Engineering is the discipline and profession of  applying technical and scientific knowledge and utilizing natural laws and physical  resources in order to design and  implement materials, structures, machines, devices, systems, and processes that safely  realize a desired objective and meet specified criteria

1. PREHISTORY, MEDIEVAL AND PRESENT ENGINEERING
DEVELOPMENT
NAME – ARNAB SARKAR
REG NO – RA2311004010156

2. Definition:
“Engineering is the discipline and profession
of applying technical and scientific knowledge and
utilizing natural laws and physical resources in order
to design and implement materials, structures,
machines, devices, systems, and processes that safely
realize a desired objective and meet specified criteria.”

3. The American Engineers' Council for Professional Development (ECPD,
the predecessor of ABET) has defined engineering as follows:
“The creative application of scientific principles to design or develop
structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or
works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or
operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast
their behavior under specific operating conditions; all as respects
an intended function, economics of operation and safety to life and
property.”
One who practices engineering is called an engineer, and those
licensed to do so may have more formal designations such as European
Engineer, Professional Engineer, Chartered Engineer, or Incorporated
Engineer. The broad discipline of engineering encompasses a range of
more specialized sub disciplines, each with a more specific emphasis
on certain fields of application and particular areas of technology.

4. Prehistory:
During prehistoric times, engineering
was primarily focused on simple
tools and structures necessary for
survival. Humans used basic
materials like stone, wood, and bone
to create tools for hunting, gathering,
and basic construction. Engineering
achievements included the invention
of the wheel, basic shelters, and
rudimentary irrigation systems.

5. Medieval History:
The medieval period saw advancements in
engineering due to the rise of civilizations,
particularly in regions like Europe, the Middle East,
and Asia. Notable achievements during this time
included the construction of cathedrals, castles,
and aqueducts. The knowledge of engineering was
often passed down through guilds, with
specialization in fields like architecture, civil
engineering, and military engineering. The
development of siege engines and defensive
structures demonstrated the growing sophistication
of engineering during this era.

6. Present:
• In the modern era, engineering has advanced
exponentially due to scientific discoveries, technological
innovations, and global collaboration. Engineering has
become highly specialized and interdisciplinary. Some
key developments include:
• Industrial Revolution: The advent of steam engines and
mechanization revolutionized industries and
transportation, leading to massive social and economic
changes.
• Electrical and Electronics Engineering: The invention
of electricity led to the development of telecommunication
systems, computers, and electronics, transforming every
aspect of society.

7. •Civil Engineering: Skyscrapers, bridges, and intricate transportation
networks have been developed using advanced materials and construction
techniques.
•Aerospace Engineering: Advancements in aviation and space exploration
have resulted in moon landings, satellite networks, and plans for
interplanetary travel.
•Biomedical Engineering: The fusion of medicine and engineering has led
to innovations in medical devices, imaging technologies, and prosthetics.
•Environmental Engineering: Concerns about sustainability and
environmental impact have driven developments in renewable energy,
waste management, and pollution control.
•Present engineering development is characterized by rapid technological
advancement, fueled by digitalization, artificial intelligence, and
globalization. Engineers work across disciplines and collaborate on global
challenges, such as climate change, energy security, and healthcare
access.

8. In summary, engineering has evolved from basic
survival tools in prehistory to intricate systems
and technologies in the present day. Each era has
built upon the achievements of the previous one,
with the modern era experiencing unprecedented
growth and specialization due to technological
revolutions and a deeper understanding of
science.