This document summarizes a research study that investigated the antimicrobial activity of lemon juice and vinegar on pyelonephritis-causing bacteria. The study found that lemon juice and vinegar were effective at inhibiting the growth of E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis bacteria. Lemon juice produced inhibition zones of 0.099, 0.069, and 0.102 for the three bacteria, respectively. Vinegar also showed inhibition zones ranging from 0.088 to 0.111. The antimicrobial effects are attributed to organic acids like citric acid in lemon juice and acetic acid in vinegar, which disrupt the bacterial cell membrane and intracellular processes. While cranberry juice did not inhibit
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TWO METHODS (DISC DIFFUSION AND WELL DIFFUSION)...SoumikRoychowdhury5
Bacterial infection can cause a wide number of diseases in the human body and these microscopic organisms can be found almost everywhere and can enter the human body in multiple ways.
Among various bacterial species present in the environment, this study is going to focus on three major types including Strep. Spp.Lactobacilli, and Streptococcus pyogenes.
Streptococcus genus has more than 50 species and among them only five can cause disease in the human body (Stokes et al. 2019).
Lactobacillus is another type of Gram positive bacteria which is rod shaped and belongs to the type of non-spore-forming bacteria.
Several antibiotics have been designed and implemented for treating the diseases caused by bacteria.
In the present study, five antibiotics have been used to check the sensitivity against three bacterial species.
These antibiotics are streptomycin, penicillin, Gentamycin, Chloramphenicol, and erythromycin.
This document discusses the isolation and characterization of antibiotic resistant microbes from various environmental sources. Samples were taken from wastewater, water, soil, and other sites. A variety of bacteria were isolated, with gram-negative bacteria being more prevalent than gram-positive. Many isolates showed resistance to common antibiotics like amoxicillin and ampicillin. The presence of these resistant microbes poses a public health risk and underscores the need for prudent antibiotic use and other measures to limit further development and spread of resistance.
Evaluation of Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic (Disinfectant). PHARMACEUTICAL ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-III Part-5 Evaluation of Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic (Disinfectant). The common methods used for evaluation of a disinfectant are as follows,
Tube Dilution Method.
Agar Plate Method.
Filter Paper & Cup Plate Method.
Ditch-Plate Method.
Phenol Coefficient Method.
The official phenol coefficient tests include,
Rideal-Walker Test (RW Test).
Chick-Martin Test.
United States FDA Test for Phenol Coefficient. (FDA Test)
The US Association of Official Agricultural Chemists Test (FDA Test)
A. Rideal-Walker Test:
Kelsey Sykes Method
4. Laboratory methods for identification of microorganisms (Microbiology)Jay Khaniya
Laboratory methods for identifying microorganisms include direct microscopic examination of stained and unstained samples, culturing techniques to grow bacteria, biochemical tests to characterize bacterial properties, and serological methods using antigen-antibody reactions. Specimen collection, handling, transportation and processing require strict adherence to safety protocols and procedures to avoid contamination and ensure accurate results. Microscopic examination, culturing and biochemical profiling are used to classify unknown bacteria, while serological tests can identify pathogens that are difficult to culture or dangerous to handle.
methods in diagnostic microbiology ppt.pptxriazsohail448
This document discusses diagnostic methods in microbiology. It outlines various laboratory techniques used to diagnose infectious diseases, including microscopy, culture-based methods, and biochemical tests. Specific staining techniques are described, such as Gram stain, acid-fast stain, spore stains, and potassium hydroxide testing. Proper collection, transport, and storage of biological specimens is also emphasized as crucial for obtaining accurate and timely microbiological results.
Ichip is a novel method for in situ cultivation of environmental microorganisms. A study found that ichips incubated directly in soil and seawater samples led to significantly higher bacterial colony counts compared to traditional petri dishes. Microbial species grown in ichips were also more novel and diverse than those in petri dishes, with little overlap between the two methods. The ichip approach recovered many bacterial strains and genera not previously identified, supporting its ability to cultivate the "uncultivable" majority of environmental microbes.
The document discusses the operations and services of the SNNPR public health institute laboratory located in Hawassa, Ethiopia. It provides summaries of the laboratory's goals, vision, mission and the types of tests it performs. The laboratory aims to protect public health through testing samples and communicating scientific information. It seeks to become a leading public health problem solving institute. Tests discussed include viral load testing for HIV, serological analysis using ELISA, microbiology testing for pathogens like cholera, and TB detection using culture, GeneXpert and smear tests. The internship provided experience in various biological applications and principles to develop skills in areas like molecular analysis and public health laboratory work.
This document discusses various screening methods for evaluating the antimicrobial activity of natural products. It describes diffusion methods like the agar well diffusion method and disc diffusion method. Dilution methods, like the tube assay and agar dilution method, are also covered. Bioautographic methods like contact bioautography, direct bioautography, and immersion bioautography are explained. Plant selection criteria for screening include chemotaxonomy, traditional medicine information, field observations, and random collection. LC-hyphenated techniques are also mentioned as screening methods. The document concludes by stating that diffusion methods are commonly used despite some difficulties and that screening aims to efficiently test large numbers of materials.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TWO METHODS (DISC DIFFUSION AND WELL DIFFUSION)...SoumikRoychowdhury5
Bacterial infection can cause a wide number of diseases in the human body and these microscopic organisms can be found almost everywhere and can enter the human body in multiple ways.
Among various bacterial species present in the environment, this study is going to focus on three major types including Strep. Spp.Lactobacilli, and Streptococcus pyogenes.
Streptococcus genus has more than 50 species and among them only five can cause disease in the human body (Stokes et al. 2019).
Lactobacillus is another type of Gram positive bacteria which is rod shaped and belongs to the type of non-spore-forming bacteria.
Several antibiotics have been designed and implemented for treating the diseases caused by bacteria.
In the present study, five antibiotics have been used to check the sensitivity against three bacterial species.
These antibiotics are streptomycin, penicillin, Gentamycin, Chloramphenicol, and erythromycin.
This document discusses the isolation and characterization of antibiotic resistant microbes from various environmental sources. Samples were taken from wastewater, water, soil, and other sites. A variety of bacteria were isolated, with gram-negative bacteria being more prevalent than gram-positive. Many isolates showed resistance to common antibiotics like amoxicillin and ampicillin. The presence of these resistant microbes poses a public health risk and underscores the need for prudent antibiotic use and other measures to limit further development and spread of resistance.
Evaluation of Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic (Disinfectant). PHARMACEUTICAL ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-III Part-5 Evaluation of Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic (Disinfectant). The common methods used for evaluation of a disinfectant are as follows,
Tube Dilution Method.
Agar Plate Method.
Filter Paper & Cup Plate Method.
Ditch-Plate Method.
Phenol Coefficient Method.
The official phenol coefficient tests include,
Rideal-Walker Test (RW Test).
Chick-Martin Test.
United States FDA Test for Phenol Coefficient. (FDA Test)
The US Association of Official Agricultural Chemists Test (FDA Test)
A. Rideal-Walker Test:
Kelsey Sykes Method
4. Laboratory methods for identification of microorganisms (Microbiology)Jay Khaniya
Laboratory methods for identifying microorganisms include direct microscopic examination of stained and unstained samples, culturing techniques to grow bacteria, biochemical tests to characterize bacterial properties, and serological methods using antigen-antibody reactions. Specimen collection, handling, transportation and processing require strict adherence to safety protocols and procedures to avoid contamination and ensure accurate results. Microscopic examination, culturing and biochemical profiling are used to classify unknown bacteria, while serological tests can identify pathogens that are difficult to culture or dangerous to handle.
methods in diagnostic microbiology ppt.pptxriazsohail448
This document discusses diagnostic methods in microbiology. It outlines various laboratory techniques used to diagnose infectious diseases, including microscopy, culture-based methods, and biochemical tests. Specific staining techniques are described, such as Gram stain, acid-fast stain, spore stains, and potassium hydroxide testing. Proper collection, transport, and storage of biological specimens is also emphasized as crucial for obtaining accurate and timely microbiological results.
Ichip is a novel method for in situ cultivation of environmental microorganisms. A study found that ichips incubated directly in soil and seawater samples led to significantly higher bacterial colony counts compared to traditional petri dishes. Microbial species grown in ichips were also more novel and diverse than those in petri dishes, with little overlap between the two methods. The ichip approach recovered many bacterial strains and genera not previously identified, supporting its ability to cultivate the "uncultivable" majority of environmental microbes.
The document discusses the operations and services of the SNNPR public health institute laboratory located in Hawassa, Ethiopia. It provides summaries of the laboratory's goals, vision, mission and the types of tests it performs. The laboratory aims to protect public health through testing samples and communicating scientific information. It seeks to become a leading public health problem solving institute. Tests discussed include viral load testing for HIV, serological analysis using ELISA, microbiology testing for pathogens like cholera, and TB detection using culture, GeneXpert and smear tests. The internship provided experience in various biological applications and principles to develop skills in areas like molecular analysis and public health laboratory work.
This document discusses various screening methods for evaluating the antimicrobial activity of natural products. It describes diffusion methods like the agar well diffusion method and disc diffusion method. Dilution methods, like the tube assay and agar dilution method, are also covered. Bioautographic methods like contact bioautography, direct bioautography, and immersion bioautography are explained. Plant selection criteria for screening include chemotaxonomy, traditional medicine information, field observations, and random collection. LC-hyphenated techniques are also mentioned as screening methods. The document concludes by stating that diffusion methods are commonly used despite some difficulties and that screening aims to efficiently test large numbers of materials.
The document discusses various applications of biotechnology in three key areas: medical, agricultural, and environmental. In medical biotechnology, diagnostics, therapeutics like vaccines, gene therapy and biomarkers are discussed. Agricultural biotechnology enhances crop yields and nutrition through traits like pest resistance and customized plant oils. Environmental biotechnology includes bioremediation to clean the environment and monitoring ecosystems.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This document discusses various traditional microbial examination methods used to analyze food, including plate counts, membrane filtration, most probable number, direct microscopic count, and dye reduction tests. It describes how these methods work, their advantages and limitations, and what types of samples each is best suited for. Key indicators like coliforms and E. coli are also covered as indicators of potential contamination.
Microbiological culture sensitivity tests involve growing microbial organisms in controlled conditions to determine what type of microbe is present and if it is resistant to various antibiotics. Samples are taken from infected areas and placed in special culture media to multiply the microbes. The microbes are then exposed to different antibiotics to see which ones inhibit their growth, indicating effectiveness. This helps clinicians select the most suitable antibiotic to treat a patient's infection and monitor antibiotic resistance in communities.
This document provides an overview of the history, scope, branches, and applications of biotechnology. It discusses how biotechnology involves using living organisms to make products, improve plants/animals, and develop microorganisms. The major branches covered are red, green, blue, and white biotechnology. The document also outlines the key components of modern biotechnology, including genomics, bioinformatics, transformation, molecular breeding, and vaccine technology. Finally, it reviews the history of biotechnology from ancient times to current applications in fields like health, fuel, and manufacturing.
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA when it divides. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix structure, forming a replication fork, and using DNA polymerases to add complementary nucleotides to each strand, forming two new double helix DNA molecules each with one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. Key enzymes that aid in replication include DNA helicase, DNA primase, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase. Precise DNA replication is essential for accurate cell division and the transmission of genetic information from parent cells to daughter cells.
This document discusses past and present research on antibiotic-producing actinomycetes. It covers key discoveries from the 1940s-1960s, including antibiotics like penicillin, tetracyclines, and cephalosporins. Current research focuses on genomics, combinatorial chemistry, and high-throughput screening, which have not yielded new antibiotics. The document advocates returning to whole-cell screening of actinomycete broths, which more directly tests for antibiotic activity. It also describes using macrodroplets to simplify actinomycete culturing and screening against drug-resistant E. coli to identify promising new antibiotic candidates. Challenges with metagenomic approaches are noted.
Lab 6 isolation of antibiotic producer from soilHama Nabaz
The document outlines steps to isolate antibiotic-producing microorganisms from soil samples and determine their antimicrobial activity. Students will isolate Bacillus, Penicillium, and Actinomyces colonies on agar plates. Colonies will be streaked on plates seeded with Staphylococcus epidermidis or fungi to check for evidence of antibiosis. Colonies showing inhibition will be re-streaked with test pathogens to confirm antimicrobial activity through zone of inhibition assays. The goal is to isolate microbes producing antibiotics that could have clinical significance.
Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing and Antimicrobial Stewardship.pptxDr. Rakesh Prasad Sah
This document discusses antibiotic sensitivity testing and antimicrobial stewardship. It describes antibiotic sensitivity testing (AST) as a test to check the effectiveness of drugs against bacteria and select the best treatment. It outlines qualitative and quantitative AST methods, including disk diffusion, dilution methods, and E-tests. The purposes of AST include guiding treatment, controlling antibiotic use, and monitoring resistance trends. Antimicrobial stewardship aims to optimize antibiotic use through leadership, infrastructure, policies, education, and monitoring outcomes like resistance and costs. Core strategies include formulary restrictions and prospective audits with clinician feedback.
Developing the Logistics for Producing Human Pathogen-Free Organic Strawberri...sberries
This project aimed to develop sustainable organic strawberry production in Tennessee that reduces risks of human pathogen contamination. Researchers worked with 8 local farms to test detection methods for pathogens like E. coli and Salmonella on berries. They found dipstick assays can reliably detect single colonies of Salmonella and Listeria, but not E. coli. The farms implemented organic management practices and amendments like BioVam. Plots with BioVam showed increased yields. Outreach events educated over 500 people on the project's methods and findings. Continued variety testing and identification of contamination points will further the goals.
Gut bacteria in young diabetic kids show differencesUniv. of Tripoli
The document summarizes research on differences in gut bacteria composition between young children with type 1 diabetes and healthy controls. The research found that diabetic children under 3 years had higher levels of Bacilli and Bacteroidetes bacteria, while controls had higher levels of beneficial Clostridium clusters. For children over 3, diabetics had less butyrate-producing bacteria and higher diversity than controls. Maintaining balanced gut bacteria and butyrate production through diet may help prevent type 1 diabetes.
Biotechnology uses living organisms or processes to develop products for human welfare. It includes green biotechnology for agriculture, red biotechnology for medicine, blue biotechnology for aquatic applications, and white biotechnology for industrial uses. Red biotechnology, also called health biotechnology, utilizes biotechnology in medicine through techniques like drug production, pharmacogenomics, gene therapy, and tissue engineering. These applications are improving healthcare by developing new medicines and therapies, personalizing drug treatment, correcting genetic defects, and engineering replacement tissues.
This document outlines the scope and branches of microbiology. It discusses how microbiology impacts fields like medicine, agriculture, food science, ecology, and more. The major branches covered are medical microbiology, immunology, agricultural microbiology, food/dairy microbiology, industrial microbiology, and genetic engineering. Microbiology is also important for biotechnology, using enzymes from microbes. It also discusses the roles of microbiology in agriculture, industry, medicine, the environment, and more. The document concludes with references and sources for more information.
The document discusses the field of microbiology and the journey of a scientist. It covers topics ranging from the basic structure and function of microbes like bacteria, viruses, and fungi, to laboratory tools, experiments, and the scientific method. The document emphasizes the importance of microbiology in areas like health, safety, and the environment. It also profiles the career of a microbiologist whose goal is to apply scientific knowledge and experience to ensure product safety through laboratory testing and quality programs.
This document summarizes research activities at Universitas Airlangga Culture Collection (UACC) in Indonesia. UACC houses a collection of bacteria, yeast, molds and algae obtained from research projects and outside sources. Microbes are stored short-term in media or long-term using liquid-liquid methods. The collection is used for education, research, public and community services. Recent research focuses on enhancing public health through developing bioinsecticides and antimicrobial compounds, and on ecology and biodiversity through projects on wastewater treatment, biosurfactant production, and utilizing microbes from mangrove lands.
Plant tissue culture is the process of producing plants from tissue of a desired plant in a controlled nutrient medium, producing an exact replica of the mother plant. Plant biotechnology genetically modifies plants by manipulating genes in a laboratory and transferring them to a plant to alter its characteristics. The goals of modern plant biotechnology include improving crop production through traits like increased nutrition, disease resistance, insect control, and weed management. Applications include producing golden rice with more vitamin A, plants resistant to viruses, crops containing genes for natural insecticides, and herbicide-resistant crops. Future areas may include caffeine-free coffee, pharmaceuticals, and using plants as biofuel sources.
Dr. Heather Allen - The Swine Gut Microbiota: Status and OutlookJohn Blue
The Swine Gut Microbiota: Status and Outlook - Dr. Heather Allen, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, from the 2016 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 17-20, 2016, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-leman-swine-conference-material
This document discusses research on antibiotic-producing actinomycetes, both past and present. It notes that during the 1940s and 1950s, many important antibiotic classes were discovered from actinomycetes, including tetracyclines, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides. However, more recent high-throughput screening approaches targeting specific enzymes have not yielded any new antibiotics approved for clinical use. The document argues for returning to traditional whole cell screening of actinomycete broths, which more quickly identifies biologically active compounds.
The document discusses various applications of biotechnology in three key areas: medical, agricultural, and environmental. In medical biotechnology, diagnostics, therapeutics like vaccines, gene therapy and biomarkers are discussed. Agricultural biotechnology enhances crop yields and nutrition through traits like pest resistance and customized plant oils. Environmental biotechnology includes bioremediation to clean the environment and monitoring ecosystems.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This document discusses various traditional microbial examination methods used to analyze food, including plate counts, membrane filtration, most probable number, direct microscopic count, and dye reduction tests. It describes how these methods work, their advantages and limitations, and what types of samples each is best suited for. Key indicators like coliforms and E. coli are also covered as indicators of potential contamination.
Microbiological culture sensitivity tests involve growing microbial organisms in controlled conditions to determine what type of microbe is present and if it is resistant to various antibiotics. Samples are taken from infected areas and placed in special culture media to multiply the microbes. The microbes are then exposed to different antibiotics to see which ones inhibit their growth, indicating effectiveness. This helps clinicians select the most suitable antibiotic to treat a patient's infection and monitor antibiotic resistance in communities.
This document provides an overview of the history, scope, branches, and applications of biotechnology. It discusses how biotechnology involves using living organisms to make products, improve plants/animals, and develop microorganisms. The major branches covered are red, green, blue, and white biotechnology. The document also outlines the key components of modern biotechnology, including genomics, bioinformatics, transformation, molecular breeding, and vaccine technology. Finally, it reviews the history of biotechnology from ancient times to current applications in fields like health, fuel, and manufacturing.
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA when it divides. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix structure, forming a replication fork, and using DNA polymerases to add complementary nucleotides to each strand, forming two new double helix DNA molecules each with one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. Key enzymes that aid in replication include DNA helicase, DNA primase, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase. Precise DNA replication is essential for accurate cell division and the transmission of genetic information from parent cells to daughter cells.
This document discusses past and present research on antibiotic-producing actinomycetes. It covers key discoveries from the 1940s-1960s, including antibiotics like penicillin, tetracyclines, and cephalosporins. Current research focuses on genomics, combinatorial chemistry, and high-throughput screening, which have not yielded new antibiotics. The document advocates returning to whole-cell screening of actinomycete broths, which more directly tests for antibiotic activity. It also describes using macrodroplets to simplify actinomycete culturing and screening against drug-resistant E. coli to identify promising new antibiotic candidates. Challenges with metagenomic approaches are noted.
Lab 6 isolation of antibiotic producer from soilHama Nabaz
The document outlines steps to isolate antibiotic-producing microorganisms from soil samples and determine their antimicrobial activity. Students will isolate Bacillus, Penicillium, and Actinomyces colonies on agar plates. Colonies will be streaked on plates seeded with Staphylococcus epidermidis or fungi to check for evidence of antibiosis. Colonies showing inhibition will be re-streaked with test pathogens to confirm antimicrobial activity through zone of inhibition assays. The goal is to isolate microbes producing antibiotics that could have clinical significance.
Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing and Antimicrobial Stewardship.pptxDr. Rakesh Prasad Sah
This document discusses antibiotic sensitivity testing and antimicrobial stewardship. It describes antibiotic sensitivity testing (AST) as a test to check the effectiveness of drugs against bacteria and select the best treatment. It outlines qualitative and quantitative AST methods, including disk diffusion, dilution methods, and E-tests. The purposes of AST include guiding treatment, controlling antibiotic use, and monitoring resistance trends. Antimicrobial stewardship aims to optimize antibiotic use through leadership, infrastructure, policies, education, and monitoring outcomes like resistance and costs. Core strategies include formulary restrictions and prospective audits with clinician feedback.
Developing the Logistics for Producing Human Pathogen-Free Organic Strawberri...sberries
This project aimed to develop sustainable organic strawberry production in Tennessee that reduces risks of human pathogen contamination. Researchers worked with 8 local farms to test detection methods for pathogens like E. coli and Salmonella on berries. They found dipstick assays can reliably detect single colonies of Salmonella and Listeria, but not E. coli. The farms implemented organic management practices and amendments like BioVam. Plots with BioVam showed increased yields. Outreach events educated over 500 people on the project's methods and findings. Continued variety testing and identification of contamination points will further the goals.
Gut bacteria in young diabetic kids show differencesUniv. of Tripoli
The document summarizes research on differences in gut bacteria composition between young children with type 1 diabetes and healthy controls. The research found that diabetic children under 3 years had higher levels of Bacilli and Bacteroidetes bacteria, while controls had higher levels of beneficial Clostridium clusters. For children over 3, diabetics had less butyrate-producing bacteria and higher diversity than controls. Maintaining balanced gut bacteria and butyrate production through diet may help prevent type 1 diabetes.
Biotechnology uses living organisms or processes to develop products for human welfare. It includes green biotechnology for agriculture, red biotechnology for medicine, blue biotechnology for aquatic applications, and white biotechnology for industrial uses. Red biotechnology, also called health biotechnology, utilizes biotechnology in medicine through techniques like drug production, pharmacogenomics, gene therapy, and tissue engineering. These applications are improving healthcare by developing new medicines and therapies, personalizing drug treatment, correcting genetic defects, and engineering replacement tissues.
This document outlines the scope and branches of microbiology. It discusses how microbiology impacts fields like medicine, agriculture, food science, ecology, and more. The major branches covered are medical microbiology, immunology, agricultural microbiology, food/dairy microbiology, industrial microbiology, and genetic engineering. Microbiology is also important for biotechnology, using enzymes from microbes. It also discusses the roles of microbiology in agriculture, industry, medicine, the environment, and more. The document concludes with references and sources for more information.
The document discusses the field of microbiology and the journey of a scientist. It covers topics ranging from the basic structure and function of microbes like bacteria, viruses, and fungi, to laboratory tools, experiments, and the scientific method. The document emphasizes the importance of microbiology in areas like health, safety, and the environment. It also profiles the career of a microbiologist whose goal is to apply scientific knowledge and experience to ensure product safety through laboratory testing and quality programs.
This document summarizes research activities at Universitas Airlangga Culture Collection (UACC) in Indonesia. UACC houses a collection of bacteria, yeast, molds and algae obtained from research projects and outside sources. Microbes are stored short-term in media or long-term using liquid-liquid methods. The collection is used for education, research, public and community services. Recent research focuses on enhancing public health through developing bioinsecticides and antimicrobial compounds, and on ecology and biodiversity through projects on wastewater treatment, biosurfactant production, and utilizing microbes from mangrove lands.
Plant tissue culture is the process of producing plants from tissue of a desired plant in a controlled nutrient medium, producing an exact replica of the mother plant. Plant biotechnology genetically modifies plants by manipulating genes in a laboratory and transferring them to a plant to alter its characteristics. The goals of modern plant biotechnology include improving crop production through traits like increased nutrition, disease resistance, insect control, and weed management. Applications include producing golden rice with more vitamin A, plants resistant to viruses, crops containing genes for natural insecticides, and herbicide-resistant crops. Future areas may include caffeine-free coffee, pharmaceuticals, and using plants as biofuel sources.
Dr. Heather Allen - The Swine Gut Microbiota: Status and OutlookJohn Blue
The Swine Gut Microbiota: Status and Outlook - Dr. Heather Allen, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, from the 2016 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 17-20, 2016, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-leman-swine-conference-material
This document discusses research on antibiotic-producing actinomycetes, both past and present. It notes that during the 1940s and 1950s, many important antibiotic classes were discovered from actinomycetes, including tetracyclines, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides. However, more recent high-throughput screening approaches targeting specific enzymes have not yielded any new antibiotics approved for clinical use. The document argues for returning to traditional whole cell screening of actinomycete broths, which more quickly identifies biologically active compounds.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
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Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
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In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
COMPOSTING AS A SUSTAINABLE TREATMENT OPTION FOR BIODEGRADABLE WASTE
1. ANTIMICROBIALACTIVITY OF
LEMON JUICE AND VINEGAR ON
PYELONEPHRITIS (KIDNEY
INFECTION) DISEASE CAUSING E.
COLI, KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIA,
PROTEUS MIRABILIS BACTERIA
2. Chapter 1: Introduction
Introduction
• Pyelonephritis can be seen as a type of urinary tract
infection caused by bacterial invasion in which one or
both kidneys in the human body become infected.
• The information begins in the urethra for the bladder and
after some time it travels to the kidneys spreading the
infection (Okeke et al. 2019).
• In the current medical practices, Outpatient oral antibiotic
therapy (OOAT) with the Fluoroquinolone has been
observed to be successful for the patient with mild
uncomplicated pyelonephritis (Padron, 2020).
• However, treatment with drugs can cure this type of
infection in 2 to 3 days, but the medication must be
continued for the entire period of prescription which is
usually fourteen days (Hindi et al. 2018).
3. Research rationale
• As per the information obtained from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
(2021), acute pyelonephritis has been observed to be a
severe urinary tract infection (UTI) that has been estimated
to occur around 11 cases for 10,000 inhabitants.
• At the same time, these diseases have been observed to be
4 to 5 times more frequent in the female body in
comparison to male individuals.
• It has also been observed that 1% of boys and 3% of girls
have acute pyelonephritis at the age of 7 and these disease
development incidents are highest among the women
within the age group of 15 to 29 (patient.info, 2020).
• In addition to that, the antibiotics used to treat this disease
condition include fluoroquinolone, penicillin, amoxicillin-
clavulanate potassium, cephalosporins, and trimethoprim-
sulfamethoxazole.
• However, these antibiotic agents have the most common
frequent side effects including gastrointestinal reactions
that cause nausea, dyspepsia, and vomiting.
• At the same time, CNS reactions including dizziness,
insomnia, headache, and other kinds of irritations such as
allergic reactions have also been observed in many cases
(Kalia et al. 2020).
4. Aim and Objectives
Aim:
• The main aim of this research is to investigate the antimicrobial activity of lime juice and
vinegar on pyelonephritis disease caused by bacterial growth of E. Coli, Klebsiella
Pneumonia, Proteus Mirabilis Bacteria.
Objectives:
The objectives of this research are,
• To investigate the current scenario of pyelonephritis disease and its treatment options
• To analyze the alternative ways for treating pyelonephritis
• To implement natural compounds with antimicrobial activity
• To evaluate the results of antimicrobial activity shown by the natural compounds against
the development of pyelonephritis
5. Literature Review
• Antimicrobial activity of apple cider vinegar
against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus
aureus, and Candida albicans
• Antibacterial activity of Citrus lemon fruit
juice extract
• Efficacy of vinegar, salt solution, and lemon
juice as antimicrobial agents in reducing the
microbial load
6. Chapter 2: Materials and methods
Materials Used
• This research was conducted with the primary
methodologies in which the researcher has
performed their own experiments and
laboratory procedures.
• In this research, the materials that have been
used include cranberry, lemon juice,
tomatoes, vinegar, oranges brought from the
enbus supermarket store.
• The materials which have been brought have
been listed before the initiation of this
research work and each of the materials has
been added to the list based on the research
requirements (Madarisa, 2019)
• Other materials that have been included in
this research work are Benson Burner,
bacterial culture, thermometer, agar plate,
Gentamicin antibiotic plate.
• Some more materials have also been included
in this research that are micro tips, bickers,
falcon tubes, watch glasses, forceps, glass
rods, some chemical solutions, pH controlling
devices, and stains.
7. Sample collection
• The samples of Cranberry, vinegar, lemon
juice were collected from the supermarket
and opened in the laboratory in the
sterilized conditions between Benson
burners
• Primary sterilization of the surface of the
tomatoes and oranges was done with 70%
alcohol.
• The bacterial culture was collected from
the laboratory and where stored in a cold
storage for father experimentation (Liu
and Hannig, 2020).
• The collection of materials work done on
the basis of the list that has been made
before the start of the experiment and
research procedure.
8. Bacterial culture preparation
• Preparation of bacterial culture is one of the essential
tasks which is common to every microbiology
experiment in which the bacterial population is
allowed to grow in the presence of the essential
nutrition.
• The microorganisms that grow in a culture medium
and search for others must be kept under an
incubator (Liu et al. 2018).
• In the absence of high-quality media the possibility
of cultivating accurate reproducible as well as
repeatable microbiological test results can be
minimized due to bacterial contamination (Salari et
al. 2019).
• In this experiment, both the culture of E. coli,
Klebsiella pneumonia, and Proteus mirabilis were
shrunk under a nutrient agar plate and were
incubated at 37 degree Celsius for a day.
• After 24 hours, the culture was picked up and
isolated in the bacterial community with specific
characteristics identification (Khan et al. 2018).
• The density of each culture suspension was checked
afterwards and the normal range of density was
considered to be 0.08 >> 0.1 at 600nm.
9. To check antimicrobial activity
Well diffusion method
• Well diffusion method can be seen to be a widely used
methodology to evaluate antimicrobial activity of
plants and the microbial extract.
• The principle of this well diffusion method described
the antibiotic-impregnated disk, pleased on the agar
that was previously isolated with the bacteria of
interest and picking up the monsters (Missoun et al.
2019).
• In this experimental study, the materials that have been
used for this well diffusion method are N. Agar plate,
bacterial suspension, and Swab
• Micropipette and Micro tips have been included in this
research for or the delivery of fruit juice and vinegar in
the culture (Guo et al. 2019).
• Three major parts of checking antimicrobial activity
were taken under consideration after 1 day of
incubation for each of the bacterial cultures.
10. To check antimicrobial activity (Continue)
Disk diffusion method
• Disc diffusion method (DDM) is another well used agar
diffusion method (ADM), in which antibiotic extracts are tested
with the diffusion from its reservoir through the agar medium
seeded with microorganism.
• The main purpose of this disc diffusion susceptibility method is
to determine the resistance or sensitivity of particular bacteria
(pathogenic aerobic and facultative anaerobic) against different
antimicrobial compounds (Chalad et al. 2018).
• In this experimental study of disk diffusion, the materials that
have been used for this well diffusion method are N. Agar
plate, bacterial suspension, and Swab.
• , a drop of each of the natural compounds (in cranberry, lemon
juice, tomatoes, vinegar, orange) was taken in the experimental
plate made up of filter paper which was 6 mm in diameter.
• For each of the bacterial stains, different plates have been
prepared and after adding the bacterial culture the Petri dishes
taken for incubation at 37 degree Celsius for 24 hours.
• After being fusion for one day, the bacterial cultures were taken
for observation where three major observations have been
considered to be made (Gefen et al. 2017).
11. Chapter 3: Result and Discussion
Results
• Based on the observations, this research has come to the
results of bacterial inhibition in response to different natural
antibiotics such as cranberry, lemon juice, tomatoes, vinegar,
and orange.
Result of cranberry and lemon juice:
• Applying the cranberry and lemon juice it has been found
that the bacterial innovation was occurred in the lime juice
but not in cranberry juice.
• The result has found that the inhibition zone of E. coli was
0.099 and in case of Klebsiella pneumoniae it was 0.069.
• At the same time, Proteus mirabilis has shown the result of
0.102 which is the highest measurement of innovation zone
after applying the lemon juice.
E. coli Klebsiella
pneumoniae
Proteus mirabilis
Lemon Juice
0.099 0.069 0.102
Cranberry Juice
_ _ _
12. Results (Continue)
Result of tomatoes, vinegar and orange:
• After taking the observations of lemon juice and
cranberry extract, the researchers have also used
tomatoes, vinegar, and orange, and innovation
has been found.
• In the presence of vinegar, E. coli has shown a
zone of inhibition of 0.111, whereas Klebsiella
pneumoniae has shown a zone of inhibition of
0.099.
• Moreover, Proteus mirabilis has also shown an
innovation in the presence of vinegar and an
inhibition zone of 0.088 has been observed.
E. coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus mirabilis
Vinegar 0.111 0.099 0.088
Orange Juice
Tomatoes
13. Discussion
• Bacterial growth can be restricted with the natural
antimicrobial agents and this has been supported with
the data findings in this research.
• Based on the result and the data findings it has been
observed that the bacterial propagation and their
growth can be restricted with the help of
incrementing some natural compounds such as
vinegar, and lemon juice.
• At the same time, bacterial growth restriction or
inhibition has also been observed with the application
of orange juice, and tomato (Hase et al. 2018).
• Therefore, it can be stated that there is a significant
antimicrobial activity of lime juice and vinegar on
pyelonephritis disease caused by bacterial growth of
E. Coli, Klebsiella Pneumonia, Proteus Mirabilis
Bacteria (Singh et al. 2017).
• bacterial growth has been effectively restricted as
well as inhibited with the application of these natural
compounds (Aljerf and AlMasri, 2018).
14. Discussion (Continue)
• The reason behind the bacterial growth inhibition
has also been understood as the antimicrobial
activity of organic acids present in these natural
compounds.
• The presence of acetic acid (CH₃COOH) in
vinegar, citric acid (C₆H₈O₇) in lemon juice and
orange as well as the presence of malic acid
(C4H6O5) in tomatoes has effectively inhibited the
bacterial growth (Roy et al. 2018).
• The organic acid spreads through the bacterial cell
membrane and separates into anions (-ve) and
protons/cations (+ve) (Aras et al. 2018).
• Eventually, these two negatively and positively
charged ions inhibit the electronic balance within
the bacterial cells and develop suppression in the
action of cellular enzymes as well as the
transportation system in the bacterial cell (Di
Rienzi et al. 2018).
15. The success of the research study
• There were two major hypotheses in this study that were
taken for justification and after the observations and data
findings, it can be stated that the null hypothesis is
rejected.
• According to the alternative hypothesis, there is a
significant antimicrobial activity of lime juice and
vinegar on pyelonephritis disease caused by bacterial
growth of E. Coli, Klebsiella Pneumonia, Proteus
Mirabilis Bacteria (Aras et al. 2018).
• The main reason behind it has also been identified as the
presence of organic acids in these natural compounds.
• However, due to the presence of low amounts of organic
acids in cranberry, research has shown a negative result
with the application of cranberry juice.
16. Comparing the results with previous
studies
• The result of this research study has also when
compared with the previous studies in this area and a
significant similarity has been found.
• Comparing the results of this experiment with the
previous studies has not shown any significant
difference between them and the minimum
difference has occurred by chance (Andrés-Barrao
and Barja, 2017).
• The difference of place of experiment, bacterial
strain variance, dissimilarity in the experimental
procedure, and other factors are responsible for the
dissimilarities which are not significant in the 5%
significance level and 95% confidence level (Fan et
al. 2017).
• Lastly, it can also be stated that this study has added
some significant knowledge in this field by virtue of
comparing the response of different types of
bacterial strain in different natural compound
applications (De Filippis et al. 2018).
17. Explaining the refutation in some
areas
• The overall study was significantly successful
and the desired results have been found for
each of the bacterial strains in different
natural compound applications.
• However, in some cases, refutations have also
been observed including the negative result of
cranberry juice in inhibiting the bacterial
growth (Villegas-Guzman et al. 2017).
• The refutation in the cranberry juice
experiment can be justified with the
description of limited organic acid presence
in cranberry (Andrés-Barrao and Barja,
2017).
• These insufficient organic acids were not
capable of controlling the bacterial growth
and restrict them to propagate.
18. Alteration of methods for providing
more definitive results
• This study has provided successful results regarding
the bacterial growth innovation in presence of different
natural antibiotics.
• However, some alterations in the experimental
procedure in future studies can improve the delivery of
the overall research.
• In this regard, the consideration of moisture, pH levels,
warmth, and oxygen level is required which are the big
4 physical as well as chemical factors affecting the
growth of microorganisms (Di Rienzi et al. 2018).
• At the same time, the control of microorganisms with
some mythological implementations could have also
improved the result of these experiments.
• The control of temperature, osmotic pressure,
desiccation, radiation, and filtration could have
enhanced the overall experiment while providing
better results.
19. Chapter 4: Conclusion
Conclusion
• Based on the analysis it can be concluded that
Pyelonephritis causing bacteria including E. coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis shows
a significant innovation in presence of organic acids.
• This experiment has also revealed that the amount of
organic acids present in a natural compound is
important and there is a threshold level that needs to
be crossed for restricting the bacterial growth.
• This research was based on the investigation of
antimicrobial properties present in the natural
compounds such as lemon juice, vinegar, oranges,
tomatoes, and cranberry.
• Among these natural sources of organic acids, all of
the compounds have shown positive results against
the bacterial growth except cranberry.
20. Research limitations
• This research has provided significant results
regarding the antimicrobial capability of natural
compounds that restrict the growth of bacteria
causing urinary tract infections in the human body.
• However, the insufficiency of data available on the
internet on several topics has developed some
limitations in this research.
• The unavailability of sufficient primary researches in
this area has also developed some serious constraints
of knowledge that were required for the effective
delivery of this research.
• The effects of several factors including pH level,
temperature, oxygen level, and others were not
considered in this research which could have
significant effects on the result.
21. Chapter 5: Future scope
Scope in the research field:
• The study will provide a template for future studies in
the same field by virtue of providing the data support
and help the future researchers by providing
experimental strategies.
Scope in medical advancement:
• The present treatment options for Pyelonephritis are
the chemical antibiotics which have a wide range of
side effects in the human body.
Scope in genetic engineering:
• The development of antibiotic resistance among the
bacteria is due to the mutation in their genes and the
development of antibiotic resistance genes.
Scope in bacterial meta-population analysis:
• This study has not only investigated the impacts of
different natural compounds on a single bacterial
growth but also has provided suggestions regarding
three different bacterial strains.
• Lastly, it can be stated that this study has different
future scopes in various fields of research as well as
practical implementations.
Scope in the research field
Scope in medical advancement
Scope in genetic engineering
Scope in bacterial meta-
population analysis
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