this topic is all about Comprehensive Terrorism in International, National and Local

1. Comprehensive
International to
Local Terrorism
“An In-depth Analysis”
PREPARED BY: Jorge Marsha Potane,
Jamela Camile Abelo, Kent Balatayo ll

2. • United Nations. (n.d.). Definition of Terrorism. Retrieved from
the United Nations website.
• Robespierre, M. (1794). On the Principles of Political Morality.
Speech during the French Revolution.
• Global Security Studies. (n.d.). Impact of Terrorism on
International Security. Retrieved from Global Security
database.
• Economic Analysis of Terrorism. (n.d.). Economic and Human
Costs of Terrorism. Retrieved from Economic Journals.
• Philippines Government. (2017). Marawi Siege: A Case Study.
Retrieved from the Philippines Department of Defense.
• U.S. Department of Justice. (n.d.). The USA PATRIOT Act:
Preserving Life and Liberty. Retrieved from the DOJ website.

3. • United Nations. (n.d.). UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy.
Retrieved from the United Nations website.
• International Aviation Security. (n.d.). Conventions on Aviation
Security. Retrieved from International Aviation Organization.
• United Nations Security Council. (n.d.). Resolution 1373.
Retrieved from the United Nations Security Council Resolutions.
• UK Home Office. (n.d.). Prevent Programme. Retrieved from the
UK Government website.
• Privacy and Surveillance in Counter-Terrorism. (n.d.). Ethical
Considerations in Surveillance. Retrieved from Privacy
International.
• Interpol. (n.d.). International Law Enforcement Cooperation.
Retrieved from Interpol official website.

4. INTRODUCTION: DEFINITION
AND SCOPE OF TERRORISM
Definition of terrorism according to the
United Nations: "Terrorism involves the
intimidation or coercion of populations or
governments through the threat or
perpetration of violence"

5. The global economic cost of terrorism
peaked in 2014, with a tenfold increase from
2000, highlighting its significant impact on
economies worldwide (Online Etymology
Dictionary).

6. HISTORICAL CONTEXT: EVOLUTION OF
TERRORISM
The evolution of terrorism from the French
Revolution, where Robespierre described
terrorism as a virtuous form of violence, to
modern-day interpretations and tactics.
Key historical events that have shaped
terrorism, such as the assassination of
Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, which
led to World War I.

7. The global reach of terrorism and its
impact on international security, with
a focus on the destabilization of
regions and the displacement of
populations.
GLOBAL IMPACT: HOW TERRORISM
AFFECTS THE WORLD
The economic and human costs of
terrorism worldwide, including the loss
of lives and economic downturns in
affected areas.

8. On January 25, 2015, a significant event unfolded in
Tukanalipao, Mamasapano, Maguindanao, Philippines,
involving the Philippine National Police Special Action
Force (PNP-SAF) and several insurgent groups,
including the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) and
the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF). The
operation, known as “Oplan Exodus,” aimed to capture
high-value targets, notably the Malaysian terrorist
Zulkifli Abdhir, alias Marwan.

9. While the mission was partially successful with the
elimination of Marwan, it resulted in tragic losses, with
44 members of the SAF, subsequently referred to as
the SAF 44, losing their lives. The operation was part of
the broader global effort to combat terrorism and was
intended to apprehend individuals listed on
international terrorist watchlists.

11. NATIONAL TERRORISM: OVERVIEW AND KEY
CONCERNS
IN THE PHILIPPINES, NATIONAL TERRORISM CONCERNS REVOLVE
AROUND LEGISLATION LIKE THE ANTI-TERRORISM ACT OF 2020, WHICH
TARGETS TERROR ACTIVITIES BUT ALSO STIRS DEBATE OVER CIVIL
LIBERTIES. THE LAW REFLECTS THE NATION’S STRUGGLE TO COUNTER
TERRORISM WHILE UPHOLDING HUMAN RIGHTS.
The country’s unique challenges include insurgencies and the influence
of national identity in Mindanao’s separatist movements. Efforts to
reconcile security and autonomy have led to peace agreements,
granting greater regional self-governance.

12. The United Nations’ approach to
counter-terrorism and the four
pillars of the UN Global Counter-
Terrorism Strategy, emphasizing
measures to address conditions
conducive to the spread of
terrorism.
COUNTER-TERRORISM STRATEGIES:
INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

13. LEGAL FRAMEWORK: INTERNATIONAL LAWS
AND RESOLUTIONS
Overview of international legal
instruments against terrorism, detailing
conventions on aviation security and the
suppression of terrorist bombings.
Key UN Security Council resolutions on terrorism,
such as Resolution 1373, which calls for member
states to prevent and suppress terrorist
financing.

14. Preventive Measures:
Identifying and Mitigating Risks
Strategies for preventing terrorism, including
community engagement initiatives like the
Prevent program in the UK and intelligence
gathering through international cooperation.
The role of technology in identifying and
mitigating risks, with examples of successful
interventions using surveillance data.

15. Intelligence and Surveillance: Tools and
Techniques
The importance of metadata and
surveillance in counter-terrorism
efforts, and the ethical considerations
involved in balancing security and
privacy.

16. The role of law enforcement
agencies in preventing and
responding to terrorist acts,
including international
cooperation among
agencies like Interpol and
Europol.
Law Enforcement: Role in Counter-
Terrorism

17. The use of military force in
counter-terrorism operations,
with case studies of military
involvement in counter-
terrorism, such as the U.S.
Navy SEAL operation against
Osama bin Laden.
MILITARY INVOLVEMENT: WHEN AND HOW
IT’S APPLIED

18. The direct and indirect economic
costs of terrorism, including the
impact on global markets and
investment, with a focus on the
aftermath of the 9/11 attacks.
ECONOMIC IMPACT: COST OF TERRORISM

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PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT: SOCIETAL FEAR
AND ANXIETY
The psychological effects of terrorism
on societies, including the increase in
societal fear and anxiety, and strategies
for addressing these issues through
public communication and support
services.

20. TECHNOLOGY AND TERRORISM: CYBER-
TERRORISM
The rise of cyber-terrorism
and its implications for
national security, with case
studies of cyber-attacks
attributed to terrorist
groups, like the Stuxnet
virus.

21. PHILIPPINES’ COUNTER-TERRORISM
EFFORTS
An in-depth look at the Philippines’
strategies and challenges in
combating terrorism, focusing on
the Marawi siege and the
government’s response.

22. The Philippines’ counter-terrorism strategy includes the
Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020, enhancing law enforcement
capabilities while raising human rights concerns. The Marawi
siege response showcased military action and subsequent
rehabilitation efforts for the displaced population.
Coordination between defense and law enforcement under
the Joint Campaign Plan “KAPANATAGAN” aims to synergize
efforts against terrorism. Post-Marawi, the focus is on
rebuilding the city and addressing the humanitarian needs
of its residents.

23. EMERGING THREATS: PREDICTIONS AND
PREPARATION
Predictions for the future landscape of terrorism,
including the potential rise of bio-terrorism, and
how nations can prepare for emerging terrorist
threats. In response, nations are urged to adopt
comprehensive strategies that address the root
causes of radicalization and enhance technological
defenses.