡ii aviYv wfbœfv‡e MYbvi Kv‡h© eëüZ n‡Zv| AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii AMÖhvÎv g~jZt weMZ cÂvk eQi Av‡M
†_‡KB ïi“ n‡q‡Q|
Kw¤úDUvi cÖRb¥t cÖRb¥MZ Ges HwZnvwmK DbœwZ Abymv‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii AMÖhvÎv‡K †h KqwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q
Zv‡KB Kw¤úDUvi cÖRb¥ (Generation of Computer) ejv nq| Kw¤úDUvi cÖR‡b¥i wn‡me 1946 Z_v wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i
ci n‡ZB aiv n‡q _v‡K| KviY ZLb †_‡KB Kw¤úUv‡ii AvaywbKxKi‡Yi AMÖhvÎv ïi“ n‡q‡Q| Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënviI
m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡q‡Q|
Kw¤úDUvi cÖR‡b¥i †kªYxwefvMt AvaywbK Kw¤úDUvi weÁvbxMY Kw¤úDUvi cÖRb¥‡K cvuPwU fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| hv‡ì‡K
GK GKwU Kw¤úDUvi cÖRb¥ ejv nq| †hgbÑ
K. cÖ_g cÖRb¥ (1st
Generation)
L. wØZxq cÖRb¥ (2nd
Generation)
M. Z…Zxq cÖRb¥ (3rd
Generation)
N. PZz_© cÖRb¥ (4th
Generation)
O. cÂg cÖRb¥ (5th
Generation)
K. cÖ_g cÖRb¥t 1946 mvj n‡Z 1958 mvj ch©š— Kw¤úDUv‡ii mgq mxgv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ_g cÖRb¥ ejv nq|
Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡Z G mgqmxgv 1937 mvj n‡Z 1958 mvj ch©š— we¯Z…Z| wUDe wewkó B‡j‡±ªvwbK eËbx©i eûj
eënvi, Pz¤^Kxq Wªvg ev †XvjK, ¯§„wZ, mxwgZ Z_¨, aviY ¶gZv, cvÂKvW©, BbcyU Ges AvDUcyU miÄvg Ges

11
†Kv‡Wi eënvi BZ¨vw` G cÖR‡b¥i cÖavb êwkó¨| cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥ D™¢vweZ Kw¤úDUvi ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wb‡æv³¸‡jv
Ab¨Zg| †hgb-
IBM 650, MARK- ii, ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC BZ¨vw`|
‰ewkó¨t cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv wb‡æv³ ‰ewkó¨¸‡jv we`¨gvb wQj-
1. Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv wekvj AvK…wZi wQj|
2. Wv‡qvW, Uªv‡qvW, fvjf, †iwR÷vi, g¨vcwmUvi BZ¨vw` hš¿vsk eëüZ n‡Zv|
3. ‡gwk‡bi fvlvq ‡cÖvMÖvg iwPZ n‡Zv|
4. f¨vKzqvg wUD‡ei Avqy Kvj ¶Y¯’vqx|
5. i¶Yv‡e¶Y I DËvc mgm¨v cÖLi wQj|
6. mxwgZ †cÖvMÖvg aviY ¶gZv|
L. wØZxq cªRb¥t mvaviYZ Kw¤úDUvi we‡k¦i 1959 mvj n‡Z 1965 mvj ch©š— mgqmxgv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii wØZxq cÖRb¥
ejv nq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii wØZxq cÖRb¥ BbwUª‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©‡Wi h_v_© eënvi, ZvcgvÎv wbqš¿Y, Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvKvi n«vm
Ges wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv BZ¨vw` mvdj¨ ficyi| G cÖR‡b¥ ASC ii c×wZi D™¢vweZ nq| G mgq nvW©Iqv‡ii cvkvcvwk
mdU& Iq¨v‡ii cÖf~Z DbœwZ mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| Kw¤úDUv‡ii wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡Wj ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ IBM
1400, ACA 501, NCR 300 BZ¨vw` Ab¨Zg|
‰ewkó¨t
1. Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvK…wZi ms‡KvPb|
2. f¨vKzqvg wUD‡ei cwie‡Z© UªvÝwR÷v‡ii eënvi|
3. gwWDjvi wWRvB‡bi eënvi|
4. †PŠ¤^K †Kv‡ii eëvni|
5. Zvc mgm¨vi Aemvb, AwWI I wfwWIi ‡hvM¨ Dbœqb|
6. D”P MwZ m¤úbœ BbcyU Ges AvDUcyU miÄvg|
M. Z…Zxq cÖRb¥t 1966 mvj n‡Z 1970 mvj ch©š— mgqmxgv‡K we‡k¦i Kw¤úDUv‡ii Z…Zxq cÖRb¥ ejv nq| G cÖR‡b¥
Kw¤úDUv‡i Small Scale Integrated Circuit Ges Medium Scale Integrated Circuit eënvi nq| ZLb Kw¤úDUvi
AvDUcyU wn‡m‡e Video Display Unit Ges D”P MwZi wcÖ›Uv‡ii cÖPjb nq| ZLb n‡ZB BASIC fvlvi eënvi nq
Ges gvD‡mi eënvwiK Kvh©KvwiZv Avi¤¢ nq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ IBM-360,
IBM-370, PDP-8 BZ¨vw` Ab¨Zg|
‰ewkó¨t
1. Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvK…wZi Av‡iv ms‡KvPb|
2. gyw`ªZ AvKv‡i AvDUcyU cvIqvi Rb¨ jvBb wcÖ›Uv‡ii eënvi|
3. Kw¤úDUvi cÖ‡mm‡i we¯Z…Z wb‡`©kgvjv weëBb eënvi|
4. mgwš^Z mvwK©U eënvi I wbe©vnx c×wZi Dbœqb|
5. wgwb Kw¤úDUvi, D”PZi fvlvi eënvi|
N. PZz_© cÖRb¥t mvaviYZt 1971 mvj n‡Z 1994 mvj ch©š— we¯Z…Z mgqmxgv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i PZz_© cÖRb¥ ejv nq| G
mg‡q Kw¤úDUvi we‡k¦i cÖf~Z DbœwZ mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| G cÖR‡b¥ LSI Ges VLSI gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Ges Some
Conductor Memory w`‡q Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| G cªR‡b¥ RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM Avwe¯‹…Z n‡q‡Q|
DB‡ÛvR, Wm, Ges Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g G cÖR‡b¥ eëüZ n‡”Q| G cÖR‡b¥ gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi c~Y©v½ iƒc jvf
K‡i‡Q| PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi g‡Wj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ IBM-3030, IBM-4300, IBMS/36, Sharp PC-1211, Apple
II BZ¨vw` Ab¨Zg|
‰ewkó¨t
1. e„nr AvKv‡ii GKxf~Z eZ©bx
2. e¨vcK Z_¨ aviY ¶gZv|
3. †cÖvMÖvg c¨v‡K‡Ri e¨vcK DbœwZ I cÖPjY|
4. †cÖvMÖvg c¨v‡KR D”PZi fvlvi eënvi|
5. gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖf„Z DbœwZ|
6. †Uwe‡j ewm‡q KvR Kivi ¶gZv e„w×|
O. cÂg cÖRb¥t Rvcv‡b Kw¤úDUvi weÁvbx‡ì e„nr m‡¤§j‡bi gva¨‡g 1995 mvj n‡Z cieZx© mgqmxgv‡K
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÂg cÖRb¥ wn‡m‡e aiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e eënvwiK †¶‡Î GLbI PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy Av‡Q|
eZ©gvb cÖR‡b¥ AZ¨vaywbK Kw¤úDUvi D™¢ve‡bi cÖ‡Póv Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q| wewfbœ ai‡bi wPcm Ges AcwUK¨vj
dvBevi w`‡q cÂg cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi m„wó n‡q‡Q| GwU AZ¨vš— kw³kvjx gvB‡µv cÖ‡mmi I cÖPzi WvUv aviY
¶gZv m¤úbœ Kw¤úDUvi G cÖR‡b¥ D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q| G cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi‡K Knowledge Information,
Processing system = IPS ev G·cvU© wm‡÷g ejv nq|
‰ewkó¨t
1. K…wÎg eyw×gËvi ms‡hvRb|

12
2. ¯^qswµq Abyev` Kvh©µg|
3. gvby‡li KÉ¯î mbv³ Kivi ¶gZv|
4. wecyj ¶gZv m¤úbœ mycvi Kw¤úDUv‡ii D™¢veb|
5. we¤§qKi ¯§„wZ kw³|
cÖvPxb K¨vjKz‡jUi, A¨vevKvm, wWdv‡iÝ BwÄb Ges cÂevW© t
cÖvPxb K¨vjKz‡jUit mf¨Zvi ïi“‡Z gvbyl Mybvi Kv‡h© Av½yj, cv_i wKsev el Kiv cïi nvo¸i eënvi Ki‡Zv|
cieZ©x‡Z Zviv wewfbœ ai‡bi bywo‡K Mybvi Kv‡h© eënvi K‡i‡Q| GK mgq gvbyl `woi wMU ev wSbyK‡K Mybvi Kv‡h©
eënvi Ki‡Z Af¨¯’ n‡jv cÖvPxb †ivgvbiv mi“ M‡Z© ev †Pv‡½ bywo †d‡j e„nr Mybvi KvR mviZ| †ivgvb fvlvq †QvU
cv_i ev bywo‡K ejv nq K¨vjKzwj| Avi G K¨vjKzwj kã n‡ZB AvaywbK K¨vjKz‡jUi Gi D™¢e n‡q‡Q| AvaywbK
K¨vjKz‡jUi D™¢ve‡b e„wUk Ges Rvgv©b‡ì Ae`vb me©v‡c¶v †ewk| ZvivB wek¦ evRv‡i AvaywbK K¨vjKz‡jUi m¤cÖmviY
NwU‡q‡Q|
A¨vevKvmt cÖvPxb MYbv h‡š¿i bvg n‡jv A¨vevKvm| G‡K cÖ_‡g wWwRUvj MYbv hš¿ ejv n‡Zv| GwU K¨vjKz‡jUi Gi
g‡ZvB MYbv hš¿| aviYv Kiv nq AvR n‡Z 2500 eQi c~‡e© Pxb A_ev wgk‡i A¨vevKvm ai‡bi MYbvi hš¿ eënvi Kiv
n‡Zv| Z‡e we‡k¦i MYbvi hš¿wU A¨vevKvm bv‡gB cwiwPZ wQj| Pxb, Rvcvb, ivwkqvq GLbI MYbvi hš¿ wn‡m‡e
A¨vevKvm eënvi Kiv nq Ges Gi mvnv‡h¨ wk¶v‡¶‡Î cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Kiv nq| Rvcv‡b A¨vevKvm‡K e‡j mv‡ivevb Ges
ivwkqvq e‡j †¯‹vwPiv|
A¨vevKvm n‡jv †d«gve× `‡Êi g‡a¨ ¸wU mshy³ GKwU MYbvi hš¿| A¨vevKv‡mi i‡q‡Q 7 ev 9wU `Ê| cÖwZwU `Ê `yB
w`K w`‡q †d«‡g Ave× Ges gvSLv‡b Ab¨ GKwU †d«g w`‡q Pvcv †`qv hv‡Z K‡i Dc‡ii ¸wU mn‡R bx‡P Ges bx‡Pi ¸wU
mn‡RB Dc‡i †h‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ eënviKvix wba©vwiZ †KŠk‡j ¸wUi Dc‡i bx‡P ms‡hvM Kgv‡Z evov‡Z cv‡ib Ges
¯’vbPz¨Z Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z ¯‹Uj¨v‡Êi MwYZwe` †bwcqvi cÖvPxb A¨vevKvk h‡š¿i Dbœqb mvab K‡ib| A‡bK c‡i
weÁvbx wbDUb A¨vevKvm MYbv h‡š¿ cÖf~Z Dbœqb mvab K‡ib|
wWdv‡iÝ BwÄbt ¯^qswµq MYbvq h‡š¿i bvg wWdv‡iÝ BwÄb| Rvg©vb weÁvbx g~jvi 1786 mv‡j wWdv‡iwÝqvj BwÄb bv‡g
GKwU K¨vjKz‡jU‡ii cwiKíbv K‡ib| Zvi cÖvq `yB hyM c‡i e„wUk MwYZwe` Pvj©m e¨v‡eR MYbvi ¯^qswµq hš¿ wn‡m‡e
wWdv‡iÝ BwÄb D™¢veb K‡ib| 1812 mv‡j Pvj©m e¨v‡eR jMvwi`wgK wnmvemn MvwYwZK wnmv‡ei Rb¨ DbœZ wWdv‡iÝ
BwÄb ˆZwi K‡i mevi Rb¨ Db¥y³ K‡i †`b| 1823 mv‡j wWwe wZwb wWdv‡iÝ BwÄb Gi mv‡_ wµ‡KvYwgwZ Ges Ab¨vb¨
MvwYwZK wnmve ¯^qswµqfv‡e m¤úbœ K‡i gyw`&ªZ djvdj cÖvwßi ev¯—evqb K‡ib|
G‡Z K‡i MYbv h‡š¿i cÖf~Z DbœwZ nq Ges e„wUk miKvi Zvi Rb¨ Avw_©K Aby`v‡bi eë¯’v K‡ib| wZwb cwic~Y©fv‡e
wWdv‡iÝ BwÄb Gi KvR †kl K‡ib| wZwb Gi Av‡iv Dbœqb mvab K‡i 1862 mv‡j Avš—R©vwZK weÁvb cÖ`k©bx‡Z
hš¿wUi eënvi K‡i †`Lvb| G h‡š¿i g~j wfwË wQj †Kvb mgxKi‡Yi X Gi wewfbœ gv‡bi Rb¨ Y Gi wewfbœ gv‡bi
we‡qvMdj wfwËK QK ˆZwi Kiv|
cÂKvW©t Kw¤úDUvi RM‡Z cÂKv‡W©i aviYv A‡bKUvB cyi‡bv| GwU MYbvi Kv‡h© eëüZ n‡q Avm‡Q| divmx e¯¿ wk‡í
me© cÖ_g cÂKv‡W©i eënvi mshy³ nq| G‡¶‡Î divmx e¯¿wkíx †hv‡md m¨vixi bvg we‡klfv‡e D‡jL‡hvM¨| wZwb
Kvc‡oi bKkv wbqš¿‡Y wQ`ªhy³ cÂKv‡W©i eënvi Pvjy K‡ib| Zvici Kw¤úDUvi weÁvbx e¨v‡eR Gi cÂKvW©‡K
Kw¤úDUvi Avwìƒc G¨vbvjvBwUK¨vj BwÄ‡b eënvi K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡i cÂKv‡W©i eënvi `viƒY fv‡e cÖPwjZ
nq|
AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kvh©Kix c`‡¶c ïi“ nq cÖ_g ê`y¨wZK cÂKv‡W©i eënv‡ii gva¨‡g| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi mvgwiK
Kvh© `ªZZi Kivi Rb¨ cwimsL¨vbwe` Wt †nig¨vb n‡jwew_ 1890 mv‡j me© cÖ_g cÂ Kv‡W©i eënvi K‡ib| Gici
n‡Z Kw¤úDUvi MYbvi Kv‡h© cÂKvW© eënv‡ii cÖ_v e¨vcKfv‡e Pvjy nq|
GbvjvBwUK BwÄb Ges B‡jKwUªK Kw¤úDUvi
GbvjvBwUK BwÄbt weÁvbx Pvjm© e¨v‡eR Rxe‡bi †kl w`bwU ch©š— †h hš¿wU Avwe¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ we‡ewPZ wQ‡jb Zv n‡jv
GbvjvBwUK BwÄb ev we‡klYx hš¿| Pvj©m e¨v‡e‡Ri D™¢vweZ Kw¤úDUvi cwiKíbvi Dci wfwË K‡iB AvR‡Ki
Kw¤úDUvi we‡k¦i G‡Zv †ekx mg„w× G‡m‡Q| A_©vr Zvi Kw¤úDUvi cwiKíbvi m~Î a‡iB AZ¨vaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii
D™¢veb NUv‡bv n‡h‡Q| GRb¨B Pvj©m e¨v‡eR‡K AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii RbK ejv n‡q‡Q|
Pvj©m e¨v‡eR G¨vbvBwUK BwÄb bv‡g †h DbœZ gv‡bi Kw¤úDUv‡ii †gKvwbK¨vj cwiKíbv K‡iwQ‡jb Zv cieZ©x‡Z we‡k¦
Kw¤úDUvi wece NUv‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q|

13
Zvi cÖ`wk©Z Kw¤úDUvi cwiKíbvq †h Ask ¸‡jvi aviYv †`qv n‡qwQj †m¸‡jvi mv‡_ AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ
As‡ki `vi“b mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q| cwiKíbv g‡Z G¨vbvjvBwUK BwÄ‡b cÖavbZ †m›Uvi, wgj Ges K‡›Uªvj bvgK wZbwU Ask
_vKvi K_v| Zv‡Z cÂKv‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ †m›Uv‡i mg¯— Z_¨, wb‡`©k Ges wewfbœ ch©v‡qi MYbvi djvdj _vK‡e| wgj
wMqv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÂKvW© n‡Z cÖvß Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z MYbv Ki‡e| K‡›Uªvj wgj‡K wb‡`©k †`‡e KLb wK KvR Ki‡e|
Pvj©m e¨v‡eR AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡Zv Zvi ‡gwk‡b wbqš¿Y Ask, MvwYwZK Ask, ¯§„wZ Ask, MÖnYgyL I wbM©gb gyL
Ask¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡ib| cÂKvW© w`‡q †gwk‡bi mv‡_ ms‡hvMmn †gwk‡bi Af¨š—ixY Kvh© wbqš¿‡Yi RbÏ wZwb KvW©
eënv‡ii wb‡`©k †`b| ¯§„wZ As‡k cÂvk AsK ˆ`‡N©ï 1000 msL¨v msi¶‡Yi cwiKíbv K‡ib| Zvi cwiKíbv Abyhvqx
cÂvk As‡Ki `yBwU msL¨vi †hvM ev we‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ GK †m‡KÊ Ges ¸‡Yi Rb¨ 1 wgwbU mgq jvMvi K_v| e¨v‡e‡Ri
aviYv LyeB AvaywbK wQj| Zvi ‡gŠwjK wPš—v cÖm~Z cwiKíbv‡K AbymiY K‡iB AvR‡Ki Kw¤úDUvi weÁvbxiv
AZ¨vaywbK Kw¤úDUvi Avwe¯‹vi Ki‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q| hvi cÖfve GLbI Ae¨nZ i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ RxeÏkvq wZwb Gm‡ei
¯^xK…wZ cvbwb|
B‡jKwUªK Kw¤úDUvit 1946 mv‡j hy³iv‡óªi †cbwmjfvwbq wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK Wt Rb gvBmwj Ges Zvi mnKg©x
†cÖmcvi GKvD ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator) bv‡g †h Kw¤úDUvi Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib ZvnvB
n‡jv B‡jKwUªK Kw¤úDUvi| Gi IRb wQj 30 Ub Ges f¨vKzg wUDe wQj 1900wU| hš¿wU cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z we`y¨rkw³i
cÖ‡qvRb wQj 130 wKt IqvU| Avi RvqMvi cÖ‡qvRb wQj 1500 eM©dzU| 1955 mvj ch©š— Gi eënvi cÖPwjZ wQj|
Gi mvnv‡h¨ `k As‡Ki `ywU msL¨vi ¸Y Ki‡Z mgq jvMZ 1 †m‡K‡Êi GK nvRvi fv‡Mi wZb fvM Ges †hvM Ki‡Z
jvMZ 200 g¨vB‡µv †m‡KÊ Avi fvM Ki‡Z mgq jvMZ 6 g¨vB‡µvwgwjqb †m‡KÊ|
cieZ©x‡Z †KgweªR wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK gwim 1949 mv‡j Zvi Av‡iv †ewk DbœZ †cÖvMÖvg †mU K‡ib| Zvic‡i
weÁvbx gvDmwj, , evK©m, †Mvì÷vBb, Ges Rb weDg¨vb cÖgy‡Li cÖ‡Póvq EDVAC bv‡g †¶cbv¯¿ Ges Ab¨vb¨ hy×v¯¿
wbqš¿‡Yi Kw¤úDUvi D™¢vweZ nq| cieZ©x‡Z UNIVAC bv‡g B‡j±ªwbK eënvi‡hvM¨ Kw¤úDUvi cÖewZ©Z nq| D‡jL¨
UNIVAC B n‡jv me© cÖ_g evwYwR¨K wfwË‡Z ˆZwi B‡jKUªwbK Kw¤úDUvi| G Kw¤úDUv‡i wµ÷vj Wv‡qvW myBP Ges
f¨vKzg wUDe mvwK©U eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi me‡P‡q D‡jL‡hvM¨ ‰ewkó¨ n‡”Q GwU GKB m‡½ cov, MYbv, Ges Z_¨
†jLvi KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv| cÖK…Z c‡¶ ZLb n‡ZB †ek wKQy cÖwZôvb evwYwR¨K wfwË‡Z Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwi Ges evwYR¨
Ki‡Z _v‡K|
Zvi c‡i 1971 mv‡j hy³ivóªi Bj‡Uj †Kv¤úvbx wek¦ evRv‡i B‡jKUªwbK Kw¤úDUvi ißvbx Ki‡Z _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K
Rvcvb lv‡Ui `kK n‡ZB wek¦e¨vcx Kw¤úDUvi Drcv`b I evwYR¨ Ki‡Z _v‡K| AvRKvj GK BwÂ PIov, †ò BwÂ j¤^v
Ges wmwK BwÂ cyi“ wPcm eënvi K‡i A‡bK †QvU A_P `ª“Z KvR Kivi MwZ m¤úbœ Kw¤úDUvi D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
hv evRv‡i cvIqv hv‡”Q|
wk¶Y I M‡elYv †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUv‡ii Ae`vb
wk¶v M‡elYv †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUv‡ii eûwe` eënvi i‡q‡Q| we‡klfv‡e wk¶v`vb, M‡elYv Kvh©, Z‡_ï msi¶Y, eënvi
Ges djvdj cÖ`v‡b Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †QvU‡ì KvU©yb wP‡Îi gva¨‡g eY© cwiPq, D”PviY wkLv‡bv, Qwe
cÖ`k©b, M‡íi gva¨‡g wk¶‡Ki Dc¯’vc‡bi wmwW cÖ`©kb BZ¨vw` Kv‡h© Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Kiv nq| G Qvov QvÎ QvÎxiv
wb‡RivB Kw¤úDUvi eënvi K‡i mvaviY Ávb Ges eënvwiK we‡kl Áv‡bi eû Z_¨vw` AvqZ¡ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
D”PZi †kªYxi wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨ evRv‡i AmsL¨ Kw¤úDUvi mdU&Iqvi cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| Gme md&UIqv‡ii gva¨‡g
wk¶v_©xiv Zv‡ì wk¶Y m¤úwK©Z A‡bK welq m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡Z cv‡i| wPwKrmv Ges BwÄwbqvwis wel‡qi wk¶v_©xiv
Kw¤úDvi wmwW eënvi K‡i Zv‡ì welqMZ A‡bK Z_¨vw` PgrKvifv‡e AeMZ n‡Z cv‡i| wmwWi gva¨‡g Gme wel‡qi
m~¶è Ges wek` weeiY m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v_©x‡ì nv‡Z Kj‡g wk¶v`v‡bi KvRwU
fvjfv‡e m¤úv`b Kiv hvq|
wk¶v_©x‡ì D”P wk¶vi ‡kl ch©v‡q Ges D”P wk¶v †k‡l M‡elYvg~jK Kv‡Ri †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUvi GKwU we‡kl mnvqK hš¿
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K|
wk¶v_©x‡ì D”P wk¶vi †kl ch©v‡q Ges D”P wk¶v †k‡l M‡elYvg~jK Kv‡Ri †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUvi GKwU we‡kl mnvqK hš¿
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K M‡elYvi Z_¨vwì msMÖn we‡klY, M‡elYv Z‡_ï djvdj cÖ`vb, msi¶Y, gy`ªY, M‡elYv
cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi BZ¨vw` hveZxq KvR Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g m¤úbœ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Kv‡RB Kw¤úDUvi G‡¶‡Î mvaviYZ
gvwëwgwWqv wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| Gi gva¨‡g `~i wk¶‡Yi Kvh©wUI we‡klfv‡e m¤úbœ n‡”Q| g~jZt Kw¤úDUvi
cÖPwjZ wk¶v aviYv‡KB we‡klfv‡e cv‡ë w`‡”Q|
eZ©gvb we‡k¦ cÖwZwU ‰eÁvwbK M‡elYvq GK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© I Acwinvh© Dcv`vb n‡”Q Kw¤úDUvi| we‡kl K‡i c`v_©,
imvqb, RxeweÁvb, cwimsL¨vb, MwYZ, G¨v‡ivbwU·, G¨v‡ivWªvg, wRb cÖ‡KŠkjmn mKj ai‡bi êÁvwbK M‡elYvq
Kw¤úDUvi eëüZ n‡”Q| Kv‡RB wk¶v M‡elYvi †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUv‡ii Acwimxg Ae`vb i‡q‡Q| hv AvR me©Rb ¯^xK…Z|

14
M‡elYv Ges M‡elYv cÖvß djvdj gvbe mf¨Zv‡K DbœwZi c‡_ cwiPvwjZ K‡i‡Q| Avi gvbe mf¨Zvi Dbœq‡bi G
M‡elYv‡K †gŠwjK A‡_© ZvwoZ Ki‡Q Kw¤úDUvi| ZvB‡Zv ejv nq eZ©gv‡b Kw¤úDUvi Qvov AvaywbK wk¶v M‡elYv
APj|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq gvbe mf¨Zv‡K m¤ú~Y© fv‡e DbœZ Ki‡Q wk¶v Ges wk¶v M‡elYv| †hLv‡b eZ©gv‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii
mn‡hvwMZvg~jK f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Ges gvbexq mgm¨v mgvav‡bi
M‡elYvg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ê Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi w`‡b w`‡b Av‡iv †ewk e„w× cv‡”Q|
Kw¤úDUvi wfwËK Aciva Ges †MvcbxqZv mgm¨v t
eZ©gv‡b mvgvwRK iƒc‡iLv Z_v mgvR Rxe‡bi cwieZ©b Avbq‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| †hfv‡e Kw¤úDUv‡ii
e¨vcKZv e„w× cv‡”Q Zv‡Z AvMvgx‡Z cÖwZwU †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ‡qvM Qvov mgvR Rxeb APj Ges AKíbxq n‡q
DV‡e| Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi gvbe Rxeb‡K G‡Zv wbweo eÜ‡b Ave× K‡i‡Q hv e‡j †kl Kiv hv‡e bv|
gvbyy‡li mgvR Rxeb I Kw¤úDUv‡ii m¤úK©t gvby‡li mgvR Rxe‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii m¤úK© AwZ wbweo| eZ©gvb mf¨Zvq
Kw¤úDUvi bvbvwea Kv‡h© eëüZ n‡”Q| we‡kl K‡i wk¶v M‡elYv, Kj KviLvbv, wkí, eëmv, †hvMv‡hvM, cwienb,
`ßi, Awdm Av`vjZ, wPwKrmv BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi `ª“Z m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q| Kw¤úDUvi eZ©gv‡b gvby‡li
Rxe‡bi MwZ‡K evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q| Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënv‡i mviv c„w_ex AvR Ó†Mvevj wf‡j‡RÓ cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| gvby‡li
mv‡_ gvby‡li †hvMv‡hv‡Mi e¨vcK DbœwZ mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| Z_¨ cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii Awe¯§iYxq Ae`vb cÖwZdwjZ
n‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB mgvR Rxeb I Kw¤úDUvi AvR wbweo eÜ‡b Ave× n‡q †M‡Q| G‡Z K‡i gvbyl AvR hvwš¿K mf¨Zvi
Kv‡Q wRw¤§ n‡q c‡o‡Q| gvby‡l gvby‡li m¤cÖxwZ A‡bK ‡¶‡ÎB n«vm cv‡”Q| A_©vr ejv hvq- Kw¤úDUvi gvby‡li
mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i eÜb‡K AvjMv K‡i w`‡”Q| Z‡e G †¶‡Î Mfxifv‡e wPš—v Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h GRb¨ gvby‡li
gvbwmKZvB we‡klfv‡e `vqx| KviY gvbyl wb‡Ri Abyf~wZ‡K a‡i †i‡L h‡š¿i Kv‡Q civwRZ n‡jv A_ev wb‡Ri Aw¯—
Z¡‡K Abyfe Kij bv GRb¨ †Zv Kw¤úDUvi `vqx bq| Kw¤úDUvi †Zv gvby‡li m„wó| Kv‡RB gvbyl‡K wb‡RB wb‡Ri Rxe
†kªôZ¡ a‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|
Kw¤úDUvi wfwËK Acivat eZ©gvb we‡k¦ GKwU j¶Yxq Aciva n‡”Q Kw¤úDUvi Aciva| Kw¤úDUv‡ii hvwš¿K †g‡gvwi‡Z
msiw¶Z g~jëvb WvUvi wKQy Ask hw` †KD fy‡j ev B”QvK…Zfv‡e bó K‡i Z‡e Zv D×vi Kiv cÖvq Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o|
mvaviYZ msiw¶Z WvUv B”QvK…Z fv‡e bó KivB n‡jv Kw¤úDUvi Aciva| we‡kl K‡i e¨vswKs Kv‡h© Kw¤úDUv‡ii †KvW
†f‡½ †KD hw` e¨vs‡Ki Mw”QZ weivU As‡ki UvKv AcmviY K‡i wfbœ GKvD‡›U ¯’vbvš—wiZ K‡i AvZ¥mvZ K‡i, Z‡e Zv
nq Kw¤úDUv‡ii gvivZ¥K Aciv‡ai Aš—fy©³|
Kw¤úDUvi Aciv‡ai g‡a¨ †Mvcbxq †KvW b¤î Pzwi Kiv AZ¨š— gvivZ¥K| KviY G‡¶‡Î UvKv AvZ¥mvZKvwi wKsev
Acivaxi nw`m cvIqv AZ¨š— KwVb n‡q c‡o| Kw¤úDUvi eënv‡ii e¨vcKZv G ai‡bi Aciv‡ai gvÎv‡K evwo‡q
w`‡q‡Q| GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb gvby‡li Pwi‡Îi Dbœqb, ˆbwZKZv Ges g~j¨‡eva wk¶vi m¤cÖmviY|
Kw¤úDUvi Aciv‡ai g‡a¨ Avi GKwU w`K n‡jv B›Uvi‡bU, B-‡gBj Gi gva¨‡g †ebv‡g †KD‡K Rxeb g„Zzï ûgKx †`qv
G‡¶‡Î †ebvgx AcivaKvix aiv †Qvqvi evB‡i P‡j hvq Ges Ab¨ e¨w³ †du‡m hvq| GQvovI Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g åvš—
Z_¨vw` †cÖiY K‡i †ebv‡g e¨w³‡K wec‡` †djv hvq| KvD‡K Ab_©K nqivwb Kiv hvq| GRb¨B Kov wbivcËv eë¯’v
Ges AvBb-Kvbyb cÖ‡qvM K‡i Kw¤úDUvi Aciva `gb Kiv hvq|
‡MvcbxqZv cÖKvkt Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g e¨w³MZ †MvcbxqZv bó n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| A_ev e¨w³i e¨w³MZ Z_¨vw` A‡bK
mgq `¶ Acv‡iU‡ii Acv‡iwUs Gi gva¨‡g †MvcbxqZv duvm n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| eÜz n‡q Kw¤úDUvi eªvDwRs Gi gva¨‡g
A_ev Rb¥ B-‡g‡ji gva¨‡g cÖwZôvb `ßi wKsev e¨w³MZ Z_¨vw` m¤^‡Ü AeMZ n‡q Zv Ab¨Î duvm K‡i †`qv m¤¢e nq|
eZ©gvb we‡k¦ DbœZ †`k ¸‡jvi cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨KB Kw¤úDUvi eënvi K‡i _v‡K| Zviv g‡b K‡i e¨w³i †MvcbxqZv duvm
Kivi †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUvi GKwU gvivZ¥K ûgKx ¯îƒc| B‡jKUªwbK †g‡ji gva¨‡g msev‡ì †MvcbxqZv i¶v cvq bv|
†Mvcb msev`wU me©‡¶‡Î cÖKvwkZ n‡q hvq| gvwK©b gyjy‡Ki 54% RbMY g‡b K‡ib Uvwg©bvj eënvi K‡i Kw¤úDUvi
†g‡gvwi n‡Z msev` mn‡RB duvm K‡i †`qv m¤¢e| GQvov c„w_exi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g WvUv Pzwii cÖeYZvI
Kg bq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii Aciva cÖeYZv n«vm Kivi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi cÖwZi¶v cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk Kw¤úDUvi
eënv‡i †MvcbxqZv i¶vi KwVb AvBb cÖYqb Kiv Acwinvh©|

15
Kx †evW©: web¨vm, Kvh©cÖYvjx Ges eënvi
Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvg‡bi nv‡Zi Kv‡Qi Ask¸‡jv Kx-‡evW©| BbcyU wn‡m‡e Kx-ev‡W©i we‡kl f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| GLb ch©š—
cÖvq mKj KvR Gi mvnv‡h¨ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GwU †`L‡Z A‡bKUv eo AvqZvKvi cv‡Zi g‡Zv hv‡Z A‡bK¸‡jv wb‡`©kK
‡evZvg i‡q‡Q|
Kx-‡evW©t eY©, msL¨v Ges wPühy³ A‡bK¸‡jv †evZv‡gi mgš^‡q MwVZ AvqZvKvi cv‡Zi g‡Zv Ask‡KB Kx-‡evW© ev
Key Bord ejv nq| GwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii BbcyU hš¿ wn‡m‡e mycwiwPZ| GwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii evB‡ii Ask hv Zvi Øviv g~j
h‡š¿i mwnZ mshy³ _v‡K| G‡K ms‡hvM wew”Qbœ K‡i Avjv`vfv‡e enb Kiv hvq|
Kvh©cÖvYvjxt Kx-‡ev‡W© AmsL¨ †evZvg i‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨KwU †evZv‡g wbw`©ó Kv‡Ri wb‡`©kK i‡q‡Q| hLb †hwUi cÖ‡qvRb
Pvc‡jB Zv ¯‹x‡b P‡j Avm‡e| mvaviY PvBc Kx-‡ev‡W©i †h †evZvgwU‡Z Pvc †`qv nq †m †evZv‡gi m‡½ hy³ wPý ev
A¶iwU mivmwi wie‡bi Dci Pvc †`q Ges A¶iwU wie‡bi †cQ‡b ¯’vcb Kiv KvM‡Ri Dci gyw`ªZ nq| wKš‘
Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡½ hy³ Kx-‡ev‡W©i †evZv‡g Pvc †`qvi m‡½ m‡½ H †evZv‡gi m‡½ m¤úK©hy³ wPý ev A¶iwU mivmwi
gwbU‡ii c`©vq †`Lv hvq bv ev gyw`ªZ nq bv| Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡½ mshy³ Kx-‡ev‡W©i †Kvb †evZvg Pvc w`‡j m‡½ m‡½
GKwU ê`y¨wZK ms‡KZ ‰Zwi nq|
ZLb Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kx-‡ev‡W©i Gb‡KvWvi (Keybord Encoder) bvgK B‡jKUªwbK mvwK©U G ê`y¨wZK ms‡KZ‡K mbv³
K‡i Ges Kw¤úDUv‡ii A¯’vqx ¯§„wZ‡Z Rgv K‡i| GKB m‡½ gwbU‡ii c`©vq cÖ`k©b K‡i| †MvUv cÖwµqv AZ¨š—
`ª“ZMwZ‡Z m¤úbœ nq| d‡j Kx-‡ev‡W©i †evZv‡g Pvc †Ìqvi m‡½ m‡½B gwbU‡ii c`©vq wPý ev A¶iwU †`Lv hvq|
Kv‡Ri aiB Abyhvqx †evZ‡gi ‡kªYxwefvMt
1. wbqš¿Y †evZvgt Ctrl, Alt, Command, Option I Tab Ges Zxj wPwýZ †evZvg¸‡jv (Arrow key) Kv‡Ri
wewfbœ cÖwµqv wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K|
2. Kvm©‡ii Ae¯’vb wbqš¿Y †evZvgt Wm Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g Pg Dn, Pg Up, Home BZ¨vw` wKQy †evZ‡gi mvnv‡h¨
Kvm©‡ii Ae¯’vb wbqš¿Y Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
3. Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ev cwiPvjbv c×wZi †evZvg ev dvskb Kxt Wm Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g Kx-‡ev‡W©i G‡Kev‡i Dc‡ii
mvwi‡Z ev evg w`‡K 12wU †evZvg (F1.........F12) eënvi K‡i Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ev cwiPvjbv c×wZi KvR Kiv
nq| G †evZvg¸‡jv dvskb Kx (Function Key) bv‡g cwiwPZ|
4. wbD‡gwiK Kx-c¨vWt Kx-‡ev‡W©i Wvb As‡k K¨vjKz‡jU‡ii gZ 0 †_‡K 9 Ges †hvM, we‡hvM, ¸Y fvM BZ¨vw`
wPwýZ †evZvg¸‡jv‡K wbD‡gwiK Kx-c¨vW ejv nq| wnmve wbKvk `ª“ZMwZ‡Z Kivi Rb¨ GB wbD‡gwiK Kx-c¨vo
eënvi Kiv nq|
Kx-‡evW© n‡”Q Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb BbcyU hš¿| Kw¤úDUvi MÖvwd· ev wfwWI GwWwUs RvZxq KvR Qvov Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri
kZKiv cuPvbeŸB fv‡MiI †ewk Z_¨ I wb‡`©k cÖ`v‡bi KvR m¤úv`b Kiv hvq Kx-‡ev‡W©i mvnv‡h¨| Avi †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwii
KvR †Zv meUvB Kiv nq Kx-‡evW© eënvi K‡i, Zv †m †cÖvMÖvg hZ †QvU ev hZ eoB †nvK bv †Kb|

16
Kx-‡ev‡W©i cÖKvi‡f`
Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨ UvBc, wb‡`©k Ges Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î Ab¨Zg gva¨g wn‡m‡e ‡h Kx-‡evW© eënvi Kiv nq Zv cÖavbZ
`yB cÖKvi| †hgb-
(i) ÷¨vÛvW© Kx-‡evW© (Standard keyboard)
(ii) Gbn¨vÝ Kx-‡evW© (Enhanced keyboard)
Kx-‡ev‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ Kvm© ¯’vbvš—ibt
Kx-‡ev‡W©i G¨v‡iv Kx Ges Ab¨vb¨ Kx eënvi K‡i wewfbœfv‡e Kvm© ¯’vbvš—wiZ Kiv hvq| eënviKvix hw` Kx-‡ev‡W©i
Wv‡b Aew¯’Z wbDg¨vwiK Kx-c¨vW n‡Z Kx eënvi K‡i Kvm© ¯’vbvš—wiZ Ki‡Z Pvq Zvn‡j Aek¨B Num Lock Kx
Ad _vK‡Z n‡e|
Avi Ab Kiv _vK‡j G Kx-‡Z GKevi Pvc w`‡q Ad Ki‡Z n‡e| Kx-‡evW© eënvi K‡i Kvm© ¯’vbvš—i‡bi cÖwµqvMZ
Dcvq¸‡jv wb‡P Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv-
¯’vbvš—iY (To Move) Pvc †`qv (To Presser)
GK A¶i ev‡g
GK A¶i Wv‡b
GK jvBb Dc‡i
GK jvBb wb‡P
GK kã ev‡g Ctrl +
GK kã Wv‡b Ctrl +
jvB‡bi †k‡l End
jvB‡bi ïi“‡Z Home
eZ©gvb Aby‡”Q‡ì ïi“‡Z Ctrl +
c~‡e©i Aby‡”Q‡ì ïi“‡Z Ctrl +
cieZ©x Aby‡”Q‡ì ïi“‡Z Ctrl +
GK ¯‹xb Dc‡i Ctrl +
GK ¯‹xb wb‡P Page Up
¯‹x‡bi wbæ cÖv‡š— Page down
¯‹x‡bi wk‡iv cÖv‡š— Ctrl + Page down
WKz‡g‡›Ui ïi“‡Z Ctrl + Home
WKz‡g‡›Ui †k‡l Ctrl + End
gvDm : MVb, Kvh©vewj Ges eënvi
Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¶z`ª GKwU BbcyU hš¿ n‡jv gvDm| GwU mivmwi A_ev Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kx-‡ev‡W©i gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii mwnZ
mshy³ _v‡K| gvDmwU mvaviY Kw¤úDUv‡ii cv‡k¦© †Uwe‡ji Dci †i‡L eënvi Ki‡Z nq| GwU nvZ w`‡q bvovPvovi
†hvM¨|
gvDmt Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¶z`ª Ges eënviKvixi nv‡Zi _vevq †P‡c a‡i Kvh©¶g BbcyU hš¿‡KB gvDm Mouse ejv nq|
GwU ¶z`ª GKwU PvKv hy³ _v‡K| GwU Zv‡ii gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii mwnZ mshy³| GwU‡K nvZ w`‡q bvovPov K‡i KvR
Ki‡Z nq| GwU‡K †Uwe‡ji Dci gm„Y ¯’v‡b †i‡L bvovPvov Ki‡Z nq| Gi PvKv ev ejwU AZ¨š— †QvU hv Avgv‡ì
kvnv`Z A½ywj w`‡q bvov‡Z nq| hvi gva¨‡g Kvh© wmw× n‡q _v‡K|
gvD‡mi MVbt gvDm †`L‡Z GKwU e„nr gvKz h‡š¿i g‡Zv| mvg‡b GKwU ev `yBwU †evZvg i‡q‡Q| ‡evZvg‡K wK¬K Ki‡Z
nq Kv‡Ri mgq| mvaviYZ †gwKb‡Uvm Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡½ eëüZ gvDm GKwU gvÎ †evZvg i‡q‡Q| Avi IBM.PC
K¤úvwUDej Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡½ eëüZ gvD‡m `y‡Uv ev wZbwU †evZvg i‡q‡Q| `yÕPviwU we‡kl KvR Qvov evg w`‡Ki
†evZvgB †ewki fvM †¶‡Î eënvi Ki‡Z nq| gvD‡mi wb‡P GKwU PvKv ev ej i‡q‡Q hvi NyY©q‡b gvD‡mi Kvh©
mn‡hvwMZv n‡q _v‡K|

gvD‡mi Kvh©vewjt gvDmwU‡K Dwë‡q ai‡j †`Lv hv‡e Gi wfZ‡i GKwU ej ev PvKv i‡q‡Q gvDmwU‡K †Uwe‡ji Dci
†i‡L bvov‡j ejwUI wewfbœ w`‡K Nyi‡Z _v‡K| ejwU‡K wN‡i _v‡K N~Y©q‡hvM¨ PvKv| N~Y©q‡hvM¨ PvKv hy³ _v‡K
Gb‡evWvi `‡Ûi m‡½| gvDm bvov‡j PvKv Nyi‡Z _v‡K Ges PvKvi NyY©q MwZi wfwË‡Z Gb‡evWvi `Û ê`y¨wZK m¤ú›`b
m„wó K‡i| G ê`y¨wZK m¤ú›`b gvD‡mi MwZ Ges GK Ae¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨ Ae¯’v‡b bvov‡bvi `~iZ¡ wba©viY K‡i †`q| Zv
cieZ©x‡Z ê`y¨wZK ms‡KZ AvKv‡ii wb‡`©k wn‡m‡e Kw¤úDUv‡i †cÖiY K‡i _v‡K|
gvD‡mi Kv‡Ri MwZt AvB weg Gi mvnv‡h¨ Kvm© ev Bbgvm©b c‡q›Uv‡i Ae¯’vb wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z nq| †hgb Kvm©j ev
Bbgvm©b c‡q›Uv‡ii eZ©gvb Ae¯’vb n‡Z cuvP `k jvBb wb‡P †Kvb GKwU k‡ãi gvSLv‡b wb‡q Avmvi Rb¨ Kx-‡ev‡W©i
Zxi wPwýZ †evZvg eënvi Ki‡j †ek wKQyUv mgq jv‡M| wKš‘ gvD‡m bvov w`‡q AvB weg mivmwi H k‡ãi gvSLv‡b
wb‡q Avmv hvq| G Qvov †cR †gKvAvc ev c„ô m¾vi wewfbœ ‡cÖvMÖvg Ges †cB›U/Wªwqs †cÖvMÖvg ¸‡jv‡Z bvbv cÖKvi
êwkó Av‡ivc Kiv Ges †iLv wP‡Îi wewfbœ AjsKvib ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ I wfwWI GwWwUs †cÖvMÖv‡gi KvR Kivi Rb¨
gvDm n‡”Q cÖavb Aej¤^b| Gi Kvh© MwZ-cÖevn eënviKvixi eënvi `¶Zvi Dci wbf©i K‡i _v‡K|
gvD‡mi eënvit Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ gwbU‡ii c`©vq gvD‡mi MwZwewa wewfbœ iƒ‡c cÖ`wk©Z nq| wewfbœ Kv‡Ri
Rb¨ Gi wewfbœ iƒc eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e gwbU‡ii c`©vq gvD‡mi cÖavb iƒcwU n‡”Q Zx‡ii djvi g‡Zv| Zx‡ii
djvi g‡Zv G iƒcwU‡K ejv nq gvDm c‡q›Uvi| gvD‡mi mvnv‡h¨ mvaviYZ wb‡Pi KvR¸‡jv Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-
(i) MÖvwdK¨vj BDRvi B›Uv‡dg ev GUI Gi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi KvR¸‡jv gvDm c‡q›Uv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Kiv n‡q
_v‡K|
(ii) GUI wm‡÷g wfwËK eënvwiK Kg©m~wP‡Z KvR Kivi mgq †gby KgvÛ Kvh©Ki Kiv Ges †jLv web¨v‡mi Kv‡Ri
mgq gvDm c‡q›Uvi eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
(iii) ‡jLv-‡jwL ev IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Gi mgq gvDm c‡q›Uvi Ibeam G iƒcvš—wiZ n‡q _v‡K| hvi mvnv‡h¨ Kvh© wmw×
Kiv hvq|
(iv) gvDm Gi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb WvUv ev Z_¨ wKsev †Kvb k‡ãi wb‡`©k wPwýZ K‡i Zvici Kx-‡evW© eënvi K‡i Zv ms‡kvab,
cwieZ©b, cwiea©b ev evwZj Kiv hvq|
gvDm Ges Gi c‡q›Uvi Kw¤úDUvi eënviKvixi wbKU LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| Gi mvnv‡h¨ eënviKvix Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq Z‡_ï
ms‡kvab, wbe©vPb I mshyw³i wb‡`©k w`‡Z cv‡ib| gvDm Gi mv‡_ Kx-‡ev‡W©i m¤úK© AZ¨š— Mfxi weavq eënviKvix
gvDm eënv‡ii cieZ©x KvRwU Kx-‡ev‡W©i gva¨‡g my-m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡Kb| gvDm Kw¤úDUv‡iiB ¶z`ª Ask|
Kx-‡evW© Ges gvD‡mi g‡a¨ Zzjbv
Kx-‡evW© Ges gvD‡mi g‡a¨ GKw`‡K †hgb wgj i‡q‡Q Ab¨w`‡K Awg‡ji cwigvYI Kg bq| eënvwiK †¶‡Î Giv
A‡bK mgq GKB KvR K‡i| Avevi wfbœZi KvRI G‡ì Øviv m¤úbœ Kiv hvq| wb‡P Q‡Ki gva¨‡g Kx-‡evW© Ges
gvD‡mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ D‡jL Kiv n‡jv-
wK‡evW© gvDm
1. Kx-‡ev‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ ê`y¨wZK ms‡KZ
ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
1. gvDm Gi mvnv‡hÏ ê`y¨wZK
ms‡KZ ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
2. Kx-‡evW© Gb‡evWvi bvgK
B‡jKUªwbK mvwK©‡U ê`y¨wZK ms‡KZ‡K
mbv³ K‡i gwbU‡i cÖ`wk©Z K‡i|
2. gvDm PvKvi N~Y©qb MwZi wfwË‡Z
Gb‡evWvi `‡Ûi ê`y¨wZK ¯ú›`b m„wó
K‡i ms‡KZ gwbU‡i cÖ`k©b K‡i|
3. Kx-‡ev‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ WvUv ev Z_¨
K‡¤úvR Kiv hvq
3. gvDm Gi mvnv‡h¨ WvUv ev Z_¨
K‡¤úvR Kiv hvq bv|
4. Kx-‡ev‡W© †evZv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ KvR
Kiv nq|
4. gvD‡m PvKvi mvnv‡h¨ KvR Kiv nq|
5. Kx-‡ev‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb wKQy wb‡`©k
†`qv hvq
5. gvD‡mi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb wKQy wb‡`©k
†`qv hvq|
6. Gi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb wKQy wWwjU Kiv
hvq|
6. Gi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb wKQy wWwjU Kiv
hvq bv, Z‡e mbv³ Kiv hvq|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kx-‡evW© Ges gvDm DfqwUB evB‡ii Ask hv B‡jKwUªK ms‡hv‡Mi mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mwnZ hy³ _v‡K|
`y‡Uvi mvnv‡h¨B Kw¤úDUv‡ii evB‡ii KvR K‡i Zvi mwVK Ae¯’vb, hvPvB, evQvB, ms‡kvab Ges gyQv BZ¨vw` KvR¸‡jv
m¤úbœ Kiv nq| Kv‡RB eënvwiK †¶‡Î `y‡UviB ¸i“Z¡ i‡q‡Q|

19
†cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR
Programming Language: Kw¤úDUvi w`‡q KvR Kwi‡q †bqvi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi‡K Ggb fvlvq wb‡`©k w`‡Z nq
hv Computer eyS‡Z cv‡i| †h fvlvq †`qv wb‡`©k Kw¤úDUvi eyS‡Z cv‡i †m fvlv‡KB ejv nq Programming
Language.
Kw¤úUv‡ii †evaMg¨ fvlvq wb‡`©k †Ljv ev UvBc Kivi Rb¨ 3 ai‡bi †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi fvlv eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| h_vt
1. hvwš¿K fvlv (Machine Language)
2. G¨v‡m¤^jx fvlv (Assembly Language)
3. D”P ¯—‡ii fvlv (High Level Language)
1. hvwš¿K fvlvt hvwbÎK fvlvi mnR K_v n‡”Q h‡š¿i fvlv| Computer Gi h‡š¿i fvlv n‡”Q evBbvix fvlv| A_©vr
Computer evBbvix msL¨v Qvpv Ab¨ †Kvb fvlv ev msL¨v MYbv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Avgiv Computer G †h mKj
kã ‡jwL g~jZ Zv Computer G BbcyU Kivi ci Dnv evBbvix A_©vr 0 A_ev 1| G cwieZ©b K‡i Processor
ev Hard Disk G †cÖiY K‡i| Avevi gwbU‡i ev wcÖ‡›Ui gva¨‡g †`Lvi mgq evBbvix †_‡K cwieZ©b K‡i D³
k‡ã iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv nq| †gvU K_v †h fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Kivi Rb¨ †gwk‡bi fvlv A_©vr evBbvix msL¨v eënvi
K‡i †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Kiv nq Zv‡K hvwš¿K fvlv ev Machine Language ejv nq| GB fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Ki‡j
Zv `ª“Z wbe©vn nq|
2. G¨v‡m¤^jx fvlv (Assembly Language)t Computer ‡K mivmwi evBbvix c×wZ‡Z BbcyU Ges wb‡`©k
cÖ`v‡bi cwie‡Z© BbcyU Ges wb‡`©‡ki fvlv‡K A‡bKUv gvby‡li KvQvKvwQ fvlvq iƒcvš—i K‡i †h fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg
iPbv Kiv nq Zv‡K G¨v‡m¤^jx fvlv ev Assembly Language ejv nq| †Kvb Computer ‡K †hvM Kivi
wb‡`©k w`‡Z n‡j Machine Language G ADD wj‡L Program iPbv Kiv nq|
3. D”P ¯—‡ii fvlv (High Level Language) t ‡h fvlvq Program iPbv Ki‡Z gvby‡li gy‡Li fvlv‡K wbw`©ó
wbq‡g eënvi K‡i Program iPbv Kiv nq Zv‡K D”P ¯—‡ii fvlv ev High Level Language ejv nq †Kvb
BASIC, C++, Pascel BZ¨vw`‡Z Programming iPbvi fvlv‡K Dy”P ¯—‡ii fvlv ev High Level
Language Programming ejv nq| D”P ¯—‡ii fvlv‡K h‡š¿i fvlvq iƒcvš—i Kivi Rb¨ Compiler ev
Interpreter eënvi Kiv nq|
‡cÖvMÖvg iPbvi wewfbœ avc
wbfy©jfv‡e Program iPbv Ki‡Z 4wU av‡c KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq| avç‡jv n‡”Q-
1. mgm¨v mbv³KiY Ges we‡klY Kiv
2. cÖevnwPÎ (Flow chart) ˆZwi Kiv|
3. ‡KvW Kiv ev Program iPbv Kiv|
4. Î“wU `~i Kiv ev Debagging.
1. mgm¨v mbv³KiY Ges we‡klY Kiv t †Kvb cÖ‡qvRbxq mgm¨vi m‡š—vlRbK mgvav‡b DcbxZ nIqvB GKwU
†cÖvMÖv‡gi g~j j¶¨| Kv‡RB cÖ_g KvR n‡”Q mgm¨vwU‡K mwVKfv‡e mbv³ ev wba©viY Kiv| Zvc ci Dnv‡K
cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i we‡klY Kiv
‡Kvb Program iPbv K‡i Zv Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z ch©vqµwgK avçwj wK iKg n‡e Zvi MVb wba©viY †Ki †bqvi Rb¨
wm×vš—µg ‰Zwi K‡i wb‡Z nq Avi G iƒc wm×vš—µg‡gB Programming Gi fvlvq ejv nq Algorithm.
2. cÖevnwPÎ (Flow chart) ˆZwi Kivt ‡Kvb Program iPbv Kivi c~‰e© †cÖvMÖv‡gi ïi“ †_‡K †kl ch©š—
avç‡jv‡K wP‡Îi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv‡K cÖevnwPÎ ev Flow chart ejv nq| Program AsKb K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
3. ‡KvW Kiv ev †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Kivt Algorithm Ges Flow chart Abyhvqx Program iPbv ev †jLv‡KB-
Programming Gi fvlvq Cding ejv nq| GB avcwUB n‡”Q Programming Gi Avmj avc| A_©vr G av‡c
Program ‡jLv ev iPbv Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
4. Î“wU `~i Kiv ev Debugging Kiv t Program iPbv Kivi mgq wewfbœ ai‡bi Î“wU †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|
Î“wU¸‡jv n‡”Q-Syatax Error, Logical Error, Execultion Error BZ¨vw`| G me Î“wU¸‡jv aiv covi

20
ci G¸‡jv G ¸‡jv `~i K‡i w`‡Z nq| hLb Program wU Î“wU gy³ n‡e ZLbB Program wU ï×iƒ‡c †jLv
mgvß n‡e| Î“wU `~i KivB n‡”Q Program iPbvi †kl avc|
†cÖvMÖvwgs j¨v½y‡qR Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~~Y©| Gi gva¨‡g Lye mn‡RB †cÖvMÖvwgs AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq|
†cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| eënviKvi‰K Zvi h_v_© wb‡`©kbv w`‡q eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| Avevi
†cÖvMÖvg Kivi RbÏ eënviKvx‡K h_v_© c×wZMZ avc AbymiY K‡iB KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|
msL¨v c×wZ ev bv¤^vwis wm‡÷g
t
mf¨Zvi Avw`Kvj †_‡KB gvbyl MYbvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡i Avm‡Q| MYbvi wewfbœ ch©v‡q gvbyl Av½yj, KvwV, bywo
cv_i, iwk‡Z wMU w`‡q Ges gvwU‡Z ev †`qv‡j `vM †K‡U MYbvi Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Q| mf¨Zvi weZ©‡bi wewfbœ ch©v‡q
MYbvi Rb¨ wewfbœ DcKiY eëüZ n‡q Avm‡Q| G fv‡e MYbv wk¶vi Rb¨ wewfbœ mvs‡KwZK wPý, eY©, msL¨v BZ¨vwì
cÖPjb ïi“ nq| L„ó c~e© 3400 mv‡j nvqwMwd· (Hieroglyphics) wPý ev msL¨v c×wZ eënv‡ii gva¨‡g me©cÖ_g
MYbvi KvR wjwLZ msL¨v ev wP‡ýi cÖPjb ïi“ nq| Gi ci ïi“ nq †gqvY (Mayan) c×wZ Ges L„ó c~e© 400
mv‡j †ivgvb (Roman) msL¨v c×wZ ïi“ nq|
msL¨v c×wZt mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZi av‡c av‡c gvby‡li eyw× I AwfÁZvi weKvk NU‡Z _v‡K| gvbyl µgvš^‡q MYbvi Kv‡R
bvbv ai‡bi wPý ev cÖZx‡Ki eënvi ïi“ K‡i| cÖvPxb e¨vwej‡bi gvbyl `yÕai‡bi MYbv c×wZ eënvi KiZ| †QvU
MYbvi Rb¨ 10-wfwËK msL¨v c×wZ eënvi KiZ Ges eo msL¨vi Rb¨ eënvi KiZ 60-wfwËK msL¨v c×wZ| cÖvq
500 wLªóv‡ãi w`‡K Avieiv G c×wZ AvqZ¡ K‡i fviZxq‡ì KvQ †_‡K| Gi ci Avie weÁvbx Avj‡LvqvwiRgx 10-
wfwZ&K msL¨v c×wZi Dci Aviex‡Z eB cÖKvk K‡ib| Zuvi GB eBwU j¨vwUb fvlvq Abyev` Kiv nq BD‡ivc I DbœZ
we‡k¦ wn›`y-Aviexq MYbv c×wZ wn‡m‡e cÖPwjZ nq| eZ©gv‡b mvaviY wk¶v eë¯’vq MvwYwZK KvR¸‡jv Kiv nq 10-
wfwËK msL¨v c×wZ‡Z|
MvwYwZK KvR m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv †h wewfbœ Dcv‡q MYbvi KvR K‡i _vwK Zv‡K msL¨v c×wZ ev bv¤^vwis wm‡÷g
ejv nq| A_©vr MYbvi KvR Kivi Rb¨ †h me c×wZ eënvi Kiv nq Zv‡K msL¨v c×wZ ejv nq|
msL¨v c×wZi cÖKvi‡f`t
eZ©gvb cÖPwjZ msL¨v c×wZ PviwU| h_v-
1. †Wwm‡gj (Decimal) ev `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ|
2. evBbvix (Binary) ev `yB-wfwËK msL¨v c×wZ|
3. A±vj (Octal) ev AvU-wfwËK msL¨v c×wZ|
4. ‡n·v‡Wwm‡gj (Hexadecimal) ev †lvj-wfwËK msL¨v c×wZ|
1. †Wwm‡gj (Decimal) ev `kwgK msL¨v c×wZt †h c×wZ‡Z msL¨v MYbvi Rb¨ `kwU wfwË eënvi Kiv nq Zv‡K
†Wwm‡gj (Decimal) ev `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ ejv nq| G c×wZi wfwË ¸‡jv n‡”Q 0, 1 ,2 ,3 ,4, 5 ,6, 7, 8 I
9| eZ©gv‡b wnmve wbKv‡ki Rb¨ Avgiv mvaviYZ G c×wZ eënvi K‡i _vwK| †hgb 12 (evi), 25 (cuwPk), 102
(GK kZ `yB) BZ¨vw`|
2. evBbvix (Binary) ev `yB-wfwËK msL¨v c×wZt †h c×wZ‡Z msL¨v MYbvi Rb¨ 2 (`yB) wU wfwË eëvni Kiv nq
Zv‡K evBbvix (Binary) ev `yB-wfwËK msL¨v c×wZ ejv nq| Gi wfwË¸‡jv n‡”Q 0 I 1| †hgb 101 (cuvP),
111 (mvZ) BZ¨vw` mvaviYZ Kw¤úDUvi †h †Kvb MYbvi KvR evBbvix msL¨v c×wZi gvva¨‡g K‡i _v‡K|
3. A±vj (Octal) ev AvU-wfwËK msL¨v c×wZt †h msL¨v c×wZi wfwË 8 (AvU) wU Z‡K A±vj (Octal) ev AvU-
wfwËK msL¨v c×wZ ejv nq| G c×wZi wfwË¸‡jv n‡”Q- 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 I 7| BnvI GKwU Kw¤úDUvi Gi
wnmve wbKvk †K›`ªxq msL¨v c×wZ| †hgb- 101 (cqlwÆ), 17 (c‡bi) BZ¨vw`|

21
4. ‡n·v‡Wwm‡gj (Hexadecimal) ev †lvj-wfwËK msL¨v c×wZt †h msL¨v c×wZi wfwË msL¨v 16 (‡lvj) Zv‡K
†n·v †Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×w ejv nq| Gi wfwË ¸‡jv n‡”Q- 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E I F|
BnvI GKwU Kw¤úDUv‡i Avf¨vš—wib MYbvi msL¨v c×wZ| †hgb 1F (GKwÎk), 11 (m‡Zi) BZ¨vw`|
Kw¤úDUv‡i MvwYwZK m~Îvewji e¨envi ev MvwYwZK mgm¨vewji mvgvav‡b msL¨v c×wZi cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq| we‡kl K‡i
†¯cÖXwkU we‡klY †cÖvMÖvg mn Ab¨vb¨ MvwYwZK Kvh©vewj‡Z MvwYwZK msL¨v c×wZ ev bv¤^vwis wm‡÷g Acwinvh©|
G‡¶‡Î e¨enviKvix‡K Aek¨B wewfbœ bv¤^vwis c×wZi cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡e| Zvi ci Kvh© †¶‡Î Gi cÖ‡qvM Kiv
hv‡e|
†Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K evBbvix, A±vj I †n·v‡Wwm‡gj Ges †Wwm‡g‡j iƒcvš—i cÖwµqv t
‡h †Kvb †Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K evBbvix, A±vj I †n·v‡Wwm‡gj- G iƒcvš—wiZ Ki‡Z n‡j †h c×wZ‡Z iƒcvš—wiZ Ki‡Z
n‡e H c×wZi wfwË msL¨v Øviv cybt cybt fvM Ki‡j †h fvM‡kl _v‡K Zvi †kl msL¨v †_‡K cÖ_g msL¨vwU µgvš^‡q
wjL‡j mswkó msL¨v c×wZi msL¨vwU cvIqv hv‡e|
ক. †Wwm‡gj msL¨v 75 †K evBbvix‡Z iƒcvš—i
2 75
2 37-1
2 18-1
2 9-0
2 4-1
2 2-0
2 1-0
0-1
A_©vr 7510 = 10010112
wet`ªt msL¨vi Wvb w`‡Ki bx‡Pi w`‡K msL¨vwU †`‡L wfwËi msL¨v A_©vr †Kvb msL¨v c×wZi msL¨v Zv eySv hvq|
খ. †Wwm‡gj msL¨v 75 †K A±vj msL¨v c×wZ‡Z iƒcvš—i-
8 75
8 9-3
8 1-1
0-1
A_©vr 7510 = 1138
গ. †Wwm‡gj msL¨v 75 †K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×wZ‡Z iƒcvš—i-
16 75
16 8-B
0-4
A_©vr 7510 = 4 B16
‡h †Kvb evBbvix A±vj A_ev †n·vwWwm‡gj msL¨v‡K †Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvš—i-

22
‡h †Kvb evBbvix, A±vj A_ev †n·‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K †Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvš—wiZ Ki‡Z n‡j Wvb w`K n‡Z msL¨v
¸‡jv‡K µgvš^‡q bx‡P wb‡P wj‡L D³ msL¨v c×wZi wfwË msL¨vi NvZ (Power) 0 (k~b¨) †_‡K µgvš^‡q 1, 2, 3, 4,
-- BZ¨vw` wj‡L D³ msL¨v ¸‡jvi mv‡_ ¸Y K‡i me© †kl †hvM Ki‡j †Wwm‡gj msL¨vwU cvIqv hvq-
(1) evBbvix msL¨v 1001011 †K †Wwm‡gj G iƒcvš—i-
120
= 11 = 1
121
= 12 = 2
122
= 14 = 0
123
= 18 = 8
024
= 016 = 0
125
= 132 = 0
126
= 164 = 64
75
A_©vr 10010112 =7510
(2) A±vj msL¨v 113 †K †Wwm‡gj G iƒcvš—i-
380
= 31 = 3
181
= 18 = 8
122
= 164 = 64
75
A_©vr 1138 = 7510
(3) †n·v †Wwm‡gj msL¨v 4 ‡K †Wwm‡gj G iƒcvš—i
160
= 111 = 11
4161
= 416 = 64
75
A_©vr 4 = 7510
Skype: tanbir.cox

23
md&UIq¨vi
g~jZt Kw¤úDUv‡ii md&UIq¨vi n‡”Q GKwU A`„k¨ kw³| Avgiv gvby‡li †`n‡K nvW©Iq¨vi ai‡j md&UIq¨vi n‡”Q Zvi
cÖvY| nvW©Iq¨vi mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© Kw¤úDwUs KvR K‡i Ges md&UIq¨vi Kw¤úDUvi Pvjvq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨v‡ii Kvh©
¶gZv‡K eënv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †cÖvªMÖvg mg~n‡KB md&UIq¨vi ejv nq| md&UIq¨vi eënviKvix Ges nvW©Iq¨v‡ii
mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM i¶v K‡i _v‡K| Dchy³ md&UIq¨v‡ii cÖfv‡e Kw¤úDUvi Ro c`v_© n‡Z MvwYwZK kw³m¤úbœ eyw×gvb
h‡š¿ iƒc †bq| wewfbœ ai‡bi c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg, D”PZi fvlvq wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg c×wZ mswk ó †cÖvMÖvg md&UIq¨v‡ii
AvIZvq c‡o|
wewfbœ ai‡bi md&UIq¨vi
Kw¤úDUv‡ii md&UIq¨vi wewfbœ ai‡bi| eënvwiK ¸i“‡Z¡i Dci wfwË K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii md&UIq¨vi‡K cÖavbZ `yÕ†Uv
†kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv hvq| †hgbÑ
K. wm‡÷g md&UIq¨vi (System Software)
L. c¨v‡KR ev eënvwiK md&UIq¨vi (Application software)
K. wm‡÷g md&UIq¨vit Kw¤úDUv‡ii GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ges Awe‡”Q`¨ BDwbU n‡”Q wm‡÷g md&UIq¨vi| A_©vr
Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ As‡ki Kv‡Ri mgš^q i¶vKvix I eënvwiK wbe©v‡ni ms‡hvM i¶vKvix BDwbU‡KB wm‡÷g
md&UIq¨vi ejv nq| Kw¤úDUvi cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ eëüZ wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvg wm‡÷g md&UIq¨vi Gi Aš—©fy³|
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wm‡÷g md&UIq¨v‡ii GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ask|
wm‡÷g md&UIq¨v‡ii BDwbUt wm‡÷g md&UIq¨vi cÖavbZ wZbwU BDwbU i‡q‡Q| wb‡æ †m¸‡jv D‡j L Kiv n‡jv-
1. wm‡÷g wbqš¿Y †cÖvMÖvg|
2. wm‡÷g mnvqK †cÖvMÖvg|
3. wm‡÷g Dbœqb †cÖvMÖvg|
L. c¨v‡KR ev eënvwiK md&UIq¨vit Kw¤úDUv‡i mvaviYZ eënvwiK mgm¨v mgvavb ev WvUv cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Rb¨
eëüZ †cÖvMÖvg‡KB eënvwiK md&UIq¨vi ev c¨v‡KR md&UIq¨vi ejv nq| G c¨v‡KR md&UIq¨v‡K Avevi
Gwc ‡Kkb md&UIq¨vi bv‡gI AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Kw¤úDUvi eënviKvix wb‡RB wb‡Ri Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlv
eënvi K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq †h †Kvb mgm¨v mgvavb K‡i A_ev WvUv cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Rb¨ †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
eënvwiK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ A‡bK iKg †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi K‡i evwYwR¨K cY¨ wn‡m‡e evRv‡i Qvov nq| IqvW©
cÖ‡mwms, †¯úªWwmW, WvUv‡eR BZ¨vw` c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg eûj eëüZ Ges RbwcÖq|
cÖKvi‡f`t c¨v‡KR md&UIq¨vi‡K cÖavbZ `yÕ†Uv fv‡M wef³ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-
1. GKK cÖwµqv c¨v‡KR md&UIq¨vi|
2. mgwš^Z cÖwµqvi c¨v‡KR md&UIq¨vi|
1. GKK cÖwµqv c¨v‡KRt ïaygvÎ GK ai‡bi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ GKK cÖwµqv c¨v‡KR eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
†cÖvMÖvg eënvi K‡i mn‡RB mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv hvq| mvaviYZ wjwc cÖ¯‘‡Zi Rb¨ eëüZ IqvW©÷vi, e·ivBUvi,
IqvW©, IqvW© cvi‡d±, MÖvd, eviPvU©, cvB-PvU©, BDwbU Gi Rb¨ eëüZ MÖvd, MÖvd c vb BZ¨vw` GKK cÖwµqv
c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖv‡gi D`vniY|
2. mgwš^Z cÖwµqv c¨v‡KRt GKvwaK cÖwµqv mgvav‡bi Rb¨ A‡bK iKg evwYwR¨K c¨v‡KR cvIqv hvq| G ai‡bi
c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg‡K mgwš^^Z cÖwµqv c¨v‡KR ejv nq| G‡Z wewfbœ cÖwµqv mgvav‡bi Rb¨ A‡bK iKg †cÖvMÖv‡gi
mgš^q Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GKB dvB‡ji WvUv w`‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi KvR Ki‡Z n‡j GKxf~Z c¨v‡KR mnvqK nq|
†jvUvm 1,2,3 gvB‡µvmd&U, G‡·j, IqvK©wmU BZ¨vw` K‡qKwU RbwcÖq mgwš^Z c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg|

24
wm‡÷g md&UIq¨vi Ges c¨v‡KR md&UIq¨vi
Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨v‡ii Kvh© ¶gZv‡K eënv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †cÖvMÖvg mg~n‡KB md&UIq¨vi ejv nq| Dchy³
md&UIq¨v‡ii cÖfv‡e Kw¤úDUvi Ro c`v_© n‡Z MvwYwZK kw³ m¤úbœ eyw×gvb h‡š¿ iƒc †bq| wewfbœ ai‡bi c¨v‡KR
†cÖvMÖvg md&UIq¨v‡ii AvIZvq c‡o|
wm‡÷g md&UIq¨vit wm‡÷g md&UIq¨vi n‡”Q Kw¤úDUv‡ii GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ BDwbU| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g, wm‡÷g
md&UIq¨v‡ii GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ask| Kw¤úDUv‡i eëüZ wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvg wm‡÷g md&UIq¨v‡ii GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ask
wn‡m‡eB mswk ó †cÖvMÖv‡gi AvIZvf~³ _v‡K| wm‡÷g md&UIq¨v‡ii wZbwU BDwbU i‡q‡Q| †hgb-
2. wm‡÷g wbqš¿Y ‡cÖvMÖvg|
3. wm‡÷g mnvqK †cÖvMÖg|
4. wm‡÷g Dbœqb †cÖvMÖvg|
wm‡÷g md&UIq¨v‡ii KvRt Kw¤úDUv‡ii wm‡÷g md&UIq¨v‡ii ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Kvh©vewj wb‡æ D‡j L Kiv n‡jv-
1. wm‡÷g md&UIq¨vi Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ As‡ki mwnZ mgš^q i¶v K‡i|
2. eënvwiK †cÖvMÖvg wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i mvg_©‡K mv_©Kfv‡e wb‡qvwRZ iv‡L|
3. Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g wm‡÷g md&UIq¨vi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ask wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K|
c¨v‡KR md&UIq¨vit Kw¤úDUv‡i †h mKj †cÖvMÖvg wbw`©ó eënvwiK cÖ‡qvR‡bi m¤¢ve¨ mKj cÖKvi wb‡`©k ˆZwi K‡i †`qv
_v‡K eënviKvix‡K wb‡R †Kvb †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq bv, wbw`©ó eënvwiK cÖ‡qvR‡b m¤¢ve¨ mKj cÖKvi wb‡`©k Ges
my‡hvM GKÎ K‡i †h me eënvwiK †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Kiv nq Zv‡KB c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg ejv nq| G‡K Avevi c¨v‡KR
Gwc ‡Kkb md&UIq¨vi bv‡gI AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| mvaviYZ IqvW© cÖ‡mwms, †¯úWwmU, WvUv‡eR BZ¨vw` c¨v‡KR
md&UIq¨vi bv‡g eûj RbwcÖq| c¨v‡KR md&UIq¨vi mvaviYZ `yB ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-
K. †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR|
L. c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg|
c¨v‡KR md&UIq¨v‡ii KvRt Kw¤úDUv‡i c¨v‡KR md&UIq¨v‡ii ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Kvh©vewj wb‡æ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jvÑ
1. G‡Z wbw`©ó eënvwiK cÖ‡qvR‡bi m¤¢ve¨ mKj cÖKvi wb‡`©k ˆZwi Kiv _v‡K|
2. G‡Z mKj my‡hvM GKÎ K‡i †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
3. eënvwiK mgm¨v mgvav‡b G‡K eënvi Kiv nq|
wm‡÷g md&UIq¨vi Ges c¨v‡KR md&UIq¨v‡ii cv_©K¨t Kw¤úDUv‡ii wm‡÷g md&UIq¨vi Ges c¨v‡KR md&UIq¨v‡ii
g‡a¨ ‡gŠwjK A‡_© h‡_ó cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q| G `‡UvB Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ask| G‡ì Kvh©KvwiZv A‡bK
†ewk| G‡ì cÖfv‡eB Kw¤úDUvi MvwYwZK kw³m¤úbœ eyw×gvb h‡š¿ iƒc wb‡q _v‡K| Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlv eënvi K‡i
†cÖv‡qvRbxq †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Kiv m¤¢e n‡q _v‡K| wb‡æ Q‡Ki gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii wm‡÷g md&UIq¨vi Ges c¨v‡KR
md&UIq¨v‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jvÑ
wm‡÷g md&UIq¨v c¨v‡KR md&UIq¨vi
2. wm‡÷g md&UIq¨vi n‡jv Kw¤úDUv‡ii Awe‡”Q`¨
BDwbU|
3. GwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ As‡ki mwnZ mgš^q i¶v
K‡i|
4. wm‡÷g md&UIq¨vi cÖavbZ wZbwU BDwbUhy³|
5. wm‡÷g md&UIq¨v‡ii ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ask n‡jv Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷g|
6. wm‡÷g md&UIq¨vi c¨v‡KR md&UIq¨v‡ii Kvh©vewj‡K
wbe©vn Ki‡Y mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|
1. c¨v‡KR md&UIq¨vi n‡jv Kw¤úDUv‡ii GKwU
¸i“Z¡c~Y© †cÖvMÖvg|
2. GwU †cÖvMÖv‡gi wbw`©ó cÖ‡qvR‡bi m¤¢ve¨ mKj cÖKvi
wb‡`©k ˆZwi K‡i †`q|
3. c¨v‡KR md&UIq¨vi GKK †cÖvMÖvg m¤^wjZ|
4. c¨v‡KR md&UIq¨v‡ii g‡a¨, IqvW© cÖ‡mwms,
†¯úWwmU Ges WvUv‡eR we‡kl ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|
5. c¨v‡KR md&UIq¨vi wm‡÷g md&UIq¨v‡ii mnvqZv
wb‡q cvi‡mvbvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi‡hvM¨ wewfbœ
†cÖvªMvg ˆZwi K‡i _v‡K|

25
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖvY : Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖvYkw³ n‡”Q md&UIq¨vi| mvaviYZ Kw¤úDUvi Øviv †Kvb KvR Ki‡Z n‡j †mLv‡b md&UIq¨vi we‡kl
cÖ‡qvRb nq| md&UIq¨vi Kw¤úDUvi cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| GwU Kw¤úDUvi‡K w`‡q KvR Kivq| e¯‘Z md&UIq¨vi n‡”Q
Kw¤úDUv‡ii wb‡`©kgvjv|
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gt
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Kw¤úDUv‡ii GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ask| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g bv _vK‡j Kw¤úDUv‡ii hš¿cvwZ w`‡q A_ev
†Kvb †cÖvMÖvg w`‡q KvR Kiv †hZ bv| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi Rb¨ gvbyl Lye mn‡RB Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡Q|
myZivs Kw¤úDUvi wk¶vi †¶‡Î Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡en| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Kw¤úDUv‡ii †cÖvMÖvg
cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Dchy³ cwi‡ek ˆZwi K‡i _v‡K|
Kw¤úDUvi cwiPvjbvq Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g n‡jv g~jZt GKwU wm‡÷g md&UIq¨vi| A_©vr †h md&UIq¨vi Kw¤úDUv‡ii
wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvg_©‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q G¨vwc ‡Kkb md&UIq¨vi ¸‡jv‡K Pvjbv K‡i
ZvnvB n‡”Q Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbR¯^ wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ †h me ‡cÖvMÖvg eëüZ nq Zv‡KB
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ejv nq| ÎwU AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g g~jZt A‡bK¸‡jv †cÖvMÖv‡gi mgwó| mgwš^^Zfv‡e G ‡cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv‡KB Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨š—‡i
eënviKvwii Kg© cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i _v‡K Ges eënviKvixi n¯—‡¶c Qvov Kw¤úDUvi‡K AbeiZ Pvjy iv‡L| D`vniY
wn‡m‡e wb‡æv³¸‡jv‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| †hgb-
1. Wm 4. DB‡ÛvR 98
2. BDwb· 5. DB‡ÛvR 2000
3. DB‡ÛvR 95 6. g¨vK BZ¨vw`|
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvt Kw¤úDUvi cwiPvjbvq Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g D
Ëit
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g †cÖvMÖvg cwiPvjbvq Dchy³ cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i _v‡K| md&UIq¨vi ev †cÖvMÖvg cwiPvjbvi
Rb¨ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g eënviKvix Ges ‡cÖvMÖvg‡K we‡kl wKQy mweav cÖv`b K‡i _v‡K| G myweav¸‡jv cÖ`v‡bi g~j
D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Kw¤úDUvi eënvi mnRZi Kiv|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g †cÖvMÖvg cwiPvjbvq Dchy³ cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i _v‡K| md&UIq¨vi ev †cÖvMÖvg cwiPvjbvi
Rb¨ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g eënviKvix Ges ‡cÖvMÖvg‡K we‡kl wKQy mweav cÖv`b K‡i _v‡K| G myweav¸‡jv cÖ`v‡bi g~j
D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Kw¤úDUvi eënvi mnRZi Kiv| Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖvY md&UIq¨vi Gi Av‡jv‡K Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi f~wgKv
wb‡æ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
1. †cÖvMÖvg cwiPvjbvt Kw¤úDUv‡i †cÖvMÖvg cwiPvjbv Kiv Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi cÖ`vb KvR| †Kvb †cÖvMÖvg cwiPvjbvi
Rb¨ †h mKj i“wUb ev dvskb †cÖvMÖv‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Zv mieivn K‡i _v‡K| GQvov
eënviKvixi eënv‡ii Rb¨ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g †cªvMÖvg †g‡gvwi‡Z cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i msi¶Y K‡i _v‡K|
2. BbcyU/AvDUcyU Acv‡ikbt GKwU wbe©vnx †cÖvMÖvg †h †Kvb AvDUcyU Acv‡ikb †hgb †Kvb wbw`©ó dvBj n‡Z cv‡i
†Zgwbfv‡e GwU wbw`©ó BbcyU AvDUcyU wWfvBm n‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î wbw`©ó dvskb †cÖvMÖv‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
3. dvBj wm‡÷g wbqš¿Yt Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi Avi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© KvR n‡jv dvBj wm‡÷g wbqš¿Y Kiv| mvaviYZ
†cÖvMÖvg cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wewfbœ iKg dvB‡ji Z_¨ wbw`©óKiY cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| Gi cvkvcvwk wewfbœ ai‡bi
dvBj ˆZwi ev gy‡Q †djvi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g †÷v‡iR wWfvB‡m G Kvh© m¤úbœ nq|
4. Î“wU wbY©qt Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g me mgq m¤¢ve¨ Î“wU wbY©©‡qi Rb¨ mRvM _v‡K| Î“wU wewfbœ wWfvBm G †`Lv
w`‡Z cv‡i | †hgb †g‡gvwi, BbcyU, AvDUcyU wWfvBm BZ¨vw`‡Z Î“wU †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖwZwU
Î“wUi Rb¨ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g mwVK c`‡¶c ‡bq Ges Î“wU mviv‡bvi eë¯’vI MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|
5. wm‡÷g eÈbt hw` GKvwaK eënviKvix GKvwaK †cÖvMÖv‡gi mv‡_ Kvh©iZ _v‡K Z‡e Kw¤úDUvi myôz cwiPvjbvi Rb¨
wm‡÷‡gi wewfbœ Ask mevi mv‡_ ¸i“Z¡ Abymv‡i eÈb K‡i w`‡Z nq| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g‡K me mgq wewfbœ iKg
eÈ‡bi KvR Ki‡Z nq| G‡¶‡Î wm‡÷‡g we‡kl wKQy Ask eÈb Kivi Rb¨ we‡kl eÈb †KvW eëüZ nq|
6. GKvDw›Ust A‡bK mgq eënviKvix KZUzKz cwigv‡Y wm‡÷‡gi †Kvb Ask eënvi Ki‡Q Zv wbY©q Kivi cÖ‡qvRb
†`Lv †`q| ‡m †¶‡Î G me Z_¨ msi¶‡Yi KvRI Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g K‡i _v‡K| GKvDw›Us myweav c~Y©iƒ‡c MÖn‡Yi
Rb¨ G RvZxq Z_¨ msMÖn msi¶Y cÖwµqv GKvš— Ri“wi n‡q _v‡K|

26
7. ZË¡veavbt hLb GKvwaK eënviKvix GKwU wm‡÷g eënvi K‡i ZLb cÖ‡Z¨K eënviKvix Zvi Z_¨‡K A‡bï
Kv‡Q †_‡K mwi‡q ivL‡Z m‡Pó nq| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g G myweav cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| Avevi hLb GKvwaK wewfbœ
iKg KvR GKB mv‡_ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z †Ìqv nq ZLb hv‡Z GKwU KvR Ab¨wUi weNœ bv NUvq Zvi h_vh_
ZË¡veavb mywbwðZ Ki‡Z nq|
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi cÖKvi‡f`
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g‡K MVb Ges Kv‡h©i Dci wfwË K‡i wb‡æv³ wewfbœ †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-
1. e¨vP cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷g|
2. gvwë †cÖvMÖvwgs Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
3. gvwë cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷g|
4. UvBg †kqvwis Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
5. wi‡qj UvBg Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
6. wWw÷weD‡UW Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
1. e¨vP cª‡mwms wm‡÷gt †h Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g GKwU wbw`©ó mgq a‡i wewfbœ eënviKvix Uvwg©bvj n‡Z DcvË¸‡jv
GKwU wbw`©ó ¯§„wZ fvÛv‡i mwÂZ mgq c‡i mwÂZ DcvË¸‡jv GK‡hv‡M cÖwµqvKiY ïi“ nq Zv‡K e¨vP Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷g ejv nq| e¨vswKs Kv‡h© mviv w`‡bi †jb-‡`b †k‡l g~j Uvwg©bv‡j DcvË¸‡jv‡K ¯’vbvš—wiZ K‡i Zvi
cÖwµqvKiY ïi“ Kiv nq| Ab-jvBb cÖ‡mwms Gi e¨vP cÖ‡mwms Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
2. gvwë cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gt Kw¤úDUv‡i †h Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g GK mv‡_ GKvwaK †cÖvMÖvg GK‡Î cwiPvjbv
Kiv hvq Zv‡K gvwë cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ejv nq| G‡K Avevi gvwëUvw¯‹s Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g bv‡gI AwfwnZ
Kiv hvq| gvwë cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g RAM Gi gva¨‡g Kvh© wbe©vnx †cÖvMÖv‡gi mwµqZv wVKKiY n‡q _v‡K|
G ai‡bi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g †Kvb †cÖvMÖv‡gi KvR eÜ Ki‡Z n‡j CPU ‡K B›Uvi‡cÖU †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi Rb¨ Aby‡iva
cvVvq hv cieZ©x‡Z CPU Kvh©Kix K‡i _v‡K|
3. gvwë cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gt Kw¤úDUv‡i gvwë cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷‡g `yB ev `y‡qi AwaK cÖ‡mmi mgwš^^Z c×wZ‡Z
KvR K‡i _v‡K| G‡Z wewfbœ †cÖvMÖv‡gi wb‡`©k ev ¯^Zš¿ †cÖvMÖv‡g GKB m‡½ GKvwaK cÖ‡mmi Kvh©Kix n‡q _v‡K|
Avevi wewfbœ cÖ‡mmi GKB mv‡½ GKB †cÖvMÖv‡gi wewfbœ wb‡`©k Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g
mycvifvBRvi †cÖvªMªvg wewfbœ †cÖvMÖv‡gi Rb¨ ¯§„wZi cwigvY eivÏ K‡i _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î m¤§yL cÖ‡mmi Ges cÖavb
cÖ‡mmi we‡klfv‡e Kvh©Kix n‡q _v‡K|
4. UvBg †kqvwis Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gt mvaviYZ CPU w`‡q GKB mg‡q K‡qKwU †cÖvªMªv‡gi KvR GK mv‡_ mgvß Kivi
cÖwµqvB n‡jv UvBg †kqvwis Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g| G‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K eënviKvixi KvR †K›`ªxq wKsev wba©vwiZ cÖ‡mmi
Øviv m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K| G‡Z mgq eivÏ _v‡K GKs wba©vwiZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ Ab¨ †cÖvMÖv‡gi mvnvh¨ Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
CPU cÖ‡Z¨KwU †cÖvMÖv‡gi Rb¨ ci ci GKwU K‡i UvBg ¯ vBW eënvi K‡i _v‡K|
5. wm‡qj UvBg Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gt Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖK…Z mgq ev wi‡qj UvBg Acv‡iwUs n‡”Q Pjgvb NUbv ev cwiw¯’wZi
dj| G‡Z Pjgvb NUbv ev cwiw¯’wZi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z m‡½ m‡½ cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wi‡qj UvBg
c×wZ‡Z Zvr¶wYK cÖ`k©b cÖwµqv m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K| wi‡qj UvBg Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g cÖ‡Z¨KwU Uvwg©bvj n‡Z cÖvß
Bbcy‡Ui Kj m‡½ m‡½ †c‡Z nq| G‡Z GKB m‡½ GKvwaK Uvwg©bv‡j KvR Pj‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZ wgwb‡U dvBj me©‡kl
m¤^wjZ Kivi cÖwµqv Ae¨vnZ _vK‡Z cv‡i|
6. wWw÷ªweD‡UW Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gt Kw¤úDUv‡i wWw÷ªweD‡UW Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g n‡”Q GK‡Î mshy³ KZ¸‡jv cÖ‡mmi
hv †g‡gvwi A_ev e K †KvbwUB †kqvi K‡i bv| cÖwZwU cÖ‡mm‡ii wbR¯^ †jvKvj †g‡gvwi _v‡K hv nvB¯úxW WvUv
A_ev jvB‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ wbR¯^ †hvMv‡hvM i¶v K‡i _v‡K| wWw÷ªweD‡UW Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g cÖavbZ
wZb cÖKv‡ii| †hgb-
K. †jvKvj Gwiqv ‡bUIqvK©|
L. ‡g‡UªvcwjUb Gwiqv †bUIqvK©|
M. IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK©|

27
e¨vP cÖ‡mwms Ges wi‡qj UvBg cÖ‡mwms
t
Kw¤úDUv‡i wewfbœ cÖKvi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi g‡a¨ e¨vP cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Ges wi‡qj UvBg Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| G‡ì Kvh©KvwiZvq h‡_ó cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q|
e¨vP cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gt Kw¤úDUv‡i †h Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g GKwUi ci GKwU †cÖvMªvg ch©vqµ‡g cwiPvjbv Kiv
nq Zv‡KB e¨vP cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ejv nq| G ai‡bi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g GKwUi ci GKwU KvR wbw`©ó mg‡q
m¤úbœ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î BbcyU Ges AvDUcy‡U Z‡_ï Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi mgq CPU Ajm mgq‡¶cb K‡i _v‡K|
eënviKvix Zvi myweav g‡Zv wba©vwiZ †cÖvMÖv‡gi KvR wba©vwiZ mg‡q m¤úbœ Kivi gvb‡m e¨vP cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
cª‡qvM K‡i _v‡Kb| e¨vswKs Kv‡h© GwU Lye †ewk Kvh©Kix|
wi‡qj UvBg cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gt mvaviYZ hvwš¿K wm‡÷g wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i †h me †cÖvMÖvg eënvi Kiv
nq Zv‡KB wi‡qj UvBg Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ejv nq| G‡¶‡Î `y‡qi AwaK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g GK‡Î _v‡K| d‡j †Kvb
GKwU Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g bó n‡q †M‡j mv‡_ mv‡_ Ab¨ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g mwµq n‡q D‡V| G‡Z mg‡qi AcPq nq bv
Ges †cÖvMÖvg bó n‡q hvq bv| G‡Z eënviKvix Zvi c~Y© `¶Zv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cv‡i|
mvaviYZ m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui Ae¯’vb, MwZ, Z¡ib, N~Y©qb, mgq ‡¶cY BZ¨vw` Z_¨vwì h_v_© wn‡me wbKv‡k wi‡qj UvBg
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g we‡klfv‡e Kvh©Kix n‡q _v‡K| Gi mvnv‡h¨ gnvk~‡bï i‡KU hvb, m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui MwZ Ges Ae¯’vb
wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq| GRb¨ ejv nq AZ¨vaywbK Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖv‡gi Dbœq‡b wi‡qj UvBg cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
AZ¨š— Kvh©Kix iƒ‡c eëüZ nq|
e¨vP cÖ‡mwms Ges wi‡qj UvBc cÖ‡mwms Gi cv_©K¨t e¨vP cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Ges wi‡qj UvBc cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷‡gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡æi Q‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jvÑ
e¨vP cÖ‡mwms wi‡qj UvBc cÖ‡mwms
1. e¨vP cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g GKwUi ci GKwU
†cÖvMÖvg ch©vqµ‡g cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z nq|
2. G‡¶‡Î GKwU wbw`©ó mgq Aš—i Aš—i wbw`©ó Kvh©
m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq|
3. G‡¶‡Î BbczU, AvDUcy‡U Z‡_ï Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi
mgq CPU Ajm mgq †¶cb K‡i _v‡K|
4. Gi Kvh©MwZ A‡c¶vK…Z Kg nq|
5. ‡Kvb Kvi‡Y Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g eÜ n‡q †M‡j mg¯—
Kvh©MwZ †_‡g hvq|
6. e¨vswKs Kv‡h© WvUv cÖ‡mwms Gi ai‡bi Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷g Lye †ewk Kvh©Kix|
1. mvaviYZ Kw¤úDUv‡i hvwš¿K wm‡÷g wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ †h
me †cÖvªMÖv‡gi eënvi Kiv nq Zv‡KB wi‡qj UvBg
cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ejv nq|
2. G‡Z eënviKvix Kw¤úDUv‡i c~Y© `¶Zv‡K Kv‡R
jvMv‡Z cv‡ib| mgq bó nq bv|
3. G‡¶‡Î CPU Ajm mgq †¶cb Kivi †Kvb
my‡hvM ‡bB|
4. Gi Kvh© MwZ A‡c¶vK…Z †ewk n‡q _v‡K|
5. ‡Kvb Kvi‡Y GKwU Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g eÜ n‡q
‡M‡j Ab¨wU Avcbv n‡ZB mwµq nq d‡j
Kvh©MwZ †_‡g hvq bv|
6. m¨v‡UjvBU Ges gnvKvk hv‡bi MwZ I AveZ©b
wbqš¿‡Y G wm‡÷g eënvi Kiv nq|
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi MVb
t
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g KZ¸‡jv †cÖvMÖv‡gi mgwó| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi MVb‡K cÖavbZ `yB fv‡M fvM K‡i eY©bv
Kiv hvq| †hgb-
K. wbqš¿Y †cÖvMÖvg (Control Programme)
L. mvwf©m †cÖvMÖvg (Survice Programme)
K. wbqš¿Y †cÖvMÖvgt Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Zvi KvR Kivi Rb¨ mwµq nq| ZLb wbqš¿Y
†cÖvMÖv‡gi D‡j L‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q BbcyU AvDUcyU Gi KvR wbqš¿Y Kiv| mnvqK ¯§„wZ Ges cÖavb ¯§„wZi
g‡a¨ DcvË PjvPj wbqš¿Y Kiv, eo †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv‡K †QvU †QvU fv‡M wef³ K‡i cwiPvjbv Kiv, †cÖvMÖvg cwiPvjbvi
Kvh©µg i¶v Kiv Ges GKvwaK †cÖvMÖvg GKB m‡½ eënvi Kivi eë¯’v Kiv| Kx †evW©, gwbUi, wcÖ›Uvi, BZ¨vwì
eënvi K‡i Lye mn‡RB Kvh© nvwmj Kiv| Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbqš¿Y †cÖvMÖvg‡K Avevi wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
†hgb-
1. mycvifvBRvi †cÖvMÖvg|

28
2. Re K‡›Uªvj †cÖvMÖvg|
3. BbcyU I AvDUcyU †cÖvMÖvg|
1. mycvifvBRvi †cÖvMÖvgt Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ mycvifvBRvi †cÖvMÖvg †K›`ªxq
cÖwµqvKiY BDwb‡Ui cÖavb ¯§„wZ‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i| Avi Ab¨vb¨ †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv mnvqK ¯§„wZ‡Z _v‡K| cÖ‡qvRb
Abymv‡i mycvifvBRi †cÖvMÖvg Zv‡ì‡K cÖavb ¯§„wZ‡Z wb‡q Av‡m Ges H †cÖvMÖvg Øviv mswk ó KvR m¤úbœ K‡i
Avevi mnvqK ¯§„wZ‡Z wdwi‡q wb‡q hvq| Gfv‡eB mycvifvBRi †cÖvMÖvg KvR K‡i _v‡K|
2. Re K‡›Uªvj †cÖvMÖvgt Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ KvR Kivi mgq GKwU Kv‡Ri ci Ab¨ KvR Ki‡Z gvSLv‡b Ajm mgq
_v‡K| G Ajm mg‡qi AcPq cwinvi Kivi Rb¨ AvaywbK c×wZ‡Z A‡bK¸‡jv KvR mvwie×fv‡e ivLv nq|
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi wbqš¿Y ‡cÖvMÖv‡gi Aš—M©Z Re K‡›Uªvj †cÖvMÖvg G mvwie×fv‡e A‡c¶vgvb KvR¸‡jv ch©vqµ‡g
m¤úbœ Kivi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
3. BbcyU I AvDUcyU †cÖvMÖvgt Kw¤úDUv‡i BbcyU Ges AvDUcyU †cÖvMÖvg n‡”Q Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ask|
BbcyU Ges AvDUcyU †cÖvMÖvg Kw¤úDUv‡ii †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKi‡Yi BDwb‡Ui Kv‡Ri mv‡_ mgš^q mvab K‡i _v‡K|
Kv‡Ri mgq BbcyU Ges AvDUcyU h‡š¿i m‡½ †Kvb cÖKvi c×wZMZ Am½wZ †`Lv w`‡j Zv Kw¤úDUv‡ii c`©vq
†f‡m D‡V| ZLb BbcyU Ges AvDUcyU †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY BDwb‡U DcvË Ges Z_¨vw` Av`b cÖ`v‡bi KvR wbqš¿Y
I cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K|
L. mvwf©m †cÖvMÖvgt Kw¤úDUv‡ii Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi mvwf©m †cÖvMªvg ej‡Z Zvi cÖwµqvKiY Ges BDwUwjwU †cÖvMÖv‡gi
mgwš^^Z Ae¯’v‡KB †evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| mvwf©m †cªvMÖv‡gi gva¨‡gB Kw¤úDUv‡ii Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi wbqš¿Y
†cÖvMÖv‡gi Kvh©vwì mdjZv G‡m _v‡K| mvwf©m †cÖvMÖvg‡K `yB fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq| †hgb-
1. cÖwµqvKiY †cÖvMÖvgt Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvwf©m †cÖvMÖv‡gi cÖwµqvKiY †cÖvMÖv‡gi g~j KvRB n‡”Q wewfbœ D”PZi fvlvq
wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg hvwš¿K fvlvq iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi mvwf©m †cÖvMÖv‡gi Aš—M©Z cÖwµqvKiY †cÖvMÖvgB
Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg wn‡m‡e eënZ nq| Abyev`K †cÖvMÖv‡gi cÖavb ¯§„wZ‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i D”P¯—‡ii fvlvq †jLv
†cÖvMÖvg‡K hvwš¿K fvlvq iƒcvš—wiZ K‡i cÖwµqvKi‡Yi KvR Zivwš^Z K‡i _v‡K|
2. BDwUwjwU †cÖvMÖvgt mvwf©m †cÖvMÖv‡gi †¶‡Î BDwUwjwU †cÖvMÖvg cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Rb¨ DcvË Ges ‡iKW©¸‡jv‡K
ch©vqµwgKfv‡e web¨¯— K‡i †`q| web¨¯— Kiv GKvwaK dvBj GKxf~Z K‡i me©‡kl Z_¨ m¤^wjZ GKwU dvBj
ˆZwi K‡i _v‡K| me †k‡l BbcyU Ges AvDUcyU wWfvBR n‡Z DcvË¸‡jv‡K ¯’vbvš—ib K‡i _v‡K|
eY© wfwËK (CUI: Character User Interface) Ges wPÎ wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g (GUI:
Graphical User Interface)
eY© wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gt mvaviYZ wewfbœ ai‡bi eY© ev †U·U eënvi K‡i Kw¤úDUvi cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡j Zv‡K eY©
wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g (Text Based Operating System) ejv nq| G ai‡bi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g Kx †evW© n‡Z wewfbœ
eY©, msL¨v, cÖZxK BZ¨vw` UvBc K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| †U·U wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g
KvR Ki‡Z ‡M‡j eënviKvix‡K Av‡M †_‡KB KgvÛ Rvbv _vK‡Z nq Ges wmb‡U· Abyhvqx Zv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq|
gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUv‡i eûj eëüZ eY© wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g n‡”Q DOS.
eY©©© wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi myweavt
1. eY© wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g wewfbœ eY©, msL¨v cÖZxK UvBc K‡i Kw¤úDUvi †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡jB cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©k
P‡j Av‡m|
2. G‡Z wm‡÷g Abyhvqx KvR Ki‡j Lye fvj dj cvIqv hvq|
3. DOS Gi †¶‡Î eûj eëüZ Kw¤úDUv‡iiv Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g n‡jv eY© wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g hvi eënvwiK
mydj A‡bK ‡ewk|
Amyweavewjt
1. eY© wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g eënvi K‡i Kvh© nvwmj Ki‡Z mgq †ewk jv‡M|
2. eënviKvixi h_v_© Kvh© `¶Zv bv _vK‡j G‡¶‡Î Bw¯úZ D‡Ïk¨ nvwmj nq bv|
3. ‡h me eY© UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e Zv‡ì †KvbwU Gw`K Iw`K n‡j Kw¤úDUvi Kvh© mvov †`q bv|

29
4. e‡Y©i gv‡S h_v_© duvK ivLv evÃbxq bZzev dj wfbœZi nq|
wPÎ wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gt mvaviYZ Kw¤úDUv‡i MÖvwd· ev wP‡Îi gva¨‡g KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM K‡i Kw¤úDUvi cwiPvjbv
Kiv †M‡j Zv‡K wPÎ wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ejv nq| G‡Z wPÎ wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wewfbœ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ AvBKb
Ges cyj WvDb †gby _v‡K| hvi d‡j gvDm wKsev Kx †evW© eënvi K‡i KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq| G‡¶‡Î Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy
Kivi ci c`©vq wewfbœ †cÖvªMÖv‡gi AvBKb ev cÖZxKx wPÎ D‡V Av‡m| hvi d‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq †cÖvMÖv‡gi AvB‡Kv‡bi Dci
gvDm c‡q›Uvi w`‡q Wvej wK¬K Ki‡jB †cÖvMÖvgwU Pvjy n‡q hvq|
wPÎ wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g n‡jv DB‡ÛvR-95, DB‡ÛvR 98, GbwU.80 Ges g¨vK OS BZ¨vw`|
myweavewjt
1. G‡¶‡Î †U·‡emW Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi KgvÛ gyL¯— Ki‡Z nq bv|
2. GL‡b e‡Y©i gv‡S duvK ivLvi weo¤^bv †cvnv‡Z nq bv|
3. G‡¶‡Î ïay gvDm eënvi K‡i Kw¤úDUvi cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq|
4. wPÎ wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g eënviKvix‡K Kgv‡Ûi Af¨š—ixY MVb Rvbvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
5. G‡¶‡Î †Kvbiƒc KgvÛ †gby gyL¯— Kivi cÖeYZv _v‡K bv|
Amyweavewjt
1. wPÎ wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g eënviKvix‡K KgvÛ †gby m¤ú‡K© Rvbv _vK‡Z nq|
2. Kx †evW© m¤úwK©Z aviYv MÖn‡Yi ¸i“Z¡ K‡g hvq|
3. Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kvh©µ‡g gvDm wfwËK wbf©ikxjZv †e‡o hvq|
4. h_v_© †cÖvMÖvg I‡cb Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j eënviKvixi weo¤^bv †cvnv‡Z nq|
wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Pvjyi KviY
evRv‡i cÖPwjZ wewfbœ †Kv¤úvwbi Kw¤úDUv‡ii †g‡gvix msMVb wewfbœ wKsev wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvg Pvjv‡bv ev Kvh©Kix Kivq
wewfbœ †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM n‡q _v‡K| GQvov wewfbœ Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨wgK †g‡gvwi wWfvBm wewfbœ iK‡gi| G Kvi‡Y wewfbœ
†Kv¤úvbxi Kw¤úDUvi Øviv wewfbœ Kvh©vewj m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi cÖPjb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
eZ©gv‡b evRv‡i cÖvq mvZ ai‡bi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Pvjy i‡q‡Q| †hgb-
1. e¨vP cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
2. gvwë †cÖvMÖvwgs Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
3. gvwë †cÖv‡mwms wm‡÷g|
4. UvBg †kqvwis Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
5. Ifvij¨vc cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷g|
6. wi‡qj UvBg Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
7. wWw÷ªweD‡UW Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
e¨vP cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷gt Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨vP cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖKiY hv GKwU wbw`©ó mgq a‡i
wewfbœ eënviKvixi Uvwg©bvj †_‡K DcvË¸‡jv GKwU wbw`©ó ¯§„wZ fvÛv‡i mwÂZ mgq c‡i mwÂZ DcvË¸‡jv‡K
GK‡hv‡M KvR K‡i _v‡K| †hgb e¨vs‡Ki mvivw`‡bi †jb-‡`‡bi DcvË wewfbœ KvD›Uv‡i Rgv _v‡K| Zvici †mLvb
†_‡K DcvË¸‡jv‡K Uvwg©bv‡j G‡b g~j Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖwµqvKiY K‡i e¨vP cÖ‡mwms Gi Kvh© nvwmj Kiv n‡q _v‡K| e¨vP
cÖ‡mwms cÖwµqv wmwiqvj Ab jvBb cÖ‡mwms KvR wn‡m‡eI L¨vZ|
Ifvii¨vcW cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷gt Kw¤úDUv‡i †h cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g A‡bK¸‡jv †cÖvMÖvg GK‡Î wbe©vn Kiv nq Zv‡KB
Ifvij¨vcW cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷g ejv nq| Ifvij¨vcW cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g GK m‡½ GKvwaK Kvh© GK‡Î m¤úbœ
Kiv hvq| G‡¶‡Î BbcyU, AvDUcyy‡U Z_¨vwì Av`vb cÖ`v‡b CPU Ajm mgq †¶cb K‡i bv| eënviKvix Ifvij¨vcW
cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷‡gi gva¨‡g ¯^í mg‡q A‡bK †ewk KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB e¨vcK wfwËK Kvh© nvwm‡ji Rb¨ G ai‡bi
Acv‡iwUs Avek¨K|
e¨vP cª‡mwms Ges Ifvij¨vcW cÖ‡mwms Gi cv_©K¨t e¨vP cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Ges Ifvij¨vcW cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷‡gi
g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡æi Q‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jvÑ

e¨vP cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷g Ifvij¨vcW cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷g
1. e¨vP cª‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g GKwUi ci GKwU
†cÖvMÖvg ch©vqµ‡g cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z nq|
2. G‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q GKwU wbw`©ó KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z
nq|
3. G‡¶‡Î CPU BbcyU I AvDUcyy‡Ui Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi
†¶‡Î Ajm Ae¯’vq mgq †¶cb K‡i _v‡K|
4. e¨vP cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷‡g Kv‡Ri MwZ Ifvij¨vcW cª‡mwms
wm‡÷‡gi Zzjbvq Kg|
5. Gi eënvwiK myweav A‡c¶vK…Z Kg _v‡K|
6. e¨vP cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g eënv‡i eënvwiK Kvh©
`¶Zv cÖLi nq|
1. Ifvi j¨vcW cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷‡g GKB mg‡q
A‡bK¸‡jv ‡cÖvMÖvg GK‡Î wbe©vn n‡q _v‡K|
2. G‡¶‡Î GKB mg‡q GKvwaK Kvh© m¤úbœ nq|
3. G‡¶‡Î CPU KLbB Ajm Ae¯’vq mgq †¶cb
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
4. Ifvi j¨vcW cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷‡g Kv‡Ri MwZ e¨vP
cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷‡gi PvB‡Z †ewk _v‡K|
5. Gi eënvwiK myweav A‡c¶vK…Z †ewk|
6. Ifvi j¨vcW cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g Gi
Kvh©KvwiZv RwUj weavq `¶ nv‡Z Zvi cwiPvjbv
Ki‡Z nq|
gvwë †cÖvMÖvg Ges gvwë cÖ‡mwms
wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi g‡a¨ gvwë ‡cÖvMÖvwgs wm‡÷g Ges gvwë cÖ‡mwms AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| gvwë †cÖvMÖvwgs
wm‡÷‡gi gva¨‡g GK m‡½ GKvwaK †cÖvMÖvg cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Avi gvwë cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷‡gi gva¨‡g wfbœ wfbœ
†cÖvMÖv‡gi wfbœ wfbœ cÖ‡mmi wbw`©ó K‡i †`qv n‡q _v‡K|
gvwë †cÖvMÖvwgst mvaviYZ †h Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wewfbœ Kw¤úDUv‡i GK m‡½ GKvwaK †cÖvMÖvg cwiPvjbvi cwi‡ek cÖ`vb
K‡i Zv‡K gvwë †cÖvMÖvwgs Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ejv nq| Gai‡bi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Kw¤úDUv‡ii MwZ evwo‡q †`q| gvwë
†cÖvMÖvwgs wm‡÷g Kw¤úDUv‡ii MwZ evwo‡q †`q| gvwë †cÖvMÖvwgs wm‡÷g Kw¤úDUv‡ii CPU Gi Aemi Ae¯’v‡K Kv‡R
jvwM‡q GK mv‡Z GKvwaK †cÖvMÖvg cwiPvjbvi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i †`q| ZvB gvwë †cÖvMÖvwgs Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g‡K gvwë
UvmwKs Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g bv‡gI AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
gvwë †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi †ewkó¨t
1. gvwë †cÖvMÖvwgs wm‡÷‡gi gva¨‡g GK mv‡_ GKvwaK Kvh©vw` m¤úbœ Kiv hvq|
2. G‡¶‡Î RAM Gi gva¨‡g †cÖvMÖvg Kvh© wbe©vnx iƒ‡c †cÖvMÖvg cwiPvjbv Kiv nq|
3. G‡¶‡Î CPU Ajm fv‡e e‡m _vKvi †Kvb my‡hvM _v‡K bv|
4. gvwë †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kvh© MwZ‡K eû ¸‡Y evwo‡q †`qv m¤¢e nq|
gvwë cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷gt gvwë k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q `yÕ†qi AwaK| Kv‡RB A_©MZ w`K w`‡q Kw¤úDUv‡ii †¶‡Î G‡Ki AwaK
Z_v `yÕwU cÖ‡mmi wewkó wm‡÷g‡K gvwë cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷g ejv nq| Kvh©†¶‡Î gvwë cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷‡g `yÕGi AwaK
cÖ‡mmi Aš—f~©³ _vK‡Z cv‡i| gvwë cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷g `yÕ†qi AwaK cÖ‡mmi mgwš^Z c×wZ‡Z KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
G‡¶‡Î Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi mycvifvBRvi wewfbœ †cÖvMÖv‡gi Rb¨ ¯§„wZi cwigvY eivÏ K‡i _v‡K Ges Kw¤úDUv‡i BbcyU
I AvDUcyyU cÖwµqv wbqš¿Y I cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Kv‡RB Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g gvwë cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷g
AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~~Y©|
gvwë cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi ‰ewkó¨t gvwë cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi êwkó¨vewj wb‡æ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jvÑ
1. gvwë cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g cÖ‡mmi¸‡jvi KvR mvgwMÖKfv‡e wbqš¿Y K‡i|
2. G‡Z wfbœ wfbœ †cÖvMÖv‡gi Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ cÖ‡mmi wbw`©ó _v‡K|
3. Gi †Kvb cª‡mmi B›Uvi GKwUf Ges †Kvb cÖ‡mmi e¨vP cÖ‡mwms Gi Rb¨ mywbw`©ó _v‡K|
4. gvwë cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi †QvU cÖ‡mmiwU‡K ejv nq m¤§yL cÖ‡mmi Avi eo cÖ‡mmiwU‡K cÖavb cÖ‡mmi
hv‡ì KvR wfbœZi|
5. gvwë cª‡mwms wm‡÷‡g B›Uviwckb cwijw¶Z n‡q _v‡K |
gvwë ‡cÖvMÖvwgs Ges gvwë cÖ‡mwms Gi cv_©K¨t
gvwë ‡cÖvMÖvwgs wm‡÷g gvwë cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷g
1. gvwë ‡cÖvMÖvwgs Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g GK mv‡_ GKvwaK KvR
m¤úv`b Kiv hvq|
2. G‡¶‡Î GKwU †cÖvMÖv‡gi ci Avi GKwU †cÖvMÖv‡g nvZ w`‡Z
nq bv|
3. G‡¶‡Î RAM ‡cÖvMÖvg Kvh© wbe©vnx wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i
_v‡K|
4. G‡Z †Kvb cÖ‡mmi B›Uvi GKwUf Ges †Kvb cÖ‡mmi e¨vP
cÖ‡mwms Gi Rb¨ mywbw`©ó _v‡K bv|
1. gvwë cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷‡g wfbœ wfbœ †cÖvMÖv‡gi Rb¨
wfbœ wfbœ cª‡mmi wbw`©ó i‡q‡Q|
2. G‡¶‡Î GKwU †cÖvMÖv‡gi ci Avi GKwU †cÖvMÖv‡gi Dci
KvR Ki‡Z nq|
3. G‡Z m¤§yL Ges cÖavb cÖ‡mmi Gi gva¨‡g Kvh©vw`
my-m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K|
4. G‡Z †Kvb cª‡mmi B›Uvi GKwUf Ges †Kvb
cÖ‡mmi e¨vP cÖ‡mwms Gi Rb¨ mywbw`©ó _v‡K|

As‡ki mgš^‡q CPU Gi MVb KvVv‡gv Ges Kvh©vewj m¤úvw`Z nq Zv‡ì‡K wb‡æv³ Dcv‡q †kªYxwefvM K‡i
eY©bv Kiv hvq| †hgb- K. wbqš¿Y Ask (Control Unit)
L. cÖavb ¯§„wZ Ask (Main Memory Unit)
M. MvwYwZK/ hyw³ Ask (Arithmetic Unit)
K. wbqš¿Y Askt BbcyU wWfvBm mg~‡ni gva¨‡g cÖ`Ë wb‡`©kbv Z_v †cÖvMÖv‡gi avivevwnKZv wbqš¿Y KivB
wbqš¿Y As‡ki KvR| GwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb cÖavb mvsMVwbK Dcv`v‡bi gva¨‡g cvi¯úwiK †hvM‡hvM
wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| MÖnY gyL hš¿vsk n‡Z cÖvß me ai‡bi Kvh©vewj m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbqš¿Y
Ask eëüZ nq| mvaviY Z_¨ mg~n G As‡k cÖwµqvRvZ n‡q ALU Gi gva¨‡g MvwYwZK Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b
K‡i _v‡K|
Kvh©vewjt wbqš¿Y Ask wb‡æv³ wewfbœ ai‡bi KvR m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| †hgb-
1. cÖavb †g‡gvwi n‡Z GKvwUi c‡i GKwU Bb÷ªvKkb AvniY K‡i|
2. ALU ‡K Bb÷ªvKkb Abyhvqx MvwYwZK Kv‡Ri wb‡`©k †`q|
3. ALU Gi Kv‡Ri djvdj cÖavb †g‡gvwi‡Z †cÖiY|
4. cÖavb †g‡gvwii djvdj AvDU wWfvB‡m cvVv‡bv|
L. cÖavb ¯§„wZ Askt †h †g‡gvwii m‡½ ALU Gi cÖZ¨¶ A¨vK‡mm _v‡K Zv‡K cÖavb ¯§„wZ Ask ev cÖavb
†g‡gvwi ejv nq| AZ¨š— `ª“Z MwZ‡Z MYbv Ki‡Z m¶g ALU Gi mv‡_ cÖavb ¯§„wZ Ask ms‡hvM _vKvi
Kvi‡Y cÖavb †g‡gvwiI AZ¨š— `ª“ZMwZ m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K| †hme WvUv ev wb‡`©k me mgq cÖ‡qvRb ïay
Zv‡ì‡KB cÖavb †g‡gvwi‡Z ivLv nq|
Kvh©vewjt cÖavb ¯§„wZi KwZcq Kvh©vewj wb‡æ D‡j L Kiv n‡jvÑ
1. Bbcy‡U AvMZ Z_¨‡K BbcyU GjvKvq gIRy` iv‡L|
2. GLv‡b WvUv cÖwµqvKiY Kvh© m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K|
3. cÖwµqvKi‡Yi P~ovš— djvdj AvDUcy‡U †cÖi‡Yi AvM ch©š— gIRy` iv‡L|
4. cÖavb ¯§„wZ As‡ki †cÖvMÖvg gIRy` GjvKvq cÖwµqvKiY msµvš— wb‡`©k aviY Kiv nq|
M. MvwYZK ev hyw³ Askt cÖavb ¯§„wZ GjvKvi ci MvwYwZK Ask mshy³ nq| cÖavb ¯§„wZi BbcyU gIRy`
GjvKvq WvUv G‡m Rgv nIqvi ci Zv cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx MvwYwZK As‡k †cÖwiZ nq| MvwYwZK As‡k
cÖwµqvKi‡Yi djvdj cÖavb ¯§„wZ As‡k Rgv Kivi ci Zvi cÖwµqvKiY ïi“ nq| MvwYwZK Ask Zv
m¤úbœ K‡i MvwYwZK AvKv‡i djvdj cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K|
Kvh©vewjt 1. GLv‡b †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM Kvh© m¤úbœ nq|
2. GLv‡b hyw³i wfwË‡Z wba©vwiZ `vwqZ¡ eÈb n‡q _v‡K|
3. hyw³ Ges MvwYwZK wn‡me wfwË‡Z Z‡_ï cwiPvjbv Ges ¯’vbvš—i Kvh© GLv‡b m¤úbœ nq|
4. Z_¨vw`‡K P~ovš—iƒ‡c cÖ`k©b K‡i _v‡K|
mvaviYZ Kw¤úDUv‡ii BbcyU wWfvBm mg~‡ni gva¨‡g cÖvß Z_¨‡K wb‡`©k Abyhvqx cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Rb¨ CPU Gi
f~wgKv AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡cyY©| g~jZt cÖwµqvK…Z djvdj mg~n AvDUcyU wWfvBm mg~‡n †cÖi‡Yi †¶‡Î CPU Gi
f~wgKvB me©vwaK | Kv‡RB Kw¤úDUv‡i AvDUcyU Ges BbcyU wWfvBm mg~‡ni g‡a¨ mgš^qK wn‡m‡e CPU
m¤ú‡K© Rvbv GKvš— Avek¨K|
Kw¤úDUvi eënviKvix wb‡`©wkZ Z_¨ I wb‡`©kbvi gva¨‡g mwVK AvDUcyU cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i i‡q‡Q ‡m›Uªvj
cÖ‡mwms BDwbU ev †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY Ask| G †m›Uªvj cÖ‡mwms BDwbU G †¶‡Î AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i
_v‡K| Gi MVb KvVv‡gv K‡qKwU As‡k wef³|
CPU t Kw¤úDUv‡ii Central Processing Unit ‡K ms‡¶‡c CPU ejv nq| hvi AvwfavwbK A_© n‡jv †K›`ªxq
cÖwµqvKiY Ask| Kv‡RB A_©MZfv‡e Kw¤úDUv‡i KvR m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ Gi cÖavb †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY
Ask‡KB CPU bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| g~jZt Kw¤úDUvi cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î g~j PvwjKv kw³ n‡”Q CPU.
evwn¨Kfv‡e GwU GKwU ¶z`ª cÖ‡mmi| Gi MVbMZ AvKvi ¶z`ª n‡jI Gi Kvh©KvwiZv KíbvZxZ| Kw¤úDUv‡ii
mvgwMÖK cÖwµqvKiY Kvh©vewj CPU Gi gva¨‡g m¤úvw`Z n‡q _v‡K| ZvB CPU ‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii †K›`ªxq
cÖwµqvKiY Ask ev gw¯—¯‹ ejv nq|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii CPU Gi MVb KvVv‡gvt Kw¤úDUv‡ii CPU G¨vwc ‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jvi KvR m¤úv`b Kiv QvovI
¯§„wZ, BbcyU, AvDUcyU wWfvBR¸‡jvi KvR wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| eo Kw¤úDUv‡i GK ev GKvwaK mvwK©W †ev‡W©
K‡qKwU gvB‡µv cÖ‡mmi Ges Ab¨vb¨ mgwš^Z mvwK©U Gi mgš^‡q CPU MwVZ nq| Z‡e mvaviYZ †h mKj
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖwµqvKiY As‡ki MVb KvVv‡gv t

34
Kw¤úDUvi †g‡gvwi, cÖKvi‡f` Ges KvR
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY As‡ki g‡a¨ ¯§„wZ ev †g‡gvwi AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| Kw¤úDUvi †g‡gvwii cÖavb
KvR n‡”Q Kw¤úDUv‡i WvUv mg~n mÂq K‡i ivLv| Kw¤úDUv‡ii †¶‡Î †g‡gvwi j¶ j¶ ¯§„wZ †Kvl wb‡q MwVZ
nq| hv GKwU ¶z`ªZg ¯’vb we‡kl|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZt Kw¤úDUv‡i WvUv msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ eëüZ gva¨g ev aviK‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ ev Memory
e‡j| A_©vr Kw¤úDUv‡ii †h mKj DcvË BbcyU wWfvB‡mi mvnv‡h¨ BbcyU Kiv nq| †m¸‡jv‡K Rgv ivLvi Rb¨
†h wbw`©ó Ask _v‡K Zv‡KB Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZiƒ‡c AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ As‡k j¶
j¶ ¯§„wZ Cell _v‡K| Avi ¯§„wZ Cell Gi Ae¯’vb¯’j‡K ¯§„wZ ¯’vb ejv nq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖwZwU ¯§„wZ ¯’v‡b
GKwU K‡i ¯§„wZ msL¨v _v‡K| †h msL¨v Øviv ¯§„wZ ¯’vbwU mbv³ Kiv nq †m msL¨vwU‡K ¯§„wZ ¯’v‡bi wVKvbv ev
†g‡gvwi G¨v‡Wªm ejv nq| ¯§„wZ ¯’v‡bi G wVKvbv cwiewZ©Z nq bv eis ¯§„wZ msL¨vwU cwieZ©b n‡q _v‡K|
Kw¤úDUvi ¯§„wZi cÖKvi‡f`t Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ ev †g‡gvwi‡K cÖavbZ `yB fv‡M wef³ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-
K. cÖavb ¯§„wZ (Main Memory)
L. mnvqK ¯§„wZ (Auxilary Memory)
K. cÖavb ¯§„wZt Kw¤úDUv‡ii †h ¯§„wZ mivmwi †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY As‡ki mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K Ges †Kvb Z¨ ev
wb‡`©k‡K MÖnYgyL h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ MÖnY Kivi ci cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Rb¨ msi¶Y Kiv n‡q _v‡K Zv‡KB cÖavb
¯§„wZ (Main Memory) ejv nq| A_©vr Kw¤úDUv‡i MvwYwZK As‡ki cÖZ¨¶ ms‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g †h ¯§„wZ
Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K Zv‡K cÖavb ¯§„wZ e‡j| G ai‡bi ¯§„wZ AwZ `ª“ZZvi mv‡_ Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b
K‡i _v‡K| Z_¨ msi¶Y I cybt D×v‡ii Dci wfwË K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb ¯§„wZ‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv
n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-
i. RAM t Bs‡iwR Random Access Memory ‡K ms‡¶‡c RAM ejv nq| BbcyU wWfvBm n‡Z AvMZ
mKj cÖKvi Z_¨ cÖ_‡g RAM G Rgv nq| Gi gva¨‡g bZzb Z_¨ cov hvq, †jLv hvq Ges B”Qv
Ki‡j gyQv hvq| RAM wPc‡m Aew¯’Z †h‡Kvb ¯§„wZ mivmwi wbe©vPb Kiv hvq, WvUv gIRy` Kiv hvq
Ges WvUv wb‡`©k cvV Kiv hvq| RAM wPcm Avevi `yB ai‡bi| †hgb-
a. WvBbvwgK RAM wPcmt Kw¤úDUv‡i cybtcyb wjL‡bi gva¨‡g cybi“¾xweZ K‡i Z_¨vewj cvV
Ki‡Z nq e‡j G ai‡bi ¯§„wZ‡K WvBbvwgK ¯§„wZ ejv nq| mvaviYZ WvBbvwgK RAM ¯§„wZ‡Z
wb‡æv³ Dcvq¸‡jv cÖavb ¯§„wZi Ask wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K| †hgb- †gBb‡d«g, wgwb‡d«g
BZ¨vw`|
b. ÷¨vwUK RAM wPc&mt Kw¤úDUv‡i cybtcyb wjLb e¨wZZ Z_¨ mg~n cybi“¾xweZ K‡i cvV Kiv
hvq †h ¯§„wZi gva¨‡g Zv‡KB ÷¨vwUK RAM wPc&m ejv nq| AvaywbK gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUv‡i
÷¨vwUK RAM wPc&m Gi cwie‡Z© WvBbvwgK RAM wPc&m eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î
A‡bK¸‡jv eënvwiK myweavI cvIqv hvq|
ii. ROM t Kw¤úDUv‡i wbqš¿Yg~jK Kv‡Ri Rb¨ gvB‡µv cÖ‡mm‡i we‡kl ai‡bi ¯§„wZi eë¯’v i‡q‡Q
hv‡ì‡K ROM e‡j| Bs‡iwR Read only Memory Gi msw¶ßiƒc n‡jv ROM | GwU cwiPvwjZ nq
gvB‡µv †cÖvMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g| we`y¨r ms‡hvM wew”Qbœ n‡q ‡M‡jI Gi ¯§„wZ‡Z we`¨gvb wb‡`©kgvjv
AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbw`©ó wKQy Kv‡Ri wb‡`©k wbqš¿Y K‡i gvB‡µv †cÖvMÖvg| G‡¶‡Î
Gme wb‡`©k hZ evi cÖ‡qvRb ROM wPc&m †_‡K ZZevi Zv cvV Kiv hvq| wKš‘ G‡Z wb‡`©k
cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv hvq bv| ROM Gi †cÖvMÖvg ¯’vqx| ROM wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-
a. Programmable Read Only Memory = ROM.
b. Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory = EPROM
c. Electrically Alterable Programmable Read Only Memory = EAPROM.
d. Electrically Erasable Programmabel Read Only Memory = EEPROM.
L. mnvqK ¯§„wZt BbcyUK…Z Z_¨mg~n cÖwµqvKi‡Yi ci cÖwµqvRvZ Z_¨mg~n msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii †h
¯§„wZ eëüZ n‡q _v‡K †mwU‡KB mnvqK ¯§„wZ (Auxilary Memory) ejv nq| GwU †m‡KÛvwi †g‡gvwi
wn‡m‡eI AwfwnZ| cÖavb ¯§„wZi Zzjbvq mnvqK ¯§„wZi aviY ¶gZv A‡bK ¸Y †ewk| cÖ‡qvR‡b Gi avib

35
¶gZv n«vm e„w× Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e cÖavb ¯§„wZi Zzjbvq mnvqK ¯§„wZi Kvh© c×wZ axi MwZ m¤úbœ|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kvh©vewj m¤úv`‡bi ‡¶‡Î mvaviYZ cÖ`vb ¯§„wZi gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq Kvh©vewj m¤úvw`Z n‡q
mnvqK ¯§„wZ‡Z Zv msiw¶Z n‡q _v‡K|
BbcyU Ges AvDUcyU wWfvBm
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †gŠwjK DcvqB n‡jv BbcyU Ges AvDUcyyU wWfvBm| Kw¤úDUv‡ii †¶‡Î Z_¨ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q
BbcyU Ges Z_¨ cÖwµqvKi‡Yi †k‡l djvdj cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ i‡q‡‡Q AvDUcyU wWfvBm| ev¯—e †¶‡Î
Kw¤úDUv‡i G `y‡Uvi ¸i“Z¡ A‡bK †ewk| G‡ì DciB Kvh© `¶Zv I ¶gZv wbf©i K‡i|
BbcyU wWfvBmt mvaviYZ Kw¤úDUvi‡K †`qv Z_¨ Ges wb‡`©kbv‡K ejv nq BbcyU| Avi †h h‡š¿i ev
wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡‡g Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨ ev wb‡`©kbv BbcyU ev cÖ`vb Kiv †m¸‡jv‡KB ejv BbcyU wWfvBm ev MÖnY
hš¿cvwZ| Kw¤úDUv‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi BbcyU wWfvBm i‡q‡Q| A_©vr Avgiv †h mKj hš¿cvwZi gva¨‡g
Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨ I wb‡`©k †cÖiY K‡i _vwK †mme BbcyU wWfvBm¸‡jv n‡j wbæiƒc| †hgb-
1. Kx †evW©
2. gvDm
3. ¯‹¨vbvi
4. I. Gg. Avi
5. I.wm. Avi
6. Gg.AvB. wm
7. jvBU †cb
8. MÖvwdK †Ue‡jU
9. wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv
10. ¯‹¨vbvi|
AvDUcyU wWfvBmt Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖvß Z_¨ I wb‡`©kbvi wfwË‡Z cÖwµqvKi‡Yi KvR m¤úbœ Kivi ci Kw¤úDUvi
†h djvdj cÖ`vb K‡i †mB djvdj‡KB ejv nq AvDUcyU| A_©vr †h me hš¿cvwZi mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z
cÖ`Ë Z_¨vwì djvdj cvIqv hvq †m¸‡jv‡KB Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvDUcyU wWfvBm ejv nq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ
ai‡bi AvDUcyU wWfvBm ¸‡jv wb‡æ ZvwjKve× K‡i D‡j L Kiv n‡jv-
1. gwbUi
2. Uvwg©bvj
3. wcª›Uvi
4. B± c¨vU wcª›Uvi
5. WU †gwUª· wcÖ›Uvi
6. ‡WBwR ûBj wcÖ›Uvi
7. c v›Uvi|
CPU Ges BbcyU I AvDUcyU wWfvB‡mi WvUv Av`vb cÖ`vb
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †¶‡Î CPU Ges BbcyU I AvDUcyU wWfvBmB n‡jv cÖavb wbf©ikxj Dcvq| Gme A½¸‡jv ev`
w`‡j Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ask ej‡Z Avi wKQyB _v‡K bv| G‡ì mgwš^Z Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡gB
Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨vwì MÖnY we‡k lY web¨vm msi¶Y I mieivn Kvh© m¤úbœ nq| CPU Ges BbcyU I AvDUcyU
wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡i WvUv Av`vb cÖ`vb mvaviYZ `yÕfv‡e m¤úbœ nq| †hgb-
K. mgvš—ivj †cwi‡divj B›Uvi‡dm|

36
L. wmwiqvj ms‡hvM B›Uvi‡dm|
K. mgvš—ivj †cwi‡divj B›Uvi‡dmt mvaviYZ CPU Ges †cwi‡div‡ji g‡a¨ mgvš—ivjfv‡e WvUv PjvPj
Ki‡j Zv‡K mgvš—ivj ev c¨vivjvj †cwi‡divj B›Uvi‡dm ejv nq| GKwU ev K¨ve‡ji †fZi w`‡q
Z‡_ï 8wU weU cvkvcvwk 8wU c„_K jvB‡bi gvva¨‡g Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡i c¨vivjvj Kwgwb‡Kkb m¤úbœ nq|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡½ c¨vivjvj Kwgwb‡Kkb c×wZ‡Z ¯’vwcZ ms‡hvM‡K ejv nq c¨vivjvj B›Uvi‡dm| ¯‹¨vwR
wWfvBm¸‡jv c¨vivjvj Kwgwb‡Kkb c×wZ‡Z WvUv Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| GLv‡b wcÖ›UviI c¨vivjvj
B›Uvi‡dm wWfvBm f~³ n‡q KvR K‡i _v‡K|
L. wmwiqvj ms‡hvM B›Uvi‡dmt CPU Ges B›Uvi‡d‡mi g‡a¨ mgvš—ivjfv‡e wKš‘ B›Uvi‡dm I
†cwi‡dwiqv‡ji g‡a¨ wmwiqvwj WvUv PjvPj Ki‡j Zvn‡j wmwiqvwj ms‡hvM B›Uvi‡dm| ZvB wmwiqvwj
Kgywb‡Kkb c×wZ‡Z ¯’vwcZ ms‡hvM‡K wmwiqvj B›Uvi‡dm ejv n‡q _v‡K| wmwiqvj Kgywb‡Kkb G
ms‡hvM Zvi ev e¨ve‡ji gvva¨‡g 8 we‡Ui WvUv ch©vµ‡g Av`vb cÖ`vb n‡q _v‡K| g‡Wg, gvDm, Ges
Av‡iv wKQy hš¿cvwZ wmwiqvj Kgywb‡Kkb c×wZ‡Z WvUv Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K ZvB Gme hš¿cvwZ‡K
wmwiqvj Kgywb‡Kkb wWfvBm Ges Zv‡ì ms‡hvM †`qvi †cvU©‡K wmwiqvj †cvU© ejv n‡q _v‡K|
nvW©wW¯‹ Ges d¬wc wW¯‹ ও এেদর eënvwiK cv_©K¨ t
Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨ msMÖn Ges ¯’vš—vš—i‡bi Rb¨ nvW©wW¯‹ Ges d¬wc wW¯‹ AZxe ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| G‡ì gva¨‡g
Z_¨vw` MÖnY, msi¶Y Ges Av`vb cÖ`vb Kvh©vw` m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b eënvwiK ¸i“Z¡ Abyhvqx wewfbœ
ai‡bi nvW©wW¯‹ Ges d¬wc wW¯‹ evRv‡i cvIqv hv‡”Q|
nvW©wW¯‹t Kw¤úDUv‡ii †¶‡Î nvW©wW¯‹ n‡”Q GKwU cvZjv †MvjvKvi avZe cv‡Zi mgš^‡q MwVZ GKwU mnvqK
¯§„wZ ev †g‡gvwi| avZe cv‡Zi Dfq c„‡ô Pz¤^Kxq c`v‡_©i cÖ‡jc i‡q‡Q| GRb¨ G ai‡bi wW¯‹‡K Pz¤^Kxq wW¯‹
ev g¨vM‡bwwUK wW¯‹ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wW‡¯‹i †MvjvKv‡i avZe cvZ¸‡jv †`L‡Z A‡bKUv MÖv‡gv
†dv‡bi †iK‡W©i g‡Zv| G cvZ¸‡jv GKwUi Dci GKwU ¯‘cvKv‡i mgvš—iv‡j web¨¯— _v‡K| G avZe cv‡Zi
gvSLv‡b Avav BwÂi g‡Zv duvKv RvqMv _v‡K|
avZe cvZ¸‡jvi gvSLv‡b GKwU `Û _v‡K| G `‡Ûi mvnv‡h¨B cvZ¸‡jv GKwUi Dci GKwU emv‡bv _v‡K|
me¸‡jv cvZ GKB m‡½ GKB w`‡K AvewZ©Z n‡q _v‡K| Kv‡Ri mgq G avZe cvZ Lye `ª“Z AvewZ©Z nq|
cÖwZwU wW‡¯‹i †fZ‡ii w`‡K c„ô DcvË, Z_¨ I †cÖvMÖvg aviY I msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ eëüZ nq| cÖwZwU wW‡¯‹i c„ô
†`‡k AmsL¨ e„Ë †iLv Øviv wef³ _v‡K| e„Ë‡iLv Øviv wef³ e„Ëxq Ask¸‡jv‡K ejv nq Uª¨vK| Avi cÖwZwU
wW‡¯‹i mgwš^Z web¨vm‡K ejv nq wmwjÛvi|
nvW©wW‡¯‹i ‰ewkó¨t nvW©wW‡¯‹i mvaviY ‰ewkó¨¸‡jv wb‡æ D‡j L Kiv n‡jvÑ
1. nvW©wW¯‹ †MvjvKvi GwU A¨vjywgwbqvg cv‡Zi ˆZwi|
2. nvW©wW‡¯‹i Dci g¨vM‡bwUf A·vB‡Wi cÖ‡jc i‡q‡Q|
3. Gi aviY ¶gZv I msi¶Y K¨vcvwmwU A‡bK †ewk|
4. Gi G‡·m UvBg A‡bK †ewk|
5. GwU Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e A‡bK †ewk axN©¯’vqx|
d¬wc wW¯‹t mvaviYZ GK Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i Z‡_ï Av`vb cÖ`vb Z_v Z_¨ mg~n GK ¯’vb n‡Z
Ab¨ ¯’v‡b Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ †h wW‡¯‹i eënvi Kiv nq Zv‡KB d¬wc wW¯‹ ev Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`vb wW¯‹ ejv nq|
d¬wc wW¯‹ GK Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨ †cÖi‡Yi GKwU Ab¨Zg cÖavb gva¨g wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq|
GwU AZ¨š— nvjKv Ges Gi aviY ¶gZv Kg| mn‡R Gi Z_¨vw` bó n‡q hvq| Gi gva¨‡gB Kw¤úDUv‡i
fvBivm msµgb n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB d¬wc wW¯‹ eënv‡i m‡e©v”P mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq|
cÖKvi‡f`t d¬wc wW¯‹‡K Zvi aviY ¶gZv Ges AvK…wZ Abyhvqx `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-
K. 3.5 BwÂ d¬wc wW¯‹|
L. 5.25 BwÂ d¬wc wW¯‹|
d¬wc wW‡¯‹i êwkó¨t d¬wc wW‡¯‹i wb‡æv³ êwkó¨ mvaviYZ cwijw¶Z n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-

37
1. d¬wc wW¯‹ cvZjv Ges bgbxq c vmwU‡Ki ˆZwi|
2. d¬wc wW‡¯‹i Dci nvjKv g¨vM‡bwUK A·vB‡Wi cÖ‡jc i‡q‡Q|
3. Gi aviY ¶gZv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg|
4. Gi G‡·m UvBg Kg|
5. G wW‡¯‹i ¯’vqxZ¡ Ges wbf©i‡hvM¨ZvI A‡c¶vK…Z Kg|
nvW© wW¯‹ I d¬wc wW‡¯‹i cv_©K¨t wb‡æi Q‡Ki gva¨‡g nvW©wW¯‹ Ges d¬wc wW‡¯‹i cv_©K¨ D‡j L Kiv n‡jvÑ
nvW©wW¯‹ d¬wc wW¯‹
1. nvW©wW¯‹ wfZ‡i _v‡K Ges Gi aviY ¶gZv
A‡bK ‡ewk|
2. GwU A¨vjywgwbqvg cv‡Zi ˆZwi
3. Gi G‡·m UvBg Kg
4. GwU d¬wc wW‡¯‹i Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk
wbf©i‡hvM¨
5. Gi aviY ¶gZv 720 evBU n‡Z 1.44
wMMvevBU ch©š— |
1. d¬wc wW¯‹ evwn‡i _v‡K Ges Gi aviY ¶gZv
nvW©wW¯‹ n‡Z Kg|
2. GwU c vw÷‡Ki ˆZwi|
3. Gi G‡·m UvBg †ewk|
4. GwU nvW©wW‡¯‹i Zzjbvq Kg wbf©i‡hvM¨|
5. Gi aviYZ ¶gZv 100 wMMvevBU- 45 GB
ch©š—|
wcÖ›Uvi : B¤ú¨v± Ges bb-B¤ú¨v± wcÖ›Uvi
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ`Ë Z_¨vewji djvdj m¤^wjZ nvW©Kwc cvIqvi hš¿B n‡jv wcÖ›Uvi| GwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvDUcyU
wWfvB‡mi GKwU Ask| GwU Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z cÖ‡qvR‡bi ZvwM‡` wew”Qbœ K‡i †i‡LI Kw¤úDUv‡i K‡¤úvR Kivi
Kvh© nvwmj Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
wcÖ›Uvit Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvDUcyU wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© GKwU hš¿ n‡jv wcÖ›Uvi| A_©vr Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ`Ë
Z_¨vewj CPU Gi cÖwµqvKi‡Yi ci djvdj‡K †h h‡š¿i gva¨‡g wcÖ›U Kiv nq Zv‡KB wcÖ›Uvi ejv nq|
Kw¤úDUv‡i mvgwMÖK KvR Kivi ci cÖ`Ë djvdj‡K wcÖ›Uv‡ii gva¨‡g B‡”Q g‡Zv wcÖ›U K‡i evB‡i mieivn Kiv
n‡q _v‡K| cÖ`Ë Z_¨vewj wcÖ›U Kivi ci Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlvq Zv‡K nvW©Kwc ejv nq| A_©vr nvW©KwcB n‡jv
Kw¤úDUv‡ii wcÖ›U Kwc|
wcÖ›Uv‡ii cÖKvi‡f`t Kw¤úDUv‡ii wcÖ›Uvi‡K mvaviYZ wb‡æv³ Dcv‡q †kªYxweb¨vm Kiv hvq| †hgb-
K. av°v wcÖ›Uvi (Impact Pinter)
i. jvBb wcÖ›Uvi (Line Printer)
ii. A¶i wcÖ›Uvi (Serial printer)
L. Aav°v wcÖ›Uvi (Non-Impact Printer)
i. ‡jRvi wcÖ›Uvi (Leser Printer)
ii. _vgv©j wcÖ›Uvi (Thermal Printer)
iii. Kej †RU wcÖ›Uvi (Ink-Jet Printer)
iv. w¯’wZ ˆe`y¨wZK wcÖ›Uvi (Electrostatic Printer)
K. B¤ú¨v± wcÖ›Uv‡ii Kvhv©ewjt †h wcÖ›Uvi Qvcv‡bvi Kv‡R wcÖ›Uvi †n‡W aviY †`Lvi gva¨‡g Kvh© m¤úbœ K‡i
_v‡K Zv‡K av°v wcÖ›Uvi (Impact Printer) ejv nq| A_©vr B¤ú¨v± wcÖ›Uvi gy`ª‡Yi KvR K‡i
B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vKvwbK¨vj c×wZ| G‡Z wcÖ›Uvi‡nW wie‡bi Dci AvNvZ K‡i| wie‡bi Kvwj dzwi‡q †M‡j bZzb wieb
e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| wie‡bi cwie‡Z© Kve©b KvMR w`‡jI AvcvZ Kvh© mgvav n‡q _v‡K|

38
L. bb-B¤ú¨v± wcÖ›Uvit bb-B¤ú¨v± wcÖ›Uv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ gy`ª‡Yi Rb¨ DËvc B‡jK‡Uªv÷¨vwUK, ivmvqwbK Ges
BsK †RU cÖhyw³ eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| bb B¤ú¨v± wcÖ›Uvi B¤ú¨± wcÖ›Uvi B¤ú¨v± wcÖ›Uvi A‡c¶v DbœZ
gv‡bi| ZvB bb B¤ú¨v± wcÖ›Uvi‡K Avevi †jRvi wcÖ›UviI ejv nq|
OMR, OCR, MICR
OMR Gi eënvit mvaviYZ AcwUK¨vj gvK© wiWv‡ii msw¶ß iƒc n‡”Q I.Gg. Avi| A_©vr Optical Mark
Reader = OMR| GwU n‡”Q we‡kl ai‡bi wPý cvVKvix BbcyU hš¿| mvaviYZ ˆbe¨w³K cix¶vi cÎ cwiwPwZ
g~jK weeiY, c‡Yï evRvi Rwic, RbgZ Rwic, Gm Gm wm, GBP Gm wm cix¶vi bvg †ivj, †iwR b¤î
BZ¨vwì †MvcbxqZv i¶vi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i OMR Gi eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| OMR G eënv‡ii Rb¨
KvM‡Ri Dci †MvjvKvi Ni m¤^wjZ QK ˆZwi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| hv †cwÝj w`‡q fivU Ki‡Z nq|
OCR Gi eënvit mvaviYZ Optical Character Reader ‡K msw¶ßiƒ‡c OCR G eënv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ_‡g
Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ ¯‹¨vbvi w`‡q ‡U·U dvBj‡K ¯‹¨vb Kiv nq| †Kvb †Kvb mgq OCR md&UIq¨vi w`‡q
mivmwi ¯‹¨vb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| OCR Øviv nv‡Zi †jLv‡KI mbv³ Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
Gi eënvit mvaviYZ Magnatic Ink Character Reader ‡K ms‡¶‡c MICR ejv nq| Gi A_© n‡”Q Pz¤^Kxq
Kvwji mvnv‡h¨ A¶i cov| ZvB ejv nq Pz¤^Kxq Kvwj w`‡q †jLv A¶i cvV Kivi hš¿B n‡jv MICR. mvaviYZ
e¨vsK †PK, Rgv --- BZ¨vw`‡Z G ai‡bi Kvwj eënvi Kiv nq| e¨vsK eë¯’vq MICR we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i _v‡K| Gi gva¨‡g e¨vs‡K cÖwZ wgwb‡U 2500 GiI †ewk †PK cvV Kiv hvq|
¯‹¨vbv‡ii KvRt mvaviYZ KvM‡R gyw`ªZ Qwe ev K¨v‡givq †Zvjv Qwe ¯‹¨vbv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i †cÖiY Kiv
n‡q _v‡K| ¯‹¨vbv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i Qwe MÖnY Ges Kw¤úDUv‡i Qwe m¤úv`bvi Rb¨ cªavbZ d‡Uvkc
bv‡gi e¨venvwiK Kg©m~wP ev G¨vwc ‡Kb †cÖvMÖvg eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| mvaviYZ ¯‹¨vbvi Av‡jvK iwk¥
ms‡e`bkxj h‡š¿i gva¨‡g Qwe, †iLv Ges †jLv BZ¨vw` Z_¨ cvV K‡i _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î OCR Ges OMR Gi
f~wgKv we‡kl ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|
WKz‡g›U ˆZwi ও wcÖ›U Kivi c×wZ t
Kw¤úDUvi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g KZ¸‡jv †cªvMªv‡gi mgš^‡q MwVZ| GwU A‡bK¸‡jv †cÖvMÖv‡gi mgwó| wewfbœ
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g I cwi‡e‡k WKz‡g›U ˆZwi A‡bKUvB RwUj Ges `¶Zvc~Y© KvR| KviY WKz‡g›U cÖ‡mwms
cÖwµqvwU LyeB mZK©Zv Ges `¶Zvi mwnZ mym¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq|
WKz‡g›Ut WKz‡g›U (Document) k‡ãi mvaviY A_© n‡”Q cÖgvY `wjj, cÖgvY cÎ, bw_cÎ BZ¨vw`| wKš‘
Kw¤úDUv‡i we‡kl K‡i IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Gi †¶‡Î WKz‡g›U ej‡Z
dvBj msiw¶Z †jLv-‡jwLi †h †Kvb welq‡KB WKz‡g›U ev Document ejv nq| Kw¤úDUv‡i WKz‡g›U ˆZwi
g~jZ RwUj I `¶Zvc~Y© cªwµqvMZ c×wZ we‡kl|
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g I cwi‡e‡k WKz‡g›U ˆZwii cÖwµqvt ‡gwKb‡Uvk Kw¤úDUvi Ges IBMPC K¤úvwUej
Kw¤úDUvi DfqwUi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g I cwi‡e‡k WKz‡g›U ˆZwi Kiv hvq| wb‡P Dfq Kw¤úDUv‡ii †¶‡Î
WKz‡g›U ˆZwii cÖwµqv eY©bv Kiv n‡jv-
(i) †gwKb‡Uvk Kw¤úDUv‡ii †¶‡Ît ‡gwKb‡Uvk Kw¤úDUv‡i myBP Ab Kivi ci †gwKb‡Uvk Kw¤úDUv‡ii
c`©vq nvW©wW¯‹,U¨vk Ges Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri AvBKb cvIqv hvq| AvBKb n‡PQ nvW© wW¯‹, d¬wc wW¯‹, dvBj
†dvìv, U¨vk BZ¨vwì cÖZxK wPÎ| nvW© wW¯‹ AvBK‡bi Dci gvDm c‡q›Uvi w`‡q Wvej wK¬K Ki‡j nvW©

39
wW‡¯‹i WvB‡i±ix DB‡Ûv Ly‡j hvq| Gi †fZ‡i nvW© wW‡¯‹ we`¨gvb dvBj, †dvìvi Ges †cÖvMÖvg mg~‡ni
ZvwjKv cvIqv hvq| G ZvwjKv n‡Z gvB‡µv-md&U IqvW© †cÖvMÖv‡gi k~b¨ c`v© ev k~b¨ WKz‡g›U DB‡Ûv
G‡m hvq|
(ii) IBM ‡gwKb‡Uvk Kw¤úDUv‡ii †¶‡Ît AvB we Gg PC K¤úvwUej Kw¤úDUv‡ii †¶‡Î DB‡ÛvR 95/98
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g KvR Kivi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii myBP Ab Kivi ci c`©vi DB‡ÛvR 95/98 †W¯‹Uc
cwi‡ek cvIqv hvq| †W¯‹U‡ci wb‡P evg w`‡K ÷vU© †evZv‡g gvDm c‡q›Uvi w`‡q wK¬K Ki‡j wewfbœ
†cÖvMÖvg dvBj, †dvìvi BZ¨vwì ZvwjKv cvIqv hvq| G ZvwjKv n‡Z †cÖvMÖv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j wewfbœ
‡cÖvMÖv‡gi bv‡gi ZvwjKv cvIqv hvq| G ZvwjKv n‡Z gvB‡µvmd&U IqvW© Gi bv‡gi Dci wK¬K Ki‡j
gvB‡µvmd&U IqvW© ‡cÖvMÖvg Pvjy n‡q hvq ev Ly‡j hvq|
‡gwKb‡Uvk, DB‡ÛvR Ges DB‡ÛvR 96/98 Gi †h †Kvb Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g †_‡K gvB‡µvmd&U IqvW©
‡cÖvMÖvg †Lvjvi ci cÖvß gvB‡µvmd&U IqvW© †cÖvMÖv‡gi k~b¨ WKz‡g›U DB‡Ûv †`L‡Z GKB iK‡gi nq
Ges Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri my‡hvMI GKB ai‡bi| k~b¨ WKz‡g›U DB‡ÛvwU n‡jv †jLv-‡jwLi Rb¨ mv`v KvM‡Ri
g‡Zv|| Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡½ hy³ Kx-‡ev‡W© mvnv‡h¨ evsjv ev Bs‡iwR K‡¤úvR K‡i G WKz‡g›U DBÛv‡Z
wPwVcÎ cÖwZ‡e`b, cÖeÜ, Mí, KweZv BZ¨vw` †h‡Kvb wel‡qi msw¶ß ev bvwZ`xN©w welq e¯‘i †jLv-‡jwL
Kiv hvq|
‡jLv-‡jwL ev K‡¤úv‡Ri KvR †kl K‡i msi¶‡Yi D‡`¨vM wb‡j Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlvq we‡kl K‡i IqvW©
cÖ‡mwms †cÖvMÖvg WKz‡g›U ejv nq| G †¶‡Î Gi welqe¯‘ GK c„ôv n‡Z kZvwaK c„ôv ch©š— n‡Z cv‡i|
ZLb welqe¯‘‡K dvB‡ji bvg w`‡q msi¶Y Ki‡Z nq| Zvici cÖ‡Z¨KwU dvBjB wfbœ wfbœ WKz‡g›U
wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|
WKz‡g›U wcÖ›U Kivi c×wZt Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g WKz‡g›U ˆZwi Kivi ci Zvi wcÖ›U Kivi Rb¨ h_v_© c×wZMZ
cÖwµqvi AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e| mvaviYZ IqvW© WKz‡g›U ˆZwi Kivi ci cÖ‡qvRbxq me iK‡gi m¤úv`bv, c„ôvi
gvc wba©viY K‡i wcÖ›U wK iKg n‡e Zv wcÖ›U wcÖwfD K‡i †`‡L wbwðZ n‡q wcÖ›U wb‡`©k w`‡q wcÖ›U Kiv hvq|
G‡¶‡Î wZbfv‡e wcÖ›U wb‡`©k †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-
(i) Uzjevi evUb wK¬K K‡i- G‡Z mivmwi wcÖ›U ïi“ n‡e|
(ii) File ‡gby‡Z Print Ackb wba©viY K‡i|
(iii) Ctrl + p Kx-Øq †P‡c a‡i|
WKz‡g›U cÖ‡mwms, WKz‡g›U di‡gwUs ও WKz‡g›U msi¶Y t
Kw¤úDUv‡i WKz‡g›U ˆZwi, evbvb cix¶Y, m¤úv`bvi ci WKz‡g›U di‡gwUs Gi KvR Ki‡Z nq| WKz‡g›U
di‡gwUs ev P~ovš— m¾xZ KvR¸‡jv g‡a¨ D‡j L‡hvM¨ n‡jv kxl©PiY, cv`Pib, cvÙxKv, gvwR©b Ges c„ôv
b¤î ms‡hvRb| Zvici G‡K wba©vwiZ wbq‡g msi¶Y Ki‡Z nq|
WKz‡g›U cÖ‡mwmst WKz‡g›U (Document) k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q cÖgvY `wjj, cÖgvY cÎ, bw_cÎ BZ¨vw`| mvaviYZ
UvBwcs Gi gva¨‡g kã msMwVZ K‡i wjwc ˆZwii cÖ‡qvRbxq m¤úv`bv, †g‡gvwi‡Z AbywjwcKiY, msi¶Y I
gy`ªY BZ¨vw`| Gm‡ei mgwš^Z cÖwµqv‡KB WKz‡g›U cÖ‡mwms ev Document Processing ejv nq|
WKz‡g›U di‡gwUst WKz‡g›U di‡gwUs ej‡Z †Kvb WKz‡g‡›Ui evbvb cix¶Y, m¤úv`bv, †cBwRs, gvwR©b,
kxl©PiY, c`vPiY BZ¨vw`‡KB h_v_© wbq‡g m¤úbœ Kiv‡KB †evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| WKy‡g›U di‡gwUs Gi KvR
¸‡jv h_v_© wbq‡g m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq| WKz‡g›U di‡gwUs ev m¾vi P~ovš— KvR¸‡jv n‡jv h_vµ‡g kxl©PiY,
cv`PiY, cvÙxKv, †cBwRs Ges gvwR©b BZ¨vw`| wb‡P G‡ì m¤ú‡K© GKwU KvíwbK WKz‡g›U di‡gU K‡i
Av‡jvPbv Kiv I cÖ`k©b e· †`qv n‡jvt

40
wPÎt WKz‡g›U di‡gwUs
(i) cÖeÜ RvZxq cÖwZ‡e`b wKsev †Kvb cy¯—‡Ki cvÛywjwc K‡¤úvR Kivi mgq Zvi kxl©PiY ev kxl©
wk‡ivbvg wj‡L wb‡Z nq hv‡K kxl© PiY ev †nWvi ejv nq| WKz‡g‡›U †nWvi w`‡j cÖwZ c„ôvi Dc‡i
Top gvwR©b †_‡K wbw`©ó cwigvY †nWvi m„wó n‡e| mvaviYZ †nWvi e‡· cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨v wj‡L G¨v‡iv
evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j wb‡`©wkZ msL¨v wbe©vPbv K‡i †nWv‡ii Ae¯’vb †Kvb ¯’v‡b n‡e Zv wba©vwiZ n‡q hvq|
(ii) gvwR©b WKz‡g›Ui Pviw`‡K †h wbw`©ó cwigvY RvqMv duvK _v‡K Zv‡K gvwR©b ejv nq| gvwR©b Kw¤úDUv‡i
wba©vwiZ iƒc wn‡m‡e G‡m hvq| Z‡e gvwR© Kgv‡bvi evov‡bvi ¶gZv eënviKvixi i‡q‡Q| wZwb B‡”Q
g‡Zv WKz‡g‡›Ui Pvi w`‡K gvwR©b w`‡Z cv‡ib|
(iii) cv`PiYt WKz‡g‡›Ui cÖwZ c„ôvi wb‡P/Dc‡i c„ôvi b¤î Ges dg©vi msL¨v ev Ab¨ †Kvb †jLv K‡¤úvR
Ki‡Z nq| G me‡KB cv`PviY ejv nq| c„ôvi msL¨v cv`PviY Qvov Ab¨ fv‡eI mshy³ Kiv hvq| GwU
eënviKvixi B”Qvi Dci wbf©i K‡i _v‡K| cv`PviY Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úv‡Ri mgq h‡_ó mZK©Zvi mwnZ
Ki‡Z nq hv‡Z K‡i gvwR©b ev d›U †f‡½ bv hvq|
(iv) cvÙxKvt A‡bK †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUv‡i WKz‡g›U †jLvi mgq †Kvb kã ev Z‡_ï msw¶ß e¨vL¨v ev cwiPq
wn‡m‡e cvÙxKv wjL‡Z nq| G‡Z Z‡_ï Drm cwiPq Ges D³ Z‡_ï †jLK ev M‡el‡Ki cwiPq I
Z_¨ cÖš’I D‡j wLZ n‡q _v‡K|
WKz‡g›U msi¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvt WKz‡g›U ˆZwii GK ch©v‡q Z_¨ msi¶Y ev †mf K‡i wb‡Z nq| WKz‡g›U
ˆZwii mgq A_©vr K‡¤úvR Kivi mgq we`y¨r P‡j †M‡j ev †Kvb Kvi‡Y Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K we`y¨r wew”Qbœ n‡q
†M‡j K‡¤úvR Kiv welqe¯‘ nvwi‡q hvq| we`y¨r P‡j †M‡j A¯’vqx ¯§„wZ‡Z we`¨gvb wKQyB Aewkó _v‡K bv|
A¯’vqx ¯§„wZ fvÛvi m¤ú~Y© k~b¨ n‡q hvq| wKš‘ K‡¤úvR Kiv welqe¯‘‡K c~‡e©B †mf K‡i wb‡j mKj K‡¤úvR
Kiv welqe¯‘ mnvqK ¯§„wZ †hgb nvW© wW‡¯‹ P‡j hvq| ZLb nvW© wW‡¯‹ msi¶Y Kiv welqe¯‘ we`y¨r P‡j †M‡jI
Avi gy‡Q hv‡e bv ev AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e| myZivs †Kvb welqe¯‘ K‡¤úvR Kivi mgq K‡qK jvBb K‡¤úvR
K‡iB Zv msi¶Y K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| hv c‡iI K‡¤úvR n‡e| hv c‡iI K‡¤úvR n‡e Zv me©‡kl ch©š— we`y¨r
weåv‡UI msiw¶Z _vK‡e|
gvwR©b
gvwR©b gvwR©b
gvwR©b
kxl©PiY c„ôv bs
WKz‡g›U
cvÙxKv

41
AvBKb, DB‡ÛvR Ges †gbyevi wPwýZKiY I eënvi t
Kw¤úDUvi cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î AvBKb, DB‡ÛvR Ges †gbyevi wPwýZKiY Ges G‡ì eënviKiY AZ¨vš—
¸i“Z¡c~~~Y©| G‡ì Kvh© cÖK…wZI GK iKg bq|
AvBKb (Icon)t AvBKb n‡”Q Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW© wW¯‹, d¬wc wW¯‹, dvBj †dvìvi Ges U¨vk BZ¨vwì cÖZxKx
wPÎ| nvW© wW¯‹ AvB‡Kv‡bi Dci gvDm c‡q›Uvi ¯’vcb K‡i Wvej wK¬K Ki‡j nvW© wW‡¯‹i WvB‡i±ix DB‡ÛvR
Ly‡j hvq| ZLb Gi wfZ‡i nvW© wW‡¯‹i we`¨gvb dvBj, †dvìvi Ges ‡cÖvMÖvg mg~‡ni ZvwjKv cvIqv hvq|
Zvici G ZvwjKv n‡Z gvB‡µvmd&U IqvW© †cÖvMÖv‡gi AvBKb Wvej wK¬K Ki‡j gvB‡µvmd&U IqvW© †cÖvMÖvg
Ly‡j hvq| A_©vr Kw¤úDUv‡ii c`©vq gvB‡µvmd&U IqvW© †cÖvMÖv‡gi k~b¨ c`v© G‡m hvq ev k~b¨ WKz‡g›U DB‡ÛvR
G‡m hvq|
DB‡ÛvR (Windows) t DB‡ÛvR n‡jv †Lvjv Rvbvjvi g‡Zv| †Lvjv Rvbvjv w`‡q †hgb N‡ii †fZ‡ii Ask
we‡kl Ges wRwblcÎ †`Lv hvq †Zgwbfv‡e Kw¤úDUv‡iI DB‡ÛvR ev †Lvjv Rvbvjv w`‡q Gi †fZ‡ii Ask
we‡kl ‡`Lv hvq| cÖwZwU DB‡Ûv‡ZB †¯‹vi evi, †¯‹vi Zxi Ges mvBR e· _v‡K| mvBR e‡· Wvej wK¬K K‡i
DB‡Ûv cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Dc‡i wb‡P Ges cvkvcvwk c`©vi mgvb LÛ Kiv hvq| Avevi G‡K GK GKwU k‡ãi mgvb
†QvU K‡iI Avbv hvq|
‡gbyevi (Menu Bar)t Kw¤úDUv‡ii c`v©i G‡Kev‡i Dc‡i GK mvwi‡Z File, Edit, View, Label,
Special BZ¨vw` †jLv _v‡K| G mvwiwU‡K ejv nq †gbyevi| File Edit kã ¸‡jv n‡”Q G‡KKwU ‡gbyi bvg|
cÖ‡Z¨KwU †gbyi Aaxb A‡bK¸‡jv KgvÛ _v‡K| ‡gby‡Z h_v_© wbq‡g wK¬K Ki‡j mswk ó ‡gbyi wb‡P D³ †gbyi
Aax‡b KgvÛ¸‡jv †`Lv hvq| Gme KgvÛ eënvi K‡i †W¯‹Uc ev dvBÛvi †j‡f‡j wW¯‹ eë¯’vcbvi KvR
Ki‡Z nq| †gbyev‡ii g‡ZvB UvB‡Uj ev‡i nvW©wW¯‹, d¬wc wW¯‹, dvBj †dvìvi BZ¨vw` bvg †jLv _v‡K| Avevi
d¬wc wW‡¯‹ †Kvb bvg †`qv bv _vK‡j UvB‡Uj ev‡i ïay Untitle †jLv _vK‡e|
IqvW© cÖ‡mwms
Kw¤úDUvi wfwËK GKwU ¯^qswµq cÖwµqvKiY c×wZB n‡jv IqvW© cÖ‡mwms| G c×wZ‡Z kã msMwVZ K‡i
WKz‡g›U ‰Zwi, dvBj AbywjwcKiY, WKz‡g‡›Ui Z_¨ msi¶Y I cwi‡ekb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| gyjZt WKz‡g›U ˆZwi
Ges IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Gi wbwg‡Ë eëüZ GK we‡kl ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi eë¯’v‡KB IqvW© cÖ‡mwms ejv nq| Z‡e
†Kvb mvaviY Kw¤úDUviI hLb IqvW© cÖ‡mwms †cÖvMÖvg wbe©vn Kivi gva¨‡g WKz‡g›Ub cÖ‡mm Kiv nq ZLb H
mg‡qi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUviwU IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡ii iƒc †bq| IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Gi Rb¨ eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi c¨v‡KR
†cÖvMÖvg evRv‡i cvIqv hvq| †hgb- MS IqvW©, IqvW© cvi‡d±, IqvW© ÷vi, wWm‡c ivBUvi, W·ivBUvi Latex
Ges g¨vKivBwU BZ¨vw`| eûj cÖPwjZ IqvW© cª‡mwms †cÖvMÖvg|
IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡ii Dc‡hvwMZvt IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Gi †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUv‡ii eûwea Dc‡hvwMZv i‡q‡Q| G‡ì cÖfv‡e
Kw¤úDUvi eënv‡ii êwPÎ¨gqZv G‡m‡Q| eZ©gv‡b Av‡gwiKvi weL¨vZ gvB‡µvmd&U K‡c©v‡ikb KZ…©K
evRviRvZK…Z gvB‡µvmd&U IqvW© ev ms‡¶‡c MS IqvW© IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Gi eûj eëüZ DbœZ IqvW© cª‡mwms
†cÖvMÖvg| mviv we‡k¦i me©ÎB IBM Ges G¨vcj Dfq Kw¤úDUv‡iB Gi †cÖvMÖvgwU e¨vcKfv‡e eëüZ n‡”Q| †gby
Ges AvBKb wfwËK G ‡cÖvMÖvgwU mn‡RB Pvjbv K‡i IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Gi hveZxq KvR Kiv hvq| cÖ_g cÖeZ©‡bi
mgq n‡Z GLb ch©š— MS Iqv‡W©i A‡bK DbœZZi ms¯‹iY ev fvm©b Pvjy n‡q‡Q| cieZ©x fvm©‡b Av‡Mi
fvm©‡bi Zzjbvq DbœZZi my‡hvM myweav i‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨vcK wfwËK eënvi mywbwðZ Ki‡Y
IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡ii eënvwiK ¸i“Z¡ ev Dcv‡hvwMZv AZ¨š— e¨vcK|
IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡ii myweavt Kw¤úDUv‡i IqvW© cÖ‡mmi w`‡q eûwea KvR Kiv hvq| Gi cÖfv‡e Kw¤úDUv‡ii
eënvwiK ¸i“Z¡ eûgyLxZv †c‡q‡Q| Kw¤úDUv‡i IqvW© cª‡mmi w`‡q wjwc cÖ¯‘‡Zi †¶‡Î wb‡æv³ myweavewj
cvIqv hvq| †hgb-
1. †jLvi gvSLv‡b bZzb †Kvb †jLv mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv hvq Ges AcÖ‡qvRbxq †Kvb †jLv gy‡Q †`qv hvq|

42
2. ‡jLvi †h †Kvb Ask Ab¨ †h †Kvb As‡k Kwc K‡i ¯’vbvš—wiZ Kiv hvq|
3. GK dvB‡ji †jLv Ab¨ dvB‡j ms‡hvRb Kiv hvq|
4. ‡Kvb kã e`wj‡q ¯^qswµqfv‡e Ab¨ †Kvb kã emv‡bv hvq|
5. evbvb fyj wKsev e¨vKiYMZ fyj wbY©q I ms‡kvab Kiv hvq|
6. GKB ai‡bi †jLvi KvR evievi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j KvRwU‡K GKwU gvÎ KgvÛ w`‡q msi¶Y K‡i
h_v¯’v‡b eënvi Kiv hvq|
7. wewfbœfv‡e †jLv‡K mw¾Z K‡i ¯’vqxfv‡e gy`ª‡Y hvIqv hvq|
8. ‡jLv‡K †QvU eo Kiv hvq Ges ‡mŠ›`h©¨ ea©‡bi KvR m¤úv`b Kiv hvq|
9. GKB dvB‡ji g~j †jLvi mv‡_ Ab¨ dvB‡ji msiw¶Z wVKvbv Ges Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ mshy³ K‡i dg© †jUvi
ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
10. me©‡k‡l cÖ¯‘ZK…Z wjwc‡K fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ eënv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ msi¶Y Kiv hvq|
K‡qKwU RbwcÖq IqvW© cÖ‡mmi
eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦ eû ai‡bi IqvW© cÖ‡mmi cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| Z‡e eûj eëüZ K‡qKwU IqvW© cÖ‡mmi c¨v‡K‡Ri
D`vniY wb‡æ ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡jv-
1. gvB‡µv md&UIq¨vi IqvW© (Microsoft Word)
2. IqvW© cvi‡d± (Word Perfect)’
3. j¨v‡U· (Latex)
4. IqvW© ÷vi (Word Star)
5. g¨vK ivBwU (Mac write)
6. Gg.Gm. IqvW© (MS- Word)
7. wWm‡c ivBU (Display Write)
Gg.Gm. IqvW©t Av‡gwiKvi weL¨vZ gvB‡µvmd&U K‡cv©‡ikb KZ…©K evRviRvZK…Z gvB‡µvmd&U IqvW© ev
ms‡¶‡c MS IqvW© †cÖvMÖvg LyeB RbwcÖq Ges eûj eëüZ DbœZ IqvW© cÖ‡mwms †cÖvcÖvg| mviv we‡k¦i me©ÎB
IBM Ges A¨vcj Dfq Kw¤úDUv‡iB G †cÖvMÖvgwU e¨vcKfv‡e eëüZ n‡”Q| AvR MS IqvW© †cÖvMÖvg LyeB
RbwcÖq Ges eûj eëüZ n‡”Q| Kvh© †¶‡Î Gi eënvwiK ¸i“Z¡ A‡bK †ewk| G ‡cÖvMÖv‡gi cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j
mviv we‡k¦ Kw¤úDUvi eënv‡ii RbwcÖqZv eû¸‡Y †e‡o‡Q|
Gg.Gm Iqv‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ WKz‡g›U ˆZwit
1. Gg.Gm. IqvW© Kw¤úDUv‡ii DB‡ÛvR 95/98 Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g KvR Kivi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii ON myB‡P
Pvc w`‡jB wKQy¶Y ci gwbU‡ii c`©vq DB‡ÛvR 95/98 †W·Uc cwi‡ek †`Lv hv‡e|
2. ‡W·U‡ci wb‡P Uv· eivei ev‡ii evg w`‡K ÷vU© G gvDm c‡q›Uvi wb‡q wK¬K Ki‡j c`©vq wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvg
Ges †dvìvi ZvwjKv cvIqv hv‡e|
3. G ZvwjKv n‡Z Program G wK¬K Ki‡j wewfbœ †cÖvMÖv‡gi bv‡gi ZvwjKv cvIqv hvq| G ZvwjKv n‡Z
gvB‡µvmd&U IqvW© G wK¬K Ki‡j gvB‡µvmd&U †cÖvMÖvg Pvjy nq|
4. DB‡ÛvR 95/98 †Lvjvi ci duvKv WKz‡g›U cvIqv hvq| WKz‡g›U †h‡Kvb bvg w`‡qB Save K‡i Zv‡Z †h
†Kvb KvR Kiv hvq|
wcÖ›U Kivi c×wZt Gg.Gm IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Gi gva¨‡g IqvW© WKz‡g›U ˆZwi Kivi ci cÖ‡qvRbxq me iKg
m¤úv`bv, c„ôvi gvc wba©viY K‡i wcÖ›U †Kgb n‡e Zv wcÖ›U wcÖwfD K‡i †`‡L wbwðZ n‡q wcÖ›U wb‡`©k w`‡q wcÖ›U
Kiv hvq| wZb fv‡e wcÖ›U wb‡`©k †`qv hvq-
1. Uzjev‡ii evU‡b wK¬K K‡i wcÖ›U w`‡Z n‡e|
2. File ‡gby‡Z Print Ackb wbe©vPb K‡i|
3. (Ctrl +P) Kx Øq †P‡c|

43
†W·Uc cvewjwks এবং Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq nvW©Iq¨vi Ges md&UIq¨vi t
‡W·Uct †W‡·i Dci ivLv hvq Ggb gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi Ges Avbymw½K nvW©Iq¨vi I md&UIq¨v‡ii mvnv‡h¨
cÖKvkbvi cÖvK gy`ª‡Yi hveZxq KvR Kiv‡KB †W·Uc cvewjwks ejv nq| G‡Z K‡i mgq, kªg I A‡_©i mvkªq
n‡q _v‡K| G‡Z K‡i KvR nq wbLuyZ I SKS‡K| mvaviYZ Gi mvnv‡h¨ eB cy¯—K, cÎ cwÎKv, mvgwqKx,
wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi K¨vUvjM, evwl©K cÖwZ‡e`b BZ¨vw` gy`ª‡Yi mgq A‡bK¸‡jv avc AwZµg K‡i Kvh© m¤úbœ
Ki‡Z nq|
mvaviY cvewjwks Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx wewfbœ ai‡bi nvW©Iq¨vi Ges md&UIq¨vi eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
G‡¶‡Î wb‡æv³¸‡jv Ab¨Zg|
nvW©Iq¨v‡ii bvgt cvewjwks Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq nvW©q¨vi mg~‡ni g‡a¨ wb‡æv³¸‡jv Ab¨ZgÑ
1. g‡Uv‡ivjv
2. Bb‡Uj
3. ‡eW K· BZ¨vw`|
md&UIq¨v‡ii bvgt cvewjwks Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq md&UIq¨vi mg~‡ni g‡a¨ wb‡æv³¸‡jv Ab¨Zg| †hgb-
1. MS IqvW© (G‡cj)
2. gvB‡µvmd&U IqvW© (IBM)
3. gvB‡µvmd&U cvIqvi c‡q›U|
4. gvB‡µvmd&U G‡·j|
5. ‡cBR †gKvi|
6. ‡KvqvK©|
7. ‡iwW‡mU †Mv|
8. d‡Uvkc BZ¨vw`|
‡W· cvewjwks cÖhyw³i m~Pbv Ges cÖmvit evsjv‡`‡k †W· cvewjwks Gi hvÎv ïi“ n‡q‡Q 1987 mvj n‡Z|
ZLb Rbve †gv¯—dv ReŸvi m¤úvw`Z mvßvwnK Avb›`cÎ cwÎKv cÖKvkbvi ga¨ w`‡q Gi Kvh©µg ïi“
n‡q‡Q| wZwbB me©cÖ_g evsjv‡`‡k G¨vc‡ji †gwKb‡Uvk Kw¤úDUvi Ges †jRvi ivBUvi eënvi K‡i Zvi
m¤úvw`Z mvßvwnK Avb›`cÎ cÖKvk K‡ib 1987 mv‡ji 16B †g Zvwi‡L| GKB eQi 12 †m‡Þ¤î Zvwi‡L Ab¨
Avi GKwU cÖKvkbvq †WBjx wbDR bv‡g Avi GKwU Bs‡iwR cwÎKv cÖKvwkZ nq|
Avb›`cÎ Ges †WBjx wbD‡Ri c‡i mvßvwnK ZviKv‡jvK I ˆ`wbK AvRv` †W·Uc cvewjwks Gi RM‡Z cÖ‡ek
K‡i| msev`cÎ Ges cÖKvkbvi RM‡Z †W·Uc cvewjwks e¨vcK eënvi Z¡ivwš^^Z Kivi Rb¨ Rbve †gv¯—dv
ReŸvi wb‡R DbœZgv‡bi d›U ˆZwii †Póvq wb‡qvwRZ nb Ges msev`cÎ I cÖKvkbvi RM‡Zi m‡½ wb‡qvwRZ
e¨w³eM©‡K G‡Z m¤ú„³ n‡q eëmvwqK Kvh© Pvwj‡q †bevi Rb¨ DØy× K‡ib|
‡W·Uc cvewjwks (DTP) n‡jv g~jZt gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖvK gy`ªY ch©v‡qi KvR m¤úbœ Kivi
GKwU cÖwµqv| Avgv‡ì †`‡k gy`ª‡Yi `y‡Uv c×wZ Pvjy wQj| Gi GKwU n‡jv †jUvi †cÖm gy`ªY c×wZ Avi
GKwU n‡jv Ac‡mU gy`ªY c×wZ| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b Ac‡mU c×wZ‡Z gy`ª‡Yi Rb¨ †W·Uc cvewjwks cÖwµqvi ïi“
‡_‡K †c U ˆZwii c~e© ch©š— me¸‡jv KvR GKwU gvÎ gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ m¤úbœ Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
Avi Kw¤úDUv‡ii IqvU web¨vm cÖwµqvi KvR Kiv nq IqvW© cÖ‡mwms †cÖvMÖv‡gi eënvi K‡i| wcÖw›Us G eZ©gv‡b
mKj cÖKvi gy`ª‡Yi KvR Kiv nq Kw¤úDUvi eënvi K‡i|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq Avgv‡ì †`‡k Kw¤úDUvi eënvi K‡i gy`ª‡Yi Kv‡h©i AMÖhvÎv ïi“ K‡i †W·Uc cvewjwks
gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi| Kv‡RB Gi eënvwiK ¸i“Z¡ A‡bK Lvwb †ewk| Gi cÖfv‡e AvR Avgv‡ì gy`ªY RMr eû
êwPÎ¨Zvq †kvwfZ n‡q‡Q|

44
evsjv IqvW© cÖ‡mwms t
IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Kw¤úDUv‡ii GKwU ¯^qswµq cÖwµqvKiY cÖwµqv| G c×wZ‡Z kã msMwVZ K‡i WKz‡g›U ˆZwi,
dvBj, AbywjwcKiY, WKz‡g‡›Ui Z_¨ msi¶Y I cwi‡ekb Kiv m¤¢e n‡q _v‡K| IqvW© cÖ‡mwms G IqvW©
cÖ‡mmi eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Avgv‡ì †`‡k evsjv IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Gi Kv‡R evsjv‡`k cÖ‡KŠkj
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Awe¯§iYxq Ae`vb i‡q‡Q| এছাড়া মা ফা জা ার কতৃ ক আবৃ ৃত িবজয়, এবং
সা িতক সমেয় অ খুবই জনি য়তা পেয়েছ।
evsjv IqvW© cÖ‡mwmst Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ evsjv fvlvq †jLv †jwLi KvR KivB n‡”Q evsjv IqvW© cÖ‡mwms|
evsjvq IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Gi †¶‡Î eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡ì A‡bK mywe¯Z…Z| G †`‡ki mKj Awdm Av`vjZ eëmv
cÖwZôvb, `ßi, wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b eëüZ Kw¤úDUv‡i evsjv IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Gi eûj eënvi i‡q‡Q| evsjvq
IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Gi †¶‡Î evsjv‡`k cÖ‡KŠkj wek¦we`¨vjq, my`xN© cuvP eQi M‡elYv K‡i (1982-1984) cÖ_g
ÒweUmÓ cwÎKvq 1g Ges 2q msL¨vq evsjvq IqvW© cÖ‡mwms eënvi K‡ib| Zvici mvBdz‡Ïvnv knx‡ì ˆZwi
evsjv md&UIq¨vi evRv‡i Av‡m| Gfv‡eB ch©vqµ‡g Av‡iv eû †jvK Ges †Kv¤úvbxi cÖ‡Póvq evsjv IqvW©
cÖ‡mwms Gi Dbœqb nq|
evsjv IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Gi md&UIq¨vit evsjvq IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Gi KZ¸‡jv RbwcÖq Ges eûj cÖPwjZ IqvW©
cÖ‡mwms md&UIq¨vi i‡q‡Q| wb‡æ Zvi K‡qKwUi Dc¯’vcbv Kiv n‡jv-
1. knx` wjwc md&UIq¨vi|
2. weRq md&UIq¨vi|
3. ‡gwKb‡Uvm MÖvwdK¨vj md&UIq¨vi|
4. AvBweGg Gi wcwm DB‡ÛvR md&UIq¨vi|
5. evsjv w¯ŒÞ B›Uvi †dR wm‡÷g md&UIq¨vi|
6. evsjv d›U md&UIq¨vi|
7. অ ইউিনেকাড/ অ ফেন কস
8. evsjv weUg¨vc md&UIq¨vi BZ¨vw`|
9.
RbwcÖq evsjv d«›Ut evsjvq †hme d«›U AZ¨š— RbwcÖq †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wb‡æv³¸‡jv we‡klfv‡e cwiwPZ|
1. Z¤^x 6. mykªx 11. P›`ªveZx
2. myZ¤^x 7. wiswK 12. hgybv
3. Avb›` 8. mvewibv 13. Ksm
4. Avb›`cÎ 9. iv‡eqv 14. ˆkevj
5. myZ¤^x kªx 10 †gNbv 15. eKzj BZ¨vw`|
m¨vÛvW© IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Gi myweavt m¨vÛvW© IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Gi eûwea my‡hvM myweav i‡q‡Q| wb‡æ †m¸‡jv
ch©vqµ‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv-
1. mn‡RB wjwc‡Z kã, evK¨, c¨viv ms‡hvRb Ges AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ask gy‡Q †`qv m¤¢e|
2. wjwci Ask GK ¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨ ¯’v‡b ¯’vbvš—iY m¤¢e nq|
3. GK dvBj n‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq Ask Ab¨ dvB‡j ¯’vbvš—iY Kiv m¤¢e|
4. wjwci †Kvb k‡ãi cwieZ©‡b ¯^qswµqfv‡e bZzb kã emv‡bv m¤¢e nq|
5. evbvb I e¨vKiYMZ fyj wbY©q Ges ms‡kvab Kiv m¤¢e|
6. wewfbœ AvK‡i KvM‡R ¯’vqx wjwc cÖ¯‘Z m¤¢e nq|
7. †g‡gvwi‡Z wjwc msi¶Y Ges cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi ZvwM‡` msiw¶Z wjwc Abywjwc cÖ¯‘Z Kiv m¤¢e|
8. ‡g‡gvwi‡Z msiw¶Z WKz‡g›U KvM‡R gyw`ªZ Kiv hvq|
9. ‡g‡gvwi‡Z msiw¶Z WKz‡g›U cÖ‡qvR‡b Ab¨ †Kvb gva¨‡g †cÖiY Kiv m¤¢e nq|

45
10. cÖ‡qvR‡bi ZvwM‡` wjwc‡K wewfbœfv‡e †mŠ›`h© e„w× Kiv wKsev c¨vivq mvRv‡bv m¤¢e nq|
Avro Keyboard
Avro Keyboard is distributed under Creative Commons
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alter/modify/decompile any of its parts. Avro as a Unicode
writing system introduced by Omicronlab
Avro Bangla Writing software can be downloaded free from
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Kw¤úDUv‡ii d›U
d‡›Ui MVbt Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kvh©µ‡g evsjvq wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi ˆZwi wjwcgvjv Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì †`qv bv‡g
cwiwPZ| AvK…wZi w`K †_‡K G‡ì wfbœZv Kg| A_©vr AvK…wZMZ w`K †_‡K G‡ì wfbœZv Kg weavq G‡ì
eënvwiK Ae¯’vqI wfbœZv A‡c¶vK…Z Kg nq| d‡›Ui MVbv wfbœZv cwijw¶Z nq weavq Kvh©KvwiZvI
wfbœZvc~Y©| Avb›` Kw¤úDUv‡ii A‡bK¸‡jv wjvwcgvjv Av‡Q| †hgb- Avb›`, Avb›`cÎ, wibwK, P›`ªveZx,
myZ¤^x, gûqv, †gNbv, XvKvi wPwV, cvÛywjwc, mykªx, myZ¤^x, kÖx BZ¨vw`|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvDUcyU wWfvB‡m eënv‡ii w`K n‡Z wjwcgvjv‡K Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb-
1. weUg¨vc d›U|
2. AvDU jvBb d›U|
3. ¯‹xb d›U I wcÖ›Uvi d›U|
4. UvBc-1 Ges Uz-UvBc d›U
1. weUg¨vc d›Ut weUg¨vc ˆZwi nq AmsL¨ WU ev wc‡·‡ji mgš^‡q| WvUv ev wc‡·‡ji mvnv‡h¨ ˆZwi
†gwUª‡·i wfwË‡ZB weUg¨vc d›U ˆZwi nq| Avov-Avwo Ges Lvov-Lvwo †iLv mg~‡ni cvi¯úwiK †Q‡ì
d‡j m„ó mgvb gv‡ci eM©‡¶Î¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUB n‡jv GK GKwU wc‡·j| wc‡·j n‡jv Qwe ev cÖwZwe¯^
Gi ¶z`ªZg Ask ev Dcv`vb| weUg¨vc d›U‡K MÖvwd· d›UI ejv nq|
2. AvDU jvBb d›Ut AvDU jvBb d›U ˆZwi Kiv nq MvwYwZK dig~jvi wn‡me wbKvk Ges gvc‡Rv‡Li
mvnv‡h¨| AvDU jvB‡bi d‡›Ui A¶i¸‡jv‡K †MvjvKvi Ask ev †Kvb¸‡jv Ges j¤^v I mij †iLv¸‡jv
ˆZwi nq m~² MvwYwZK gvc‡Rv‡Li wfwË‡Z| Kv‡RB AvDU jvB‡bi A¶i¸‡jv hZB †QvU eo †nvK bv †Kb
weK…Z nq bv ev †f‡½ hvq bv| Kw¤úDUv‡i GKwU †m‡Ui wfwË‡ZB AvDU jvBb d‡›Ui A¶i †h †Kvb
AvKv‡i eo Kiv hvq Ges gy`ªY †bqv hvq| mvaviYZ †Kvb †Kvb wcÖ›Uv‡iI AvDU jvBb d›U †`qv _v‡K|
AvDU jvBb d‡›Ui Ab¨Zg cÖ¯‘ZKvwi cÖwZôvb n‡jv Adobe System Inc.
3. ¯‹xb d›U I wcÖ›Uvi d›Ut ¯‹xb d›U n‡”Q gwbU‡ii c`©vq cª`k©‡bi Rb¨ ˆZwi weUg¨vc d›U| ga¨g
†iRy‡jk‡bi gwbU‡i G ai‡bi weUg¨vc d›U †`‡L Gi cÖK…Z gyw`ªZ iƒc wK n‡e Zv †evSv hvq bv| we‡kl
K‡i AvBweGg wcwm KcvwUej Kw¤úDUv‡i Wm Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g KvR Kivi mgq gwbU‡i Gai‡bi d›U
†`Lv hvh| A¶i eo Kiv, †gvUv Kiv, BUvwjK Kiv BZ¨vw` bvbv iKg êwkó¨ Av‡ivc Kivi ciI c`©vq
we`¨gvb A¶‡ii †Kvb cwieZ©b †evSv hvq bv| mvaviYZ D”P †iRy‡jk‡bi wcÖ›Uvi ev †jRvi wcÖ›Uv‡i Gme
êwkó¨ gyw`ªZ n‡q _v‡K|

46
4. UvBc-1 Ges Uz-UvBc d›U t Adobe †cv÷ w¯ŒÞ d‡›Ui `yÕwU dvBj _v‡K| Gi GKwU‡K ejv nq weUg¨vcW
Ges Ab¨wU‡K UvBc-1| GK mgq d‡›Ui AvaywbK cÖhyw³ n‡jv Uªy-UvBc| G Uªy UvBc DB‡ÛvR Ges
‡gw·b‡Uvk Dfq cÖKv‡ii Kw¤úDUv‡i eënvi Kiv hvq| eZ©gv‡b G¨vcj D™¢vweZ G cÖhyw³‡Z GKwU d›U
dvBj _v‡K Ges †mB d›U dvBjwUB gwbUi Ges wcÖ›Uvi eënvi K‡i|
5. ‡mwid Ges †mÝ ‡mwidt AvK…wZMZ w`K n‡Z Bs‡iwR d›U‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v-
K. ‡mwid L. †mÝ †mwid|
mvaviYZ ejv hvq ‡mwid d‡›Ui A¶i¸‡jv †kl cÖvš— ch©š— evov‡bv _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K †mÝ ‡mwi‡d d‡›Ui
†kl cªvš—¸‡jv _v‡K mgvb| UvBg ‡ivgvb †Mv‡Îi d›U¸‡jv †mwid Ges †nj‡ewUK ‡Mv‡Îi d›U¸‡jv n‡”Q ‡mÝ
†mwid d‡›Ui D`vniY| Kvh©‡¶‡Î †mwid d›U Ges †mÝ ‡mwid d›U AZxe ¸i“Z¡c~~Y©|
dvBj cÖwµqvKiY, WvUv msMVb ও i¨vbWg G¨vK‡mj gvBj cÖwµqvKiY
GKvwaK †iK‡W©i mgš^‡q MwVZ nq GKwU dvBj| Avi Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨ dvB‡ji Af¨š—ixY Z_¨vw`‡KB ejv nq WvUv
(Data)| dvB‡ji Af¨š—‡i wewfbœfv‡e WvUv msMwVZ Kiv hvq| G‡¶‡Î wmKz‡qwÝqvj WvUv msMVb wKsev i¨vbWg
G¨vK‡mj gvBj cÖwµqv we‡klfv‡e D‡j L‡hvM¨|
WvUv msMVbt Kw¤úDUvi WvUv msMVb AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡en| G Zvrch©c~Y© Kvh©wU AZ¨š— mZK©Zvi mwnZ Ki‡Z nq|
Kw¤úDUvi¯’ †Kvb dvB‡ji Z_¨vw`‡KB WvUv ejv nq| dvB‡ji Af¨š—ixY I Z_¨vw`‡K we‡kl wbq‡g mvRv‡bv ev web¨vm
Kivi cÖwµqv‡KB WvUv msMVb ejv nq| dvBj¯’ WvUv msVb cÖavbZ `yB cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K|
K. wmKz‡qbwmqvj dvBj WvUv msMVb
L. i¨vbWg ev WvB‡i± dvBj WvUv msMVb|
dvBj WvUv msMV‡bi mv‡_ wb‡æv³ welqmg~n mswk ó _v‡K| †hgb-
1. wmKz‡qbwmqvj G¨v‡mmt †PŠ¤^K †Uc I †PŠ¤^K wW¯‹
2. Random G‡mmt †PŠ¤^K wW¯‹|
3. wmKz‡qbwmqvj G¨vK‡mm †g_W|
4. Bb‡W· wmKz‡qbwmqvj G¨vK‡mm †g_W|
5. Kx UvÝdvi‡ikb
6. Bb‡W· wjs wjó|
7. WvB‡i± G¨vK‡mm BZ¨vw`|
i¨vbWg G¨vK‡mm dvBj cÖwµqvKiY
i¨vbWg G¨vK‡mm dvBj cÖwµqvKiY WvB‡i± bbwmKz‡qbwmqvj wiwjwUf dvBj bv‡g cwiwPZ| G dvB‡j †iKW© mg~n
†Kvb µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡bv _v‡K bv Ges cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Rb¨ dvBj‡K mU© Ki‡Z nq bv| Z‡e †iKW© mbv³Ki‡Yi Rb¨
†iKW© Kx, c‡q›Uvi, Ges Bb‡W‡·i cÖ‡qvRb cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| G‡¶‡Î †Kvb dvB‡ji mv‡_ Zvr¶wYKfv‡e ms‡hvM I
dvBj AvaywbKxKiY Kiv m¤¢e nq| i¨vbWg dvB‡ji Rb¨ mivmwi ms‡hvM †hvM¨ ¯§„wZ eënvi Kiv nq Ges Dr‡mi
Abyµ‡g Dcv`vb‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i †`qv nq|
i¨vbWg G¨vK‡mm dvBj cÖwµqvKi‡Yi †¶‡Î Kx †evW© I cÖ`k©‡bi gwbUihy³ WvUv Gw›U Uvwg©bv‡ji gva¨‡g
Drm Dcv`vb‡K mwVKfv‡e wW‡¯‹ msi¶Y Kiv nq| G cÖwµqvKi‡Yi mgq gv÷vi gvB‡ji Drm DcvË‡K mU
Ki‡Z nq bv Ges gv÷vi gvBj‡K Zvr¶wYKfv‡e AvaywbKKxKiY Kiv hvq| G Qvov Avc‡WU †cªvMvg eënvi
DcvË cÖwµqvKi‡Yi gva¨‡g Drm Dcv‡Ëi wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq wi‡cvU© ˆZwi Kiv nq| GLv‡b †h‡nZz Iì
gv÷vi dvBj ej‡Z wKQy _v‡K bv †m‡nZz cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i gv‡S gv‡S †PŠ¤^K †U‡c dvB‡ji e¨vK Avc Kwc
ivLv nq| wb‡æ i¨vbWg G¨vK‡mm dvBj cÖwµqvKiY wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-

47
wPÎt i¨vbWg G¨vK‡mm dvBj cÖwµqvRvZKiY
i¨vbWg G¨vK‡mm dvB‡ji myweavt i¨vbWg G¨vK‡mm dvB‡ji myweavewj wb‡æ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv-
1. mivmwi ms‡hvM Uvwg©bv‡ji gva¨‡g UªvÝ‡RKkb WvUv eënvi K‡i Zvr¶wYKfv‡e gv÷vi †iKW© AvaywbKxKiY Kiv
hvq|
2. mswk ó †iKW© AbymÜvb K‡i AvaywbKxKiY KvR nq|
3. m¤ú~Y© dvBj co‡Z nqbv e‡j mgq I LiP Kg nq|
4. ‡iKW© AbymÜv‡b mgq Lye Kg jv‡M|
5. GKmv‡_ GKvwaK dvBj AvaywbKxKiY Kiv hvq|
i¨vbWg G¨vK‡mm dvB‡ji Amyweavt i¨vbWg G¨vK‡mm dvB‡ji Amyweavmg~n wb‡æ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jvÑ
1. cÖwµqvKi‡Yi d‡j Av‡Mi †iKW© wejyß nq|
2. GKvwaK eënviKvixi GKB dvBj eënvi Ki‡j Zvi eë¯’v _v‡K bv|
3. RwUj †cÖvMÖv‡gi †¶‡Î G c×wZi ev¯—evqb KóKi|
i¨vbWg G¨vK‡mm dvBj cÖwµqvKiY AZ¨š— Kómva¨| ZvB h_v_© mZK©Zv Ges g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i Kw¤úDUvi Acv‡iUi
K‡i G cÖwµqvKi‡Y †h‡Z nq| bZzev mg¯— dvBj G‡jv‡g‡jv n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| G c×wZ‡Z KvR Kivi †hgb myweav
Av‡Q †Zgwb AmyweavI G‡Kev‡i Kg bq| Kv‡RB G‡¶‡Î mZK© c`PviYv Avek¨K|
কি উটােরর ভাষা - D”P¯—‡ii fvlv
fvlv n‡jv †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g| fvlvi gva¨‡g gvbyl ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ g‡bi fv‡ei Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| fvlv
ms¯‹…wZ‡K mRxe iv‡L| Kw¤úDUvi GKwU B‡jKUªwbK hš¿ we‡kl Gi gva¨‡g eûwea KvR Kiv hvq| Gi wb‡Ri GKwU
fvlv Av‡Q hvi bvg †cÖvMÖv‡gi fvlv| KviY Kw¤úDUvi Zvi †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvi gva¨‡gB KvR K‡i _v‡K| Zvi GgwbB GKwU
†cÖvMÖv‡gi fvlv n‡jv D”P¯—‡ii fvlv|
D”P¯—‡ii fvlvt Kw¤úDUv‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡gi fvlv ¸‡jv‡K cÖavbZ wbæ¯—i, ga¨¯—i Ges D”P¯—i G wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv
n‡q _v‡K| Kw¤úDUv‡ii †ewmK, wm (C), wm ++ (C++) c¨vmKvj, †dviUªvb Ges †Kvej BZ¨vw` †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi fvlv‡KB
D”P¯—‡ii fvlv (High Level Language) ejv nq| A_©vr Kw¤úDUv‡ii †h fvlvq me©Rb †eva¨ evK¨, eY© I msL¨v
eënvi K‡i †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Kiv nq Zv‡KB Kw¤úDUv‡ii D”P¯—‡ii fvlv bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| D”P¯—‡ii fvlvq msL¨v
cÖvq 500wU| Zvi g‡a¨ BASIC, PASCAAAL, COBOL, APLE, ADA BZ¨vw` Ab¨Zg|
mvg©WKz‡g›U
GwWU I Kx n‡Z
wW‡¯‹ iƒcvš—iY
gv÷vi dvBj †iKW©
AvaywbKxKiY
wi‡cvU©
‡iKW© AvaywbKxKiY I msi¶Y
‡iKW© cVb gv÷vi dvBj
jM UªvÝ‡RKkb dvBj

48
D”P¯—‡ii fvlvqÑ‡cÖvMÖvwgs Gi †ejvq eûwea myweavwì Dcw¯’wZ i‡q‡Q| Kw¤úDUv‡ii D”P ¯—‡ii fvlv
wn‡m‡e gvby‡li gy‡Li fvlv‡KB eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| A_©vr †Kvb GKwU welq Avgiv †hfv‡e Ges †h fvlvq
eënvi K‡i _vwK D”P¯—‡ii †cÖvMÖvwgs G GKBfv‡e Ges GKB fvlvi eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Kw¤úDUv‡i
D”P¯—‡ii fvlv‡K h‡š¿i fvlvq iƒcvš—wiZ Kivi Rb¨ K¤úvBjvi, ev B›Uvi‡cÖUvi bv‡gi md&U-Iq¨vi eënvi
Kiv n‡q _v‡K| myZivs K¤úvBj ev B›Uvi †cÖUvi eënvi K‡i D”P ¯—‡ii fvlvq iwPZ †cÖvMÖvg mvgvb¨ cwieZ©b
K‡i ev †Kvb cÖKvi cwieZ©b QvovB †h‡Kvb ai‡bi Kw¤úDUv‡i eënvi Kiv hvq|
D”P¯—‡ii fvlvq ‡cÖvMÖvwgs Gi myweavt Kw¤úDUv‡i eënv‡ii Rb¨ D”P¯—‡ii fvlvq †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi eûwea myweav
i‡q‡Q| wb‡æ †mme myweavewj D‡j L Kiv n‡jvÑ
1. G fvlvq wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvgmg~n †h‡Kvb Kw¤úDUv‡i eënvi Kiv hvq|
2. G fvlv mnR Ges me©Rb †eva¨|
3. G fvlv me© mvavi‡Yi eënvi Dc‡hvMx|
4. D”P¯—‡ii fvlvq ZvovZvwo †cÖvªMªvg iPbv Kiv hvq|
5. wbæ¯—‡ii fvlvi †cÖvMÖv‡gi Pvi-cuvPwU wb‡`©‡ki RvqMvq D”P¯—‡ii fvlvq gvÎ GKwU wb‡`©k wjL‡jB P‡j|
6. Gfvlv eënv‡ii Rb¨ nvW©Iqvi Gi Dci fvj `Lj _vKvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv|
7. G‡Z wewfbœ fv‡M fvM K‡i †cÖvMÖvg mvRv‡bv _v‡K|
8. G‡Z †Kvb cÖKvi fyj _vK‡j Zv Lye mn‡RB aiv c‡o|
9. G‡¶‡Î Lye mn‡RB †cÖvMÖv‡gi ms‡hvRb we‡qvRb Kiv hvq|
10. D”P¯—‡ii fvlvi †cÖvMÖv‡g KvR Ki‡Z mgq, kªg Ges †gavi AcPq Kg n‡q _v‡K|
‡cÖvMÖvg iPbvi avc
Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbR¯^ ‡Kvb eyw× †bB| GwU wba©vwiZ †cÖvMÖv‡gi wb‡`©k †gvZv‡eK KvR K‡i _v‡K| fyj wb‡`©k w`‡j fyj
fv‡eB KvR K‡i _v‡K| G fy‡ji Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi `vqx bq; eis wb‡`©kZv`v `vqx| Kv‡RB †cÖvMÖvg iPbvi mgq ev †cÖvMªvg
eënviKvix‡K wbfy©jfv‡eB ‡cÖvMÖvg iPbv Ki‡Z n‡e| wbfy©jfv‡e Kw¤úDUv‡i †cÖvMÖvg iPbvi Rb¨ KZ¸‡jv we‡kl av‡ci
AbymiY Ki‡Z nq|
Kw¤úDUv‡i †cÖvMÖvg iPbvi †¶‡Î mvaviYZ wb‡æv³ wewfbœ avç‡jv‡K ch©vqµ‡g AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ
K. mgm¨v ev cÖ‡qvRb mbv³KiY I we‡k lY|
L. GjMwi`g I cÖevnwPÎ cÖYqb|
M. ‡cÖvMÖvg wjLb I †KvwWs|
N. ‡cÖvMÖvg ïw×KiY I WKz‡g›Ukb|
O. ‡cÖvMÖvg i¶Yv‡e¶Y|
K. mgm¨v mbv³KiY I we‡k lYt †cÖvMÖvg iPbvi cÖ_g avc n‡jv mgm¨v mbv³KiY Ges Zvi h_v_© we‡k lYKiY|
G‡¶‡Î m¤¢ve¨ me w`K n‡Z mgm¨vwUi eY©bv Kiv nq Zvici Zvi e¨vL¨v we‡k l‡Yi gva¨‡g Gi h_v_©Zv wba©viY
Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î mgm¨vi mgvav‡b MvwYwZK g‡Wj cÖ¯‘Z K‡i WvUvi mv‡_ me wKQy wgwj‡q wb‡Z nq|
cÖ‡qvR‡b Kw¤úDUvi ¯§„wZi eënvi Kiv|
L. GjMwi`g I cÖevnwPÎ cÖYqbt mgm¨vi mbv³KiY Ges e¨vL¨v we‡k lY †k‡l Zvi Gj¸wi`g Ges cÖevnwP‡Îi
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| G‡¶‡Î mgm¨vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wba©viY I GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq| †cÖvMÖv‡gi GjMwi`g Ges
cÖevn wPÎ cÖYqb K‡i Zvi Kvh©KvwiZvi w`K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z nq| G‡¶‡Î †cÖvMÖvg iPbvq K‡qK ai‡bi fw½gvi
eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
M. ‡cÖvMÖvg wjLb I †KvwWst †cÖvMÖvg cwiKíbv Ges cÖevn wPÎ ˆZwii ci cÖK…Z †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †Kvb
fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg wjL‡Z n‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i †cÖvMÖv‡gi ai‡bi Dci| G‡¶‡Î ‰eÁvwbK †KvwWs eënvi Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i| †cÖvMÖvg wjLvi Rb¨ A‡bK ai‡bi we‡kl QK KvMR eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| hv †KvwWs f~³ cªgvY|

49
N. ‡cÖvMÖvg cix¶Y I WKz‡g›Ukbt Kw¤úDUv‡i ‡cÖvMÖvg iPbvi cÖvq †kl av‡c †cÖvMÖvg‡K cix¶Y Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
†cÖvMÖv‡gi cix¶Y †k‡l Gi WKz‡g›Ukb Kiv nq| GwU GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ch©vq| G‡¶‡Î †cÖvMÖvgwU h_v_© wKbv Zv
ciL K‡i †`Lv n‡q _v‡K| KviY WvUv Ges Zvi cÖ‡qvMKiY, wjLb †j‡ewjs gWv‡iUKiY BZ¨vw` Kvh©vw` †k‡l
†cÖvMÖvg‡K WKz‡g›Uk‡b †h‡Z nq| G‡¶‡Î nvW©wW¯‹ Ges d¬wc wW¯‹ ˆZwiiI D‡`¨vM †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i|
O. ‡cÖvMÖvg i¶Yv‡e¶Yt mvaviYZ wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b I †cÖvMÖv‡gi DbœwZK‡í †cÖvMÖvg AvaywbKxKiY, cwieZ©b,
†cÖvMÖv‡gi fyj ms‡kvab, BZ¨vw` Kvh©vw` †cÖvMÖvg i¶Yv‡e¶Y Kv‡Ri Aš—f~©³| ZvQvov bZzb I DbœZZi
Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iqv‡ii mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L †cÖvMÖvg cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq| AvaywbK DcvË cÖwµqvKiY eë¯’vq
†cÖvMÖvg i¶Yv‡e¶Y e¨qeûj cÖwµqv hvi Rb¨ eo eo cÖvwZôvb M‡o D‡V‡Q|
Gj¸wi`g I †d¬vPv‡U©i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
Gj¸wi`g Ges †d¬vPv‡U©i ga¨w¯’Z cv_©K¨ wb‡æi Q‡K D‡j L Kiv n‡jvÑ
GjMwi`g ‡d¬v PvU©
1. GKwU †cÖvMÖv‡gi wewfbœ av‡ci my¯úó wbe¨vmB n‡jv
Gj¸wi`g|
2. GwU n‡jv cÖ‡qvR‡bi wfwË‡Z wbw`©ó mgvav‡b †cuŠQvi
avemg~n
3. G‡Z avç‡jv ch©vµ‡g web¨¯— _v‡K|
4. GjMwi`g Abymv‡i †cÖvMÖvg iwPZ nq|
5. GjMwi`g e¨vL¨vg~jK nvj †evaMg¨Zv Av‡m|
6. GwU A‡c¶vK…Z RwUj|
1. †d¬vPvU© n‡jv cwic~Y©© GjMwi`‡gi wPÎiƒc|
2. GwU n‡jv cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx wba©vwiZ mgvav‡b †cŠuQvi
avc mg~‡ni wPÎiƒc|
3. G‡Z GjMwi`‡gi cªwZwU av‡ci h_v_© AbymiY bvI
n‡Z cv‡i|
4. ‡d¬vPvU© GjMwi`g Abymv‡i iwPZ nq|
5. ‡d¬vPvU `„k¨gvb weavq mnR †evaMg¨|
6. ‡d¬vPvU© A‡c¶vK…Z mnR|
wm‡÷g †d¬vPvU© Ges †cÖvMÖvg †d¬vPvU
†Kvb wbw`©ó KvR mnR Ges mwVKfv‡e m¤úv`‡bi j‡¶¨ mymsev` ixwZbxwZ‡K mvaviYZ wm‡÷g bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
Avi G wm‡÷g‡K we‡k l‡Yi Rb¨ wm‡÷g †d¬vPvU© Ges †cÖvMÖv‡gi Kv‡Ri avç‡jv wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨
†cÖvMÖvg †d¬vPvU© eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
wm‡÷g †d¬vPvU©t wm‡÷g we‡k lY Z_v Dcv‡Ëi MÖnY, cÖvwµqvKiY, msi¶Y Ges djvdj cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ †h w`K wPý ev
cÖevn wPÎ eëvni Kiv nq Zv‡KB wm‡÷g †d¬vPvU© ejv nq| wm‡÷g we‡k l‡Y wm‡÷g †d¬vPvU© ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i _v‡K| G †d¬vPv‡U© DcvË cÖwµqvKi‡Yi c×wZi wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ cÖwµqvKi‡Yi cÖevn †`Lv‡bv nq| GwU w`‡q
WvUv MÖnY, cÖwµqvKiY, msi¶Y Ges djvdj cÖ`k©‡bi cÖevn Kiv nq|
wb‡æ wm‡÷g †d¬vPv‡U©i KwZcq cÖZxK mg~n D‡j L Ki n‡jvÑ

50
= cÖwµqvKiY| = g¨vby‡qj KvR|
= AdjvBb ¯§„wZ| = Kx Acv‡ikb|
= mshyw³ =MÖnY/ wbM©gb BZ¨vw`|
GKwU wm‡÷g †d¬vPv‡U©i D`vniYt mvaviY GKwU KviLvbvi GKwU wm‡÷g †d¬vPv‡U©i D`vniY wb‡æ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jvÑ
‡hLv‡b Kg©Pvix‡ì mvßvwnK †eZ‡bi wn‡me Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jvÑ
wPÎt KviLvbvi Kg©Pvix‡ì mvßvwnK †eZ‡bi wn‡m‡ei †d¬vPvU©|
‡cÖvMÖvg †d¬vPvU©t mvaviYZ Kw¤úDUv‡i †Kvb †cÖvMÖvg Gi Kv‡Ri avç‡jv wP‡Îi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb‡KB †cÖvMÖvg ‡d¬vPvU©
ejv n‡q _v‡K| GwU A‡bKUv wm‡÷g †d¬vPv‡U©i g‡ZvB| Z‡e wm‡÷g †d¬vPv‡U© †hLv‡b †cÖvMÖv‡gi Kv‡Ri wek` weei‡Yi
wPÎ _v‡K bv wKš‘ †cÖvMÖvg †d¬vPv‡U© †hLv‡b Kv‡Ri wek` weeiY _v‡K| †cÖvMÖv‡gi mn‡RB †cÖvMÖvg †d¬vPv‡U©i mnvqZvq
†cÖvMÖvg wjL‡Z cv‡ib| wm‡÷g †d¬vPv‡U©i g‡Zv †cÖvMÖvg †d¬vPv‡U©I wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖZxK ev Symbol eëüZ nq| †hgb-
= cÖwµqv| = ewa©Z cÖwµqv|
= ïi“ ev †kl|
= MÖnY/ wbM©gb| = Ab¨ c„ôvi ms‡hvRbx
= wm×vš—| = cÖevn w`K|
= cÖ¯‘wZ|
Kg©Pvix‡ì Kv‡Ri †gvU mmq
g¨vby‡qj KvR
WvUv BbcyU
‡eZb cÖwµqvKiY gv÷vi dvBj
mwU©sKiY
‡eZb iwk` ‡eZb wi‡cvU©

51
GKwU †cÖvMÖvg †d¬vPv‡U©i D`vniYt g‡b Kwi GKwU MÖv‡gi †gvU RbmsL¨v 1200| hv‡ì eqm 18 ev Zvi †ewk Zviv
†fvUvi| G‡¶‡Î †fvUv‡ii bvg, wcZvi bvg, eqm †fvUvi µwgK Qvcv‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ wb‡æ GKwU †cÖvMÖvg ‡d¬vPvU©
Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jvÑ
bv nu¨v
wPÎt †fvUvi ZvwjKv Qvcv‡bvi †cÖvMÖvg †d¬vPvU©
WvUv cÖ‡mwms Ges g¨vby‡qj WvUv cÖ‡mwms
WvUv cÖ‡mwms Kw¤úDUv‡ii GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© KvR| msM„nxZ WvUv‡K c×wZMZ we‡k lY, web¨vm Ges cÖwµqvKiY
AZ¨š— `¶ nv‡Z m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq| bZzev fyj djvdj Pv‡j Av‡m‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z K‡i mKj Kvh©B e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ
n‡q _v‡K|
WvUv cÖ‡mwmst Kw¤úDUv‡i msM„nxZ WvUv‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq we‡k lY I web¨vm K‡i djvdj cÖvwßi c_ myMg Kivi A_©c~Y©
KvR¸‡jv‡KB DcvË cÖwµqvKiY ev Data Processing ejv nq| WvUv cÖ‡mwms Gi d‡j Z_¨wbf©i I A_©c~Y© djvdj
cvIqv hvq| †hgb WvUv cÖ‡mwms Gi gva¨‡g cix¶vi cÖvß b¤^‡ii wfwË‡Z †gavµg wbe©vPb Kiv hvq| WvUv cÖ‡mwms Gi
Rb¨ mvaviYZ wb‡æv³ KwZcq †gŠwjK wµqv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq| †hgb-
1. †iKwWs| 4. †kªYx wefvRb 7 K¨vjKz‡jwUs
2. Wywc ‡KwUs| 5. mwU©s ev mvRvb 8. AvP©K Abyaveb|
3. hvPvBKiY 6. mvwR©s GKÎxKiY| 9. wi‡cvU©KiY|
cÖKvi‡f`t Kw¤úDUv‡i mvaviYZ `yBfv‡e WvUv cÖ‡mwms Ki‡Z nq|
‡hgbt (K) B‡jKUªwb· WvUv cÖ‡mwms|
(L) g¨vby‡qj WvUv cÖ‡mwms|
g¨vby‡qj WvUv cÖ‡mwmst mvaviYZ Kw¤úDUviwenxb eë¯’vcbvq nv‡Z Kj‡g WvUv cÖ‡mwms Ki n‡j Zv‡K g¨vby‡qj cÖ‡mwms
ev nv‡Z Kj‡g WvUv cÖ‡mwms ejv nq| †hgb eënwqK cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©‡ì †eZb wi‡cvU© ev †c-†ivj ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡j
cÖ‡Z¨K Kg© †gvU KZ N›Uv KvR K‡i‡Q Zvi wfwË‡Z K¨vjKz‡jUi †P‡c KvMR Kj‡g wj‡L †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y I fvM
K‡i P~ovš— wi‡cvU© ˆZwi Kiv n‡jv g¨vby‡qj cÖ‡mwms| G‡Z mvaviYZ mgq †ewk jv‡M Ges fyj nIqvi cÖeYZv †ewk
_v‡K| ZvB B‡jKUªwbK WvUv cÖ‡mwms †ewk wbf©i‡hvM¨ weavq Zvi eënvi †ewk Kiv nq|
Kw¤úDUvi w`‡q WvUv cÖ‡mwms cÖwµqvt Kw¤úDUvi w`‡q AwZ `ª“Z wbfy©jfv‡e WvUv cÖ‡mwms Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î
BbcyU wWfvBR w`‡q WvUv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i †XvKv‡bv nq| Kw¤úDUvi Zvi A¯’vqx †g‡gvwi‡Z WvUv †i‡L †cÖvMÖv‡gi wb‡`©k
ïi“
bvg, wcZvi bvg
eqm, †fvUvi
eqm
18 Gi Kg bv †ewk
wcZvi bvg, eqm
†fvUvi µwgK
cieZ©x †gvU fvM

52
cÖ‡mwms Kiv nq| Kw¤úDUvi cÖ`Ë wb‡`©k Abyhvqx WvUv‡K wewfbœfv‡e wePvi we‡k lY K‡i Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq MvwYwZK
cÖwµqv m¤úbœ K‡i ev hyw³wbf©i wm×vš— MÖnY Kiv nq| me‡k‡l Kvw•LZ Z‡_¨ DcbxZ n‡q AvDUcyU wWfvB‡m cÖ`k©b
Kiv nq †hgb-
BbcyU (Z_¨)  cÖ‡mwms  AvDUcyU (Z_¨)
wPÎt WvUv cÖ‡mwms msMVb|
WvUv cÖ‡mwms Gi e K WvqvMÖvgt Kw¤úDUvi w`‡q WvUv cÖ‡mwms Gi e K WvqvMÖvg‡K mvaviYZ wb‡æv³ Dcv‡q cÖ`k©b Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-
wPÎt Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g WvUv cÖ‡mwms
cÖKvi‡f`t mvaviYZ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mswk ó WvUvi Dci wfwË K‡i Zvi WvUv cª‡mwms cÖwµqv‡K `yÕ†Uv fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q
_v‡K| †hgb-
K. MvwYwZK cÖ‡mwmsÑÑÑ †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM BZ¨vw`
L. AMvwYwZK cÖ‡mwms ÑÑÑ mZ¨ wg_¨v wba©viY, mwVK web¨vmKiY BZ¨vw`|
WvUv Ges Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
WvUv ev DcvË Ges Z_¨ ev Bbdi‡gk‡bi cv_K¨ wb‡æ Q‡Ki gva¨‡g D‡j L Kiv n‡jv-
WvUv ev DcvË Z_¨ ev Bbdi‡gkb
1. Z‡_¨i ¶z`ªZg GKK‡K e‡j WvUv ev DcvË|
2. WvUv n‡jv mvRv‡bv bq Ggb wKQy wek„sLj
d¨v±|
3. WvUv cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i BbcyU
Kiv nq|
4. WvUv Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨g Z‡_¨ iƒcvwš—iZ
nq|
1. myk„sLjfv‡e mvRv‡bv WvUv‡K Z_¨ ev Bbdi‡gkb
e‡j hv †evaMg¨|
2. Z_¨ n‡jv we‡klfv‡e mvRv‡bv Ggb wKQy d¨v±mg~n|
3. WvUv cÖwµqvKi‡Yi gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUvi cÖ`Ë djvdjB
Z_¨ iƒ‡c M„nxZ nq|
4. Z_¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g WvUvq iƒcvš—wiZ nq bv|
WvUv †KvwWs
t
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Bbdi‡gkb wm‡÷‡g BbcyU wn‡m‡e WvUv †`qv nq| Avi Zvici AvDUcyU wn‡m‡e Bbdi‡gkb cvIqv hvq|
mwVK WvUv BbcyU Ki‡j mwVK Bbdi‡gkb cvIqv hvq|| GLv‡b BbcyU WvUvi ¸YMZ gv‡bi Dci AvDUcy‡Ui wbfy©jZv
wbf©i K‡i _v‡K| Bbdi‡gkb wm‡÷g mwVK WvUv BbcyU Kivi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki WvUv †KvwWs Ki‡Z nq|
BbcyU ‡g‡gvwi msi¶Y
wbqš¿Y
MvwYwZK cÖ‡mwms ev
AMvwYwZK cÖ‡mwms
djvdj cÖ`vb

53
WvUv †KvwWst Kw¤úDUvi WvUv †KvwWs n‡jv †Kvb wbw`©ó wbq‡g mvRv‡bv Z_¨‡K †Kvb ms‡¶c msL¨v ev A¶i Øviv
†evSv‡bvi †KvW| A_©vr Kw¤úDUv‡i WvUv ev DcvË‡K mnR I msw¶ß AvKv‡i cÖKv‡ki †KŠkj‡KB WvUv †KvwWs (Data
coding) ejv nq| AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡i WvUv †KvwWs Gi eënvi GKwU D‡j L‡hvM¨ w`K|
WvUv †KvwWs Gi myweavt Kw¤úDUv‡i WvUv ‡KvwWs Gi A‡bK eënvwiK myweav i‡q‡Q| wb‡æ WvUv †KvwWs Gi cÖavb
myweavewj D‡j L Kiv n‡jvÑ
‡hgb-
1. WvUv †KvwWs Gi mvnv‡h¨ `yiƒn I RwUj WvUv‡K mn‡R I msw¶ß AvKv‡i Kw¤úDUv‡i Gw›Uª Kiv nq|
2. ‡KvwWs Kv‡Ri `¶Zv I wbfy©jZv‡K eû ¸‡Y evwo‡q †`q|
3. WvUv †KvwWs WvUv cÖ‡mwms Gi †¶‡Î Dchy³ mwU©s Kv‡R mnvvqZv K‡i _v‡K|
4. Gi d‡j eënviKvixi mgq I kªg Kg jv‡M|
5. WvUv †KvwWs Gi †g‡gvwi Kg jv‡M cÖwµqvKiY `ª“ZZi nq|
WvUv †KvwWs c×wZi cÖKv‡f`t AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡i wb‡æv³ wewfbœ ai‡bi †KvwWs c×wZi AbymiY K‡i Kvh© m¤úv`b Kiv
n‡Z _v‡K| †hgb-
K. µ‡gv”P †kªYx wefvM †KvwWs
L. AbyµwgK †kªYx wefvM †KvwWs
M. AbyeZ©©©x †KvwWs
N. e K †KvwWs
O. ¯§„wZ mnvqK †KvwWs|
K. µ‡gv”P †kªYx wefvM †KvwWst mvaviYZ me wKQy‡K †QvU †QvU `‡j ev Dc wefv‡M fvM K‡i G ai‡bi †KvwWs Kiv
n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-GKwU evwYwR¨K cÖwZôv‡bi weµq GjvKv wb‡æv³ fv‡M wef³|
i. kxl©fvMt (Top Level)
1 = AÂj
2 = ga¨ AÂj
3 = `w¶Y AÂj
ii. ga¨fvM (Mid Level)
1 = ivRkvnx
2 = e¸ov
3 = iscyi|
iii. wbæfvM (Bottom Level)
1 = bIMv
2 = bv‡Uvi, jvjcyi
3 = cvebv|
myZivs jvjcy‡ii Rb¨ †kªYx †KvW n‡jv = 112
L. AbyµwgK †kªYxwefvM †KvwWst G c×wZ‡Z AbyµwgK †KvW b¤î Z_¨ †`qv nq bv| Zv m‡Ë¡I G¸‡jv mij Ges
cÖ‡Z¨K Dcv`v‡bi m¤úbœ mbv³KiY Ki‡Z †kªYx wefvRb †Kv‡W hy³ Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i|
M. AbyewZ© †KvwWst G c×wZ‡Z Dcv`vbmg~n wKQy cÖK…wZK AbyewZ©‡Z mvRv‡bv nq| AZci Av‡ivwcZ †KvW b¤î
cÖ‡Z¨K mgq e„w× Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
N. e K †KvwWst G c×wZ‡Z GK †mU wmwiqvj A_ev wmKz‡qwÝqvj †KvW b¤î e ‡K wef³ Kiv nq| G‡Z KZ¸‡jv
mvaviY êwk‡óï Dci wfwË K‡i wm×vš— †bqv nq| †hgb- †µZv‡ì myweav‡_© e K †KvwWs Gi bgybv wbæiƒct
wWcvU©‡g›U ‡÷vi- 9-99;
mycvi gv‡K©U 100- 199;
cvBKvix †`vKvb 200- 299;
Ab¨vb¨ †`vKvb 300-----
O. mnvqK †KvwWst G c×wZ‡Z me †KvW bv¤^v‡ii Avmj As‡k Avmj bvg ev eY©bv ‡_‡K msw¶ß Kiv nq hv g‡b ivLv
mnR| †hgb- Gqvi jvBÝ wiRv‡f©kb LHR (London Healthrow ) FRA (Frankful) n‡jv †b‡gvwbK †KvW|

54
wm‡÷g, wm‡÷g wWRvBb Ges wm‡÷g Gbvwj÷ এবং wm‡÷g Dbœqb Pµ t
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †¶‡Î mvaviY DcvË MÖnY ev BbcyU, cÖ‡mwms Ges AvDUcyU G wZbwU g~j Ask wb‡qB wm‡÷‡gi g~j msMVb
ˆZwi nq| Kw¤úDUv‡i †h‡Kvb Kvh© mnR Ges mwVKfv‡e m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ h_v_© wm‡÷g, wm‡÷g Gbvwjwmm, wm‡÷g
wWRvB‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| G mKj Kv‡h©i h_v_© eë¯’vcbv I ev¯—evqb K‡ib wm‡÷g Gbvwj÷e„›`|
wm‡÷gt †Kvb wbw`©ó KvR mn‡R Ges mwVKfv‡e m¤úv`‡bi j‡¶¨ mymse× ixwZ bxwZ‡K wm‡÷g ejv nq| †h ‡Kvb
cÖwZôv‡bi KvR Kivi c×wZ‡K GKwU wm‡÷g ejv nq| †hgb- Kvw•LZ gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi
cwiKwíZ I ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ KvR¸‡jv‡K mgš^q weR‡bm wm‡÷g ejv hvq| GLv‡b wm‡÷‡g g~j wZbwU Ask wb‡æ
D‡j L Kiv n‡jvÑ
K. DcvË MÖnY/ BbcyU|
L. cÖ‡mwms|
M. AvDUcyU|
wPÎt wm‡÷‡gi g~j msMVb
wm‡÷g wWRvBbt mvaviYZ wm‡÷g we‡k lY K‡i wm‡÷g ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ †h cwiKíbv ev iƒc †iLv ˆZwi Kiv nq
Zv‡KB wm‡÷g wWRvBb ejv nq| wm‡÷g wWRvB‡b wb‡æv³ welq¸‡jv Aš—f~©³ _v‡K| †hgb-
i. wm‡÷‡gi eY©bv|
ii. md&UIq¨vi wbw`©óKiY
iii. DcvË I djvdj wbw`©óKiY|
iv. wm‡÷g †d¬vPvU©|
v. WvUv‡em wbw`©óKiY|
vi. nvW©Iq¨vi myweav Ges cwiPvjbv g¨vby‡qj|
wm‡÷g Gbvwj÷t wm‡÷g Gbvwj÷ n‡jb GKRb e¨w³, whwb Kw¤úDUv‡ii GKwU weR‡bm wm‡÷‡gi Rb¨ Gbvwjwmm
Kiv, wWRvBb Kiv Ges G¸‡jv ev¯—ev‡qbi Rb¨ `vwqZ¡evb Kvh© m¤úbœ K‡ib| Kw¤úDUvi Bbdi‡gkb wm‡÷‡gi Dbœqb
Ges GKwU ¸i“ `vwq‡Z¡i KvR hv‡Z A‡bK mgq, A_© Ges gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb bv nq †mw`‡K †Lqvj †i‡LB wm‡÷g
Gbvwj÷ wm‡÷g ˆZwi K‡i _v‡Kb| GKRb wm‡÷g Gbvwj‡÷i mvaviYZ wb‡æv³ ¸Yvewj _vKv cÖ‡qvRb nq| †hgbÑ
i. ‡hvMv‡hvM `¶Zv|
ii. mgm¨v mgvav‡bi `¶Zv|
iii. eëmvwqK Ávb|
iv. KvwiMwi Ávb|
v. Kw¤úDUvi `¶Zv BZ¨vw`|
wm‡÷g Dbœqb Pµt †h ‡Kvb wm‡÷g ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ †h KwZcq j¶¨ AR©b Ki‡Z nq Zv c~‡e©B mbv³K…Z _v‡K|
KviY wm‡÷g ev¯—evq‡bi gva¨‡g Kvw•LZ j¶¨ AwR©Z n‡q _v‡K| wm‡÷g ev¯—evqb K‡qKwU av‡c m¤úbœ nq| wm‡÷g
ev¯—evq‡bi ch©vµwgK avç‡jv µgDbœqb‡KB wm‡÷g Dbœqb Pµ ev System Development Life Cycle ejv
nq| mvaviYZ GKwU wm‡÷g ev¯—evvq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU iƒc‡iLv ˆZwiKvixi cÖ‡qvRb n‡q _v‡K|
wm‡÷g Dbœq‡b cÖ_‡gB wm‡÷gwU jvfRbK wKbv Ges GwUi wKfv‡e Dbœqb Kiv hvq Zvi GKwU cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv n‡q
_v‡K| Gici md&UIq¨vi Dbœqb K‡i wm‡÷gwUi ev¯—evqb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wm‡÷gwU ev¯—evq‡bi c‡i GwUi g~j¨vqb
K‡i †`Lvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| KviY GKwU wm‡÷g Dbœqb Kivi ci Gi KwZcq µwU wePz¨wZ †ei n‡Z cv‡i| hvi Rb¨
wm‡÷gwUi Î“wU wePz¨wZ `~i Kivi Rb¨ wm‡÷gwUi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cybt Dbœqb Acwinvh© n‡q c‡o| wm‡÷g cybt Dbœqb
Kivi Rb¨ cwieZ©b cÖ‡qv‡MI wm‡÷g ev¯—evq‡bi me avc cybivq AwZµg Ki‡Z nq| GKwU wm‡÷g cwiPvjbvq Gi
mKj av‡ci cybtcybt Dbœqb Kvh©wU GKwU PµvKvi c‡_ AvewZ©Z n‡q _v‡K| Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷g Dbœqb P‡µ mvaviYZ
wb‡æv³ Kvh© avç‡jv ch©vµ‡g Av‡m| †hgb-
i. cÖviw¤¢K AbymÜvb (Priliminary Investegation)
ii. wm‡÷g we‡k lY (System Analizes)
iii. wm‡÷g wWRvBb (System Design)
iv. md&UIq¨vi Dbœqb (Software Development)
v. wm‡÷g cix¶Y (System Experiment)
vi. wm‡÷g ev¯—evqb (System Application)
vii. wm‡÷g i¶Yv‡e¶Y (System Storage)
viii. cybtwbix¶Y (Review)
BbcyU cÖ‡mwms AvDUcyU

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সারা দুনিয়ার নিক্ষাগ্রহি পদ্ধনি বদলাচ্ছে। বই আর খািা যেমি নবট বাইচ্ছট বদচ্ছল োচ্ছে যিমনি বদচ্ছল োচ্ছে
নিক্ষা গ্রহচ্ছের োবিীয় উপায়।উন্নি যদিগুচ্ছলার ছাত্ররা এখি আর আচ্ছের মি বইচ্ছয়র বযােকাাঁচ্ছে নিচ্ছয় গুচ্ছর িা ,
এখি িাচ্ছদর হাচ্ছি থাচ্ছক স্মাটটচ্ছ াি, টযাব বা লযাপটপ। যসখাচ্ছি থাচ্ছক প্রচ্ছয়াজিীয় সব বই আর খািা নহসাচ্ছব
থাচ্ছক িারনিি।এখি িারা সামািয সহচ্ছোনেিার জিয িার নিক্ষক যক নবরক্ত কচ্ছর িা কারি িাচ্ছদরকাচ্ছছ আচ্ছছ
সবটসমচ্ছয়র নিক্ষক িার স টওয়যার ,আর জ্ঞাচ্ছির ভাণ্ডাচ্ছরর জিয আচ্ছছ িার ইন্টারচ্ছিট। পৃনথবীচ্ছি আমারা প্রেুনক্তর
েি বৃহত্তম প্রসার যদখনছ িার সবই বযবহৃি হচ্ছে এই রূপান্তচ্ছর। বিটমাচ্ছি যসই প্রভাব আমাচ্ছদর মচ্ছিা যদচ্ছি
পড়চ্ছি শুরু কচ্ছরচ্ছছ…………
আিা করনছ একনদি আমাচ্ছদর যদচ্ছির যছচ্ছলরা প্রেুনক্তর সহচ্ছোনেিা নিচ্ছয় , নিচ্ছজচ্ছক ও যদিচ্ছক নবচ্ছের দরবাচ্ছর
িিুি রুচ্ছপ হানজর হচ্ছব। আমার নবোস িারা পারচ্ছব “ কারি যকািরকচ্ছমর প্রেুনক্তর সহচ্ছোনেিা ছাড়া িারা
নবেচ্ছক িাক লানেচ্ছয় নদচ্ছে ………আর প্রেুনক্তর সহচ্ছোনেিা যপচ্ছল িারা নক করচ্ছব িা সৃনিকিটাই জাচ্ছি…। ”
নকন্তু ইন্টারচ্ছিট ছাড়া আমারা এই প্রেুনক্তরসহচ্ছোনেিা কল্পিাও করচ্ছি পানরিা। অথচ এ মুহূচ্ছিট বাাংলাচ্ছদচ্ছি
অনেকাাংি মািুচ্ছেরইন্টারচ্ছিট সুনবো িাই। আর থাকচ্ছলও িা সময় ও পেটাপ্ত জ্ঞাচ্ছির অভাচ্ছব এচ্ছথচ্ছক সচ্ছবটাচ্চ সুনবো
নিচ্ছি পারনছ িা ।িাছাড়া সীনমি ইন্টারচ্ছিট পযাচ্ছকচ্ছজর ও যিচ্ছটর যলা ন়চ্ছড়র জিয চাইচ্ছলও িার প্রচ্ছয়াজিীয়
াইল ডাউিচ্ছলাড করচ্ছি পারচ্ছছি িা ...। আবার অচ্ছিচ্ছক বযস্তািার জিয ডাউিচ্ছলাড করার সময় পাচ্ছেি
িা……অথবা যখাাঁজা খুাঁনজ একটা একটা কচ্ছর ডাউিচ্ছলাড করচ্ছি োচ্ছদর নবরনক্তকর মচ্ছি হয় ... িাচ্ছদর জিয
সবচ্ছচচ্ছয় সহজ একনট সমাোি অথটাৎ বাাংলাচ্ছদচ্ছির সকল মািুেচ্ছক পেটাপ্ত প্রেুনক্তর সহচ্ছোনেিা নদচ্ছি আমার খুব
ক্ষু দ্র একটা প্রয়াস হচ্ছে আমার এই নডনভনড কাচ্ছলকিি …
অথটাৎ আমার সাংগ্রহ করা স টওয়যার, ই-বুক(বই) ও নটউচ্ছটানরয়াল এর নবিাল কাচ্ছলকিচ্ছির মেয যথচ্ছক
আপিাচ্ছদর জিয খুভ ইম্পরটযান্ট নকছু সাংগ্রহ কযাটােনর আকাচ্ছর সানজচ্ছয় আপিাচ্ছদর জিয উপস্থাপি করলাম …
আপিাচ্ছদর জিয করা আমারকাচ্ছলকিচ্ছির যক্ষচ্ছত্র একটাই কথা বলচ্ছি পানর … আপনি এখাচ্ছি নডনলট করার মি
যকাি াইল খুচ্ছজ পাচ্ছবি িা …অথটাৎপ্রচ্ছিযকনট াইলই আপিার প্রচ্ছয়াজি হচ্ছব … এবাং প্রচ্ছিযকটা াইল সাংগ্রচ্ছহ
রাখচ্ছি বােয হচ্ছবি … আপিার কনম্পউটার নিভটর জীবচ্ছির সব চানহদা পূেট করচ্ছব এই াইলগুচ্ছলা … নবোস িা
করচ্ছল নিচ্ছচর যে যকাি একনট নলাংক এ নিক কচ্ছর যসখাচ্ছি যদওয়া াইল গুচ্ছলার িাচ্ছমর উপর একবার যচাখ
বুলাি িাহচ্ছলই সব বুঝচ্ছি পারচ্ছবি …
যমাট কথা আপিাচ্ছদর কনম্পউটাচ্ছরর নবনভন্ন সমসযার নচরস্থায়ী সমাোি ও কনম্পউটাচ্ছরর জিযপ্রচ্ছয়াজিীয় সব
বই, স টওয়যার ওনটউচ্ছটানরয়াল এর সানবটক সাচ্ছপাটট নদচ্ছি আমার খুব কােটকর একটা উচ্ছদযাে হচ্ছে এই নডনভনড
পযাচ্ছকজ গুচ্ছলা ...নিচ্ছচর নলাংচ্ছক DVD গুচ্ছলা সম্পচ্ছকট নবস্তানরি িথয যদওয়া আচ্ছছ... যদখুি আপিার প্রচ্ছয়াজি
নকিা………
আমার োবনিয় যপাস্ট ও ই-বুক কাচ্ছলকিি ...[The Ultimate Complete Collection 2015 ]
http://www.facebook.com/10152049959232103
জাস্ট একবার নলাংচ্ছক নেচ্ছয়ই যদখুি … হয়চ্ছিা এমনি নকছু খুাঁজনছচ্ছলি
অথবা , http://tanbircox.blogspot.com/2013/07/My-DVD-Collection-4-U.html
এখাচ্ছি নিক  করুি
নবস্তানরি িথয ও সুন্দর ভাচ্ছব বুঝার জিয প্রথচ্ছম নিচ্ছচর যে একনট নলঙ্ক যথচ্ছক ২ এমনবর ই-বুনি
ডাউিচ্ছলাড কচ্ছর নিি

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অথবা, http://d-h.st/TCEr
অিালাইচ্ছি লাইভচ্ছদখারজিযঃ
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