Punto, linea, superficie sono gli elementi minimi della composizione grafica e del pensiero visivo. Come li combini a ha che fare con la tua creatività. Per esercitarti a farlo segui le indicazioni contenute in questo pdf.
This document summarizes key concepts related to ametropia (conditions where the eye fails to focus light properly on the retina). It defines and compares different types of ametropia including myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia. It also discusses optical correction of ametropia using lenses and the importance of considering lens position and back vertex distance when prescribing high-powered lenses. Key points covered include the differences between axial and refractive ametropia, types of hyperopia and astigmatism, and formulas for calculating effective lens power based on movement relative to the eye.
This is a class based presentation presented on Lecture of Shaalakya Tantra guided by Dr. Sadhana Parajuli Mam, H.O.D, Ayurveda Campus & Teaching Hospital, Kirtipur, I.O.M, T.U
The eye is made up of three coats - fibrous, vascular and nervous. The fibrous coat includes the sclera and cornea. The vascular coat provides nutrition via the uveal tract. The nervous coat is the retina which senses light. Within the eyeball are two chambers filled with aqueous humor - the anterior chamber between the cornea and iris and the posterior chamber between the iris and lens. The iris controls the size of the pupil to regulate light. The choroid nourishes the retina and the lens focuses light onto the retina to be transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
This document discusses idiopathic juxtafoveolar telangiectasia (IJFT), including its classification and stages. It describes IJFT types 1 and 2, with type 1 being congenital and aneurysmal and type 2 being acquired and perifoveal. Type 2 is further classified into 5 stages based on angiographic and imaging findings. The document also presents three case studies where anti-VEGF therapy with ranibizumab was used to treat neovascularization associated with types 1 and 2 IJFT, showing improvements in leakage and vision. While anti-VEGF therapy may help reduce leakage, preexisting photoreceptor damage from IJFT may limit improvements in visual acuity.
Astigmatic lens used in ophthalmology and eyeRACHANA KAFLE
different types and classifications of astigmatic lens used
availability of astigmatic lens
uses of astigmatic lens
advantages and disadvantages of astigmatic lens
Definition Of The Accommodation
Mechanism Of Accommodation
Triggers Accommodation
Terms Of Accommodation
Accommodative Dysfunction
Spasm Of Accommodation
Accommodative Esotropia
Controlling Accommodation In Vision Test
Tips To Control Accommodation In Lifestyle
References
Clinical Procedures In Optometry By J.D. Bartlett, J.B. Eskridge, J.F. Amos
Theory And Practice Of Squint And Orthoptics By A.K.Khurana
Adler’s Physiology Of The Eye By L.A. Levin, S.F. Nilsson
Borish’s Clinical Refraction By W.J. Benjamin
Duke-elder’s Practice Of Refraction By David Abrams
Optics & Refraction By A.K.Khurana
Textbook Of Ophthalmology By E Ahmed
Clinical Optics By A R. Elkington, Werner L, Trindade F, Pereira F, Werner L
Physiology Of Accommodation And Presbyopia, ARQ. Bras. OFTALMOL, December 2000.
Optometry And Ophthalmology Websites
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the cornea. It discusses the gross anatomy including the layers of the cornea - epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. The microanatomy and ultrastructure of each layer is described. Key points include the lamellar structure of the stroma providing transparency, regeneration of the epithelium from basal stem cells, and the theories behind corneal transparency relating to the structure of the stromal collagen fibers.
This document summarizes key concepts related to ametropia (conditions where the eye fails to focus light properly on the retina). It defines and compares different types of ametropia including myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia. It also discusses optical correction of ametropia using lenses and the importance of considering lens position and back vertex distance when prescribing high-powered lenses. Key points covered include the differences between axial and refractive ametropia, types of hyperopia and astigmatism, and formulas for calculating effective lens power based on movement relative to the eye.
This is a class based presentation presented on Lecture of Shaalakya Tantra guided by Dr. Sadhana Parajuli Mam, H.O.D, Ayurveda Campus & Teaching Hospital, Kirtipur, I.O.M, T.U
The eye is made up of three coats - fibrous, vascular and nervous. The fibrous coat includes the sclera and cornea. The vascular coat provides nutrition via the uveal tract. The nervous coat is the retina which senses light. Within the eyeball are two chambers filled with aqueous humor - the anterior chamber between the cornea and iris and the posterior chamber between the iris and lens. The iris controls the size of the pupil to regulate light. The choroid nourishes the retina and the lens focuses light onto the retina to be transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
This document discusses idiopathic juxtafoveolar telangiectasia (IJFT), including its classification and stages. It describes IJFT types 1 and 2, with type 1 being congenital and aneurysmal and type 2 being acquired and perifoveal. Type 2 is further classified into 5 stages based on angiographic and imaging findings. The document also presents three case studies where anti-VEGF therapy with ranibizumab was used to treat neovascularization associated with types 1 and 2 IJFT, showing improvements in leakage and vision. While anti-VEGF therapy may help reduce leakage, preexisting photoreceptor damage from IJFT may limit improvements in visual acuity.
Astigmatic lens used in ophthalmology and eyeRACHANA KAFLE
different types and classifications of astigmatic lens used
availability of astigmatic lens
uses of astigmatic lens
advantages and disadvantages of astigmatic lens
Definition Of The Accommodation
Mechanism Of Accommodation
Triggers Accommodation
Terms Of Accommodation
Accommodative Dysfunction
Spasm Of Accommodation
Accommodative Esotropia
Controlling Accommodation In Vision Test
Tips To Control Accommodation In Lifestyle
References
Clinical Procedures In Optometry By J.D. Bartlett, J.B. Eskridge, J.F. Amos
Theory And Practice Of Squint And Orthoptics By A.K.Khurana
Adler’s Physiology Of The Eye By L.A. Levin, S.F. Nilsson
Borish’s Clinical Refraction By W.J. Benjamin
Duke-elder’s Practice Of Refraction By David Abrams
Optics & Refraction By A.K.Khurana
Textbook Of Ophthalmology By E Ahmed
Clinical Optics By A R. Elkington, Werner L, Trindade F, Pereira F, Werner L
Physiology Of Accommodation And Presbyopia, ARQ. Bras. OFTALMOL, December 2000.
Optometry And Ophthalmology Websites
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the cornea. It discusses the gross anatomy including the layers of the cornea - epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. The microanatomy and ultrastructure of each layer is described. Key points include the lamellar structure of the stroma providing transparency, regeneration of the epithelium from basal stem cells, and the theories behind corneal transparency relating to the structure of the stromal collagen fibers.
Angle-closure glaucoma is caused by apposition of the peripheral iris to the trabecular meshwork, reducing drainage of aqueous humor from the eye. Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) has no underlying cause and is due to anatomic factors. It is a leading cause of glaucoma worldwide. PACG presents with acute symptoms like eye pain and blurred vision due to sudden rise in pressure from pupillary block. Treatment involves lowering pressure with medications or iridectomy to prevent future attacks. Long-term management focuses on screening and treatment to prevent angle closure in the fellow eye.
The retina develops from the evagination and invagination of the optic vesicles from the diencephalon beginning around day 22. The optic vesicles grow toward the ectoderm, inducing lens formation, and invaginate to form the optic cup by day 33. The layers of the optic cup then differentiate into the neural retina and pigmented epithelium, with the anterior portion forming the iris and ciliary body and the posterior portion forming the 10 layers of the retina.
1) An inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex lies on a circle and whose sides contain chords of the circle.
2) The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to one-half the measure of its intercepted arc.
3) If two inscribed angles intercept the same arc or congruent arcs, then the angles are congruent.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES.pptANUJA DHAKAL
The presentation begins with an overview of the extraocular muscles, highlighting their crucial role in controlling eye movements and maintaining proper vision. Emphasized the significance of these muscles in daily activities and visual perception.
This document discusses different types of vergence eye movements, including fusional vergence and accommodative convergence. It defines fusional vergence as an optomotor reflex that works to maintain eye alignment and retinal image correspondence. Accommodative convergence is described as a reflex linking convergence and accommodation simultaneously during the near response. The ratio between accommodative convergence and accommodation (AC/A ratio) is also discussed, along with examples of normal and abnormal AC/A ratios.
Astigmatism is a refractive error where refraction varies in different meridians of the eye. In astigmatism, light rays from one sector focus on one point of the retina while rays from another sector focus on a different point, resulting in blurred vision. Around 60% of refractive error cases involve astigmatism. It is classified as mild, moderate, severe, or extreme depending on the degree of refractive error. Regular astigmatism results from corneal or lenticular shape and irregular astigmatism involves irregular changes in refractive power. Treatment options include optical aids like glasses and contact lenses or refractive surgery procedures.
The document describes the anatomy of the bony orbit and the extraocular muscles within. It discusses the seven bones that make up the bony orbit, including the frontal, zygomatic, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, lacrimal and palatine bones. It describes the roof, floor, medial wall and lateral wall of the orbit. It then discusses the extraocular muscles, including the four rectus muscles, two oblique muscles and levator palpebrae superioris. It details the origin, insertion, nerve supply and actions of each muscle. Finally, it discusses some clinical implications like strabismus and Horner's syndrome.
1) Angle-closure glaucoma (ACG) occurs when the drainage angle between the iris and cornea is blocked. It is more common in Asian populations and causes more vision loss than open-angle glaucoma.
2) Risk factors for ACG include older age, female sex, Chinese ethnicity, family history, anatomically shallow anterior chambers, and thick lenses. Precipitating factors are low light, certain drugs, and stress.
3) Pupillary block is the main mechanism of ACG, where the iris blocks the trabecular meshwork due to apposition between the iris and lens at the pupil. Plateau iris is a variant where the peripheral iris is anteriorly displaced onto the angle
The aqueous humour is a clear fluid produced in the cilliary body that flows through the posterior and anterior chambers of the eye, providing nutrients and removing waste. It is formed primarily via active secretion and diffusion, circulating through the trabecular meshwork and schlemm's canal before draining into episcleral veins. The rate and composition of aqueous humour production and drainage are tightly regulated to maintain intraocular pressure for proper eye function.
Astigmatism is a refractive error where the eye does not focus light evenly on the retina due to an uneven curvature of the cornea or lens. This causes blurred vision. There are different types of astigmatism including with-the-rule, against-the-rule, and oblique astigmatism depending on the axis of the steeper and flatter meridians. Astigmatism is typically corrected using cylindrical lenses in glasses or toric contact lenses to refocus light evenly on the retina. More advanced treatments include refractive surgery such as LASIK.
This document discusses corneal topography and keratometry. It defines topography as determining and describing the features of a surface, specifically the corneal surface. It describes methods of measuring corneal topography including reflection-based methods like keratometry and projection-based methods like slit photography and rasterstereography. It also discusses different topographic maps including axial, tangential, and refractive maps, and indices used to quantify topography such as the simulated keratometry values, surface asymmetry index, and surface regularity index.
Management of Keratoconus
for more information about icourses
https://www.facebook.com/i.courses.ophthalmology/
https://wa.me/201092909418
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChSK-t5QtUa7Y6ct889ql7Q?reload=9&
https://t.me/icoursesophthalmology
https://www.instagram.com/i.courses.ophthalmology/
https://www.linkedin.com/in/ahmed-hamdy-626527188/
1. Introduction Gross anatomy Layers Blood supply, drainage and nerve supply
2. INTRODUCTION • Sclera forms posterior 5/6th of external tunic , connective tissue coat of eyeball. • it continues with duramater and cornea • Its whole surface covered by tenon’s capsule • Anteriorly covered by- bulbar conjunctiva • Inner surface lies in contact with choroid • With a potential suprachoroidal space in between
3. Equa THICKNESS OF SCLERA
4. • Thickness varies with individual, with age • Thinner- children, elder, F> M • Thickest posteriorly • Gradually becomes thinner when traced anteriorly • Thin at insertion of extraocular muscle
The document discusses the extraocular muscles and their nerve supply, actions, and clinical presentations of nerve palsies. It describes the origins, insertions, innervations and primary actions of the 4 recti muscles and 2 oblique muscles. Figure 1 shows ptosis and limitations of eye movements in 3rd nerve palsy. Figures 2 and 3 demonstrate the clinical findings in 4th nerve and 6th nerve palsies, respectively. Ophthalmoplegia is defined as paralysis of the extraocular muscles resulting in double vision.
3rd,4th, 6th nerves
Extraocular muscles
How to examine for ocular motility
Ophthalmoplegia
Diplopia and related disorders
Gaze pathway
How to examine for gaze
Gaze palsy
Types of eye movements
How to examine for EM
Nystagmus and non nystagmus ocular oscillation
The document summarizes the anatomy of the orbit. It is formed by 7 bones and has a quadrangular pyramid shape. The orbit contains 4 walls - medial, inferior, lateral, and roof. Each wall has specific bone formations and relationships to structures like muscles and nerves. The orbit also contains openings like the optic canal and superior orbital fissure that connect to other areas. The periorbita lining and fascia bulbi surrounding the eyeball are described. Finally, the document outlines the 3 surgical spaces within the orbit.
This document discusses different types of lenses used in ophthalmology. It describes spherical lenses and how they are either convex or concave, forming converging or diverging images. It also discusses astigmatic lenses, including cylindrical lenses which have one curved and one plane surface, and toric lenses which have two curved surfaces of different curvatures. The key concepts of focal length, power, vergence, and magnification of lenses are defined.
L'infografica è la rappresentazione in forma visiva di informazioni, dati o conoscenze attraverso la forma grafica. E' un modo per comunicare concetti complessi, in modo semplice, chiaro, diretto.
Angle-closure glaucoma is caused by apposition of the peripheral iris to the trabecular meshwork, reducing drainage of aqueous humor from the eye. Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) has no underlying cause and is due to anatomic factors. It is a leading cause of glaucoma worldwide. PACG presents with acute symptoms like eye pain and blurred vision due to sudden rise in pressure from pupillary block. Treatment involves lowering pressure with medications or iridectomy to prevent future attacks. Long-term management focuses on screening and treatment to prevent angle closure in the fellow eye.
The retina develops from the evagination and invagination of the optic vesicles from the diencephalon beginning around day 22. The optic vesicles grow toward the ectoderm, inducing lens formation, and invaginate to form the optic cup by day 33. The layers of the optic cup then differentiate into the neural retina and pigmented epithelium, with the anterior portion forming the iris and ciliary body and the posterior portion forming the 10 layers of the retina.
1) An inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex lies on a circle and whose sides contain chords of the circle.
2) The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to one-half the measure of its intercepted arc.
3) If two inscribed angles intercept the same arc or congruent arcs, then the angles are congruent.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES.pptANUJA DHAKAL
The presentation begins with an overview of the extraocular muscles, highlighting their crucial role in controlling eye movements and maintaining proper vision. Emphasized the significance of these muscles in daily activities and visual perception.
This document discusses different types of vergence eye movements, including fusional vergence and accommodative convergence. It defines fusional vergence as an optomotor reflex that works to maintain eye alignment and retinal image correspondence. Accommodative convergence is described as a reflex linking convergence and accommodation simultaneously during the near response. The ratio between accommodative convergence and accommodation (AC/A ratio) is also discussed, along with examples of normal and abnormal AC/A ratios.
Astigmatism is a refractive error where refraction varies in different meridians of the eye. In astigmatism, light rays from one sector focus on one point of the retina while rays from another sector focus on a different point, resulting in blurred vision. Around 60% of refractive error cases involve astigmatism. It is classified as mild, moderate, severe, or extreme depending on the degree of refractive error. Regular astigmatism results from corneal or lenticular shape and irregular astigmatism involves irregular changes in refractive power. Treatment options include optical aids like glasses and contact lenses or refractive surgery procedures.
The document describes the anatomy of the bony orbit and the extraocular muscles within. It discusses the seven bones that make up the bony orbit, including the frontal, zygomatic, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, lacrimal and palatine bones. It describes the roof, floor, medial wall and lateral wall of the orbit. It then discusses the extraocular muscles, including the four rectus muscles, two oblique muscles and levator palpebrae superioris. It details the origin, insertion, nerve supply and actions of each muscle. Finally, it discusses some clinical implications like strabismus and Horner's syndrome.
1) Angle-closure glaucoma (ACG) occurs when the drainage angle between the iris and cornea is blocked. It is more common in Asian populations and causes more vision loss than open-angle glaucoma.
2) Risk factors for ACG include older age, female sex, Chinese ethnicity, family history, anatomically shallow anterior chambers, and thick lenses. Precipitating factors are low light, certain drugs, and stress.
3) Pupillary block is the main mechanism of ACG, where the iris blocks the trabecular meshwork due to apposition between the iris and lens at the pupil. Plateau iris is a variant where the peripheral iris is anteriorly displaced onto the angle
The aqueous humour is a clear fluid produced in the cilliary body that flows through the posterior and anterior chambers of the eye, providing nutrients and removing waste. It is formed primarily via active secretion and diffusion, circulating through the trabecular meshwork and schlemm's canal before draining into episcleral veins. The rate and composition of aqueous humour production and drainage are tightly regulated to maintain intraocular pressure for proper eye function.
Astigmatism is a refractive error where the eye does not focus light evenly on the retina due to an uneven curvature of the cornea or lens. This causes blurred vision. There are different types of astigmatism including with-the-rule, against-the-rule, and oblique astigmatism depending on the axis of the steeper and flatter meridians. Astigmatism is typically corrected using cylindrical lenses in glasses or toric contact lenses to refocus light evenly on the retina. More advanced treatments include refractive surgery such as LASIK.
This document discusses corneal topography and keratometry. It defines topography as determining and describing the features of a surface, specifically the corneal surface. It describes methods of measuring corneal topography including reflection-based methods like keratometry and projection-based methods like slit photography and rasterstereography. It also discusses different topographic maps including axial, tangential, and refractive maps, and indices used to quantify topography such as the simulated keratometry values, surface asymmetry index, and surface regularity index.
Management of Keratoconus
for more information about icourses
https://www.facebook.com/i.courses.ophthalmology/
https://wa.me/201092909418
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChSK-t5QtUa7Y6ct889ql7Q?reload=9&
https://t.me/icoursesophthalmology
https://www.instagram.com/i.courses.ophthalmology/
https://www.linkedin.com/in/ahmed-hamdy-626527188/
1. Introduction Gross anatomy Layers Blood supply, drainage and nerve supply
2. INTRODUCTION • Sclera forms posterior 5/6th of external tunic , connective tissue coat of eyeball. • it continues with duramater and cornea • Its whole surface covered by tenon’s capsule • Anteriorly covered by- bulbar conjunctiva • Inner surface lies in contact with choroid • With a potential suprachoroidal space in between
3. Equa THICKNESS OF SCLERA
4. • Thickness varies with individual, with age • Thinner- children, elder, F> M • Thickest posteriorly • Gradually becomes thinner when traced anteriorly • Thin at insertion of extraocular muscle
The document discusses the extraocular muscles and their nerve supply, actions, and clinical presentations of nerve palsies. It describes the origins, insertions, innervations and primary actions of the 4 recti muscles and 2 oblique muscles. Figure 1 shows ptosis and limitations of eye movements in 3rd nerve palsy. Figures 2 and 3 demonstrate the clinical findings in 4th nerve and 6th nerve palsies, respectively. Ophthalmoplegia is defined as paralysis of the extraocular muscles resulting in double vision.
3rd,4th, 6th nerves
Extraocular muscles
How to examine for ocular motility
Ophthalmoplegia
Diplopia and related disorders
Gaze pathway
How to examine for gaze
Gaze palsy
Types of eye movements
How to examine for EM
Nystagmus and non nystagmus ocular oscillation
The document summarizes the anatomy of the orbit. It is formed by 7 bones and has a quadrangular pyramid shape. The orbit contains 4 walls - medial, inferior, lateral, and roof. Each wall has specific bone formations and relationships to structures like muscles and nerves. The orbit also contains openings like the optic canal and superior orbital fissure that connect to other areas. The periorbita lining and fascia bulbi surrounding the eyeball are described. Finally, the document outlines the 3 surgical spaces within the orbit.
This document discusses different types of lenses used in ophthalmology. It describes spherical lenses and how they are either convex or concave, forming converging or diverging images. It also discusses astigmatic lenses, including cylindrical lenses which have one curved and one plane surface, and toric lenses which have two curved surfaces of different curvatures. The key concepts of focal length, power, vergence, and magnification of lenses are defined.
L'infografica è la rappresentazione in forma visiva di informazioni, dati o conoscenze attraverso la forma grafica. E' un modo per comunicare concetti complessi, in modo semplice, chiaro, diretto.
Valorizzazione culturale con i media - Canosa di Puglia: una Città-MuseoMaria Novella Fabiano
Tutte le risorse qui contenute sono mostrate a scopo non-commerciale, ma con esclusivo fine educativo e di diffusione culturale, in pieno rispetto delle leggi e dei trattati nazionali e internazionali sulle norme che regolano e tutelano il diritto d'autore.
3. ELEMENTI MINIMI DELLA GRAMMATICA VISIVA
Casa
E
Il punto
In grafica si definisce punto un segno limitato
che concentra su di sé l’attenzione
ed è identificabile tramite coordinate precise
all’interno di uno spazio.
4. ELEMENTI MINIMI DELLA GRAMMATICA VISIVA
La linea
In grafica si definisce linea una connessione tra
due punti o la trac sia di un punto che si sposta.
La linea comunica movimento e direzione.
BLOCCHI TESTO
5. ELEMENTI MINIMI DELLA GRAMMATICA VISIVA
La superficie
In grafica si definisce superficie un punto
che si allarga in uno spazio,
in modo che il suo
contorno,
ovvero la forma,
cominci a diventare
significativa
e a interagire
con lo spazio
esterno
che lo contiene.
6. ELEMENTI MINIMI DELLA GRAMMATICA VISIVA
PUNTI, LINEE e SUPERFICI hanno sempre un CAMPO di riferimento.
7. ESERCITAZIONE
Crea 6 varianti di esempi di punti, linee e superfici per promuovere gli
smarties, considerando come varianti per ognuna sia l’aspetto geometrico,
sia quello tipografico, sia quello fotografico.