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Competition in the Indian Microfinance Sector Doug Johnson Center for Microfinance Institute for Financial Management & Research
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Phenomenal Growth in Microfinance Is Leading to Increasing Levels of Competition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],% women member of MFI or SHG by district as of March 2005 *Prabhu Ghate,  “Consumer Protection in Indian Microfinance Lessons from Andhra Pradesh and the Microfinance Bill”,  Economic and Political Weekly, March 31, 2007  ** APMAS,  “Voice of people on lending practices of microfinance institutions in Krishna and Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh” , APMAS Report, Andhra Pradesh, 2006
In most cases competition benefits end customers… Inefficient MFIs and MFIs with poorly designed products or poor customer service forced to adopt products and strategies of competitors or face bankruptcy.  Net result is… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
…but competition may have negative effects as well ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Key Questions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
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A Quantitative Analysis of MFI Client Data by Karuna Krishnaswamy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Potential Motivations for Multiple Borrowing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Data ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Approx % of total client base # of distinct urban colonies # of distinct villages # of clients MFI 10.04% 359 926 77612 MFI7 22.04% 287 1195 38546 MFI6 NA 0 142 20869 MFI5 87.26% 604 0 41662 MFI4 30.31% 64 226 5146 MFI3 51.21% 166 2819 244396 MFI2 41.22% 197 1420 147152 MFI1 Summary Statistics
Brief Background on Partnership Model ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Name Matching Client records compared across all MFIs to identify multiple borrowers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Limitations and Potential Biases ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Key results from quantitative analysis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Results from interviews with multiple borrowers In depth interviews were conducted with twenty one multiple borrowers from among those identified in the quantitative analysis. All multiple borrowers interviewed belonged to one branch of one MFI.  Among these 21 borrowers… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Results from interviews with sector experts As part of the study, 20 sector experts, including several managers of large MFIs, were asked various questions regarding issues of competition and multiple borrowing.  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
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Map of Microfinance The CMF, in collaboration with 17 major MFIs and with the support of the Swiss Development Corporation, has created a district-by-district map of MFI and SHG coverage for 2005 and 2006. MFIs Which Provided Data for Latest Round (2006) ,[object Object],[object Object],6631 Satin Care 73368 GV 14268 IASC 84349 SNFL 22814 KBSLAB 123359 CMC 23081 Kotalipara 132027 BASIX 40915 GK 132027 BISWA 44434 ESAF 149886 Bandhan 48352 Mahasemam 172970 SKS 53932 VWS 772775 Spandana Total # Active Borrowers 2006 MFI Total # Active Borrowers 2006 MFI
Sample Map Detail: Andhra Pradesh Snapshot
Planned Additions to Map of Microfinance for 2007 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
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Further CMF Research ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Competition in microfinance

  • 1. Competition in the Indian Microfinance Sector Doug Johnson Center for Microfinance Institute for Financial Management & Research
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  • 19. Sample Map Detail: Andhra Pradesh Snapshot
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Editor's Notes

  1. Since microfinance still concentrated in the South these figures understate true level of competition
  2. Overly aggressive loan tactics – if MFIs compete solely on interest rates, there may be a “race to the bottom” in terms of the tactics used by credit officers to Mission drift – mention that, for example, a strategy of subsidizing the ultra-poor with the better off may no longer be viable
  3. Loan product structure not ideal  e.g. if you are a farmer and have two seasons of planting
  4. The audience is probably very familiar  Can I say that the partnership model was designed to get around the capital adequacy requirements
  5. Multiple borrowers may provide false / misleading info  unlikely as KYC docs required for all partnership model clients, in many cases docs were gathered well after initial sign-up; most managers thought that this was implausible Partnership model clients different from other clients  unlikely, based on interviews MFIs, process for designating clients as partnership model seems to be pretty much random (much more info on this in paper)
  6. Estimate of overall incidence of multiple borrowing  means % of people who have loans from more than one MFI out of all MFI clients in the states (does not include loans from SHGs)
  7. Mention that MFI staff and other borrowers were not present during interviews Other group members being aware of loan  many of the managers we interviewed claimed that field staff were completely aware of multiple borrowing