This document discusses a study on the role of microfinance in alleviating poverty in Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. It begins with background on microfinance and definitions of poverty. The study aims to determine if microfinance has impacted poverty reduction based on factors like income, employment, education, health, and housing. Data was collected through surveys from 96 respondents and analyzed using statistical tools. The results showed microfinance had a positive and significant impact on poverty reduction, though some factors like gender and marital status did not significantly influence outcomes. Overall, microfinance was found to be an effective tool for poverty alleviation in the study area.
The Role of Microfinance Banks in Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria–A Study of S...Gabriel Ken
The broad objective of this study was to examine the operations of microfinance
banks in Anambra State and to assess their contribution to poverty alleviation. A
total of 140 randomly selected customers and officials of 14 purposively selected
microfinance banks from the three geo-political zones of Anambra State.
Role of micro credit in poverty alleviationguest8b8cd892
Executive Summary
The study tries to look at the impact of micro credit on the lives of the poor people. There are different views on micro credit as a powerful development tool regarding its success in developing the lives of the poor and some times these views are contradictory. However poverty is a global issue; it is a problem that even the wealthiest nation is facing. In this scenario country like Pakistan is facing a great challenge to alleviate or reduce poverty because poverty is becoming cause of many problems like suicides, illiteracy, unemployment, diseases like depression, stress etc. In order to control these diseases first we have to control poverty. At government level and also at international level many strategies are made every day to control poverty. But now Dr. Younis gave a formula of micro credit that successfully worked in Bangladesh and is now replicated all over the world and also in Pakistan so; the purpose of the study was to observe that what role micro credit plays in Pakistan in poverty alleviation.
The study was conducted in four urban slum areas of Rawal pindi and Islamabad that are Muslim Colony, Dhok Kala Khan, Tehmaspabad and Shakrial. Those people are targeted who have taken micro credit so that the comparison of living standard before and after use of micro credit can be made and hence it can be seen that, if there is any improvement in their living standard after using micro credit or not. The study was based on questionnaires which were distributed after translating it into Urdu so that respondents can easily understand it and fill it accordingly. Sample for this survey was 200 with 50 respondents per area. The dependent variable taken in this study is poverty reduction where as independent variable is micro credit and moderating variable is political environment.
Some of the factors that show poverty reduction are Training and education, clean water and hygienic environment, nutrition and adequate food, accommodation, income and savings.
Overall we can say that training and education, clean water and hygienic environment, nutrition and adequate food, accommodation, income and savings are important factors of poverty reduction. Because when a person has training and education he can improve his living standard, if a person has clean drinking water and adequate food he will be healthy and can earn in a better way for his family, if his accommodation is better and enough for family members and strong enough for natural disasters he can live in a better way. And obviously if his earning is good and enough for family he can also provide recreational activities to his children and can also afford uncertain expenses such as sudden guest etc and can also do savings for future, then all these things points towards a good life, a life with a good living standard and a life above poverty line. So; all above mentioned factors plays an important role in poverty reduction.
From data analysis it is concluded that the micro credit program is effective in giving un employed people employment such as taxi driver, shop keeper etc and to meet short term needs such as return debt taken from some one else, paying fee, operation, treatment of disease etc. Mostly borrowers of Muslim colony, Dhok Kala Khan, Shakrial and Tehmaspabad have used micro credit to purchase taxi, sewing machine and opening small shop and improving accommodation.
But micro credit system is not the perfect one; it is not a replacement for jobs that are not there and skills that do not exist. Important thing is to make them financially stable, to bring them out of the poverty line and to make them able to sustain their position and improve living condition instead of returning back to the poverty line. It can be done in this way that micro credit institutions can make contract with driving centers that can giving training to those people who don’t know driving on half rate, contracts with boutiques can be made, contracts wit
The Role of Microfinance Banks in Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria–A Study of S...Gabriel Ken
The broad objective of this study was to examine the operations of microfinance
banks in Anambra State and to assess their contribution to poverty alleviation. A
total of 140 randomly selected customers and officials of 14 purposively selected
microfinance banks from the three geo-political zones of Anambra State.
Role of micro credit in poverty alleviationguest8b8cd892
Executive Summary
The study tries to look at the impact of micro credit on the lives of the poor people. There are different views on micro credit as a powerful development tool regarding its success in developing the lives of the poor and some times these views are contradictory. However poverty is a global issue; it is a problem that even the wealthiest nation is facing. In this scenario country like Pakistan is facing a great challenge to alleviate or reduce poverty because poverty is becoming cause of many problems like suicides, illiteracy, unemployment, diseases like depression, stress etc. In order to control these diseases first we have to control poverty. At government level and also at international level many strategies are made every day to control poverty. But now Dr. Younis gave a formula of micro credit that successfully worked in Bangladesh and is now replicated all over the world and also in Pakistan so; the purpose of the study was to observe that what role micro credit plays in Pakistan in poverty alleviation.
The study was conducted in four urban slum areas of Rawal pindi and Islamabad that are Muslim Colony, Dhok Kala Khan, Tehmaspabad and Shakrial. Those people are targeted who have taken micro credit so that the comparison of living standard before and after use of micro credit can be made and hence it can be seen that, if there is any improvement in their living standard after using micro credit or not. The study was based on questionnaires which were distributed after translating it into Urdu so that respondents can easily understand it and fill it accordingly. Sample for this survey was 200 with 50 respondents per area. The dependent variable taken in this study is poverty reduction where as independent variable is micro credit and moderating variable is political environment.
Some of the factors that show poverty reduction are Training and education, clean water and hygienic environment, nutrition and adequate food, accommodation, income and savings.
Overall we can say that training and education, clean water and hygienic environment, nutrition and adequate food, accommodation, income and savings are important factors of poverty reduction. Because when a person has training and education he can improve his living standard, if a person has clean drinking water and adequate food he will be healthy and can earn in a better way for his family, if his accommodation is better and enough for family members and strong enough for natural disasters he can live in a better way. And obviously if his earning is good and enough for family he can also provide recreational activities to his children and can also afford uncertain expenses such as sudden guest etc and can also do savings for future, then all these things points towards a good life, a life with a good living standard and a life above poverty line. So; all above mentioned factors plays an important role in poverty reduction.
From data analysis it is concluded that the micro credit program is effective in giving un employed people employment such as taxi driver, shop keeper etc and to meet short term needs such as return debt taken from some one else, paying fee, operation, treatment of disease etc. Mostly borrowers of Muslim colony, Dhok Kala Khan, Shakrial and Tehmaspabad have used micro credit to purchase taxi, sewing machine and opening small shop and improving accommodation.
But micro credit system is not the perfect one; it is not a replacement for jobs that are not there and skills that do not exist. Important thing is to make them financially stable, to bring them out of the poverty line and to make them able to sustain their position and improve living condition instead of returning back to the poverty line. It can be done in this way that micro credit institutions can make contract with driving centers that can giving training to those people who don’t know driving on half rate, contracts with boutiques can be made, contracts wit
Microfinance is a general term to describe financial services to low-income individuals or to those who do not have access to typical banking services.
The Impact of Microfinance on Saving Deposits-The Case of Mauritiuspaperpublications3
Abstract: The paper studies the impact of microfinance on the livelihood approach of poverty through the improvement in saving deposits of beneficiaries in a small island economy like Mauritius. Our survey covers a sample of 400 microfinance beneficiaries of different age groups and educational levels across the island.A probit regression model is used to examine the factors influencing saving deposits among the Mauritian beneficiaries of microfinance. Our results reveal that there is a strong correlation with increase in income and increase in savings. This positive impact has improved the lifestyle and living standard of the poor. We further observe that the different types of occupation, age, gender, marital status and secondary schooling of the respondents do not have a significant impact on saving deposits among the MFIs clients. Variables like family size, primary schooling, and loan amount have an impact on saving deposits. Hence, the overall analysis shows that microfinance activities have improved the living standard of the people in economic terms.
Keywords: Microfinance, Standard of Living, Saving Deposits, Probit Regression Analysis, Mauritius
Microfinance has evolved as a financial and social innovation aimed at reducing global poverty through socio-economic empowerment of the poor. It has enjoyed a widespread patronage in the global economy in spite of the views held by its critics. Though many impact assessment studies have suggested that there are no convincing evidences to justify the massive interest andinvestments in microfinance, renownedinstitutions, politicians, philanthropist andgovernments have demonstrated commitment to advancing its cause. This paper examines how the global political economy has shaped the development of microfinance. Based on a descriptive analysis and review of related literature, its findings suggest that the major phases of transformation in microfinance have occurred in response to the interests of stakeholders in the global political economy
Impact of Microcredit on Socio-Cultural Status of Members of Wshgs; A Study i...iosrjce
Odisha is a mineral rich state in India but the economy of the state mainly dependents on
agricultural. Majority of the population belongs to rural areas; therefore rural sector is the main source of
economic development and manpower in the state. The western part of the state is rich with industrialization
whereas the eastern part of the state is rich with highly futile lands. In eastern part one of the costal district is
Jagatsinghpur. Development of rural areas is essential for the enhancement of overall economy and for the
betterment of rural communities. The aim of the present study was to find the impact of microcredit on sociocultural
status of the WSHG members in rural areas of district Jagatsinghpur. The universe for the present
study was all WSHG of the said district. The Sample of 187 respondents was selected from the targeted
population using the simple random sampling technique. A survey was conducted to carry out the study in which
a close ended structured questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to draw the results
from the study. Through descriptive analysis, the study clearly demonstrated that microcredit has played a
positive role in improving the socio cultural status of members of WSHGs. In this regard the study observed that
microcredit played the positive role in changing and improving the women empowerment in the state.
The Impact of Microfinance on Saving Deposits-The Case of Mauritiuspaperpublications3
Abstract: The paper studies the impact of microfinance on the livelihood approach of poverty through the improvement in saving deposits of beneficiaries in a small island economy like Mauritius. Our survey covers a sample of 400 microfinance beneficiaries of different age groups and educational levels across the island.A probit regression model is used to examine the factors influencing saving deposits among the Mauritian beneficiaries of microfinance. Our results reveal that there is a strong correlation with increase in income and increase in savings. This positive impact has improved the lifestyle and living standard of the poor. We further observe that the different types of occupation, age, gender, marital status and secondary schooling of the respondents do not have a significant impact on saving deposits among the MFIs clients. Variables like family size, primary schooling, and loan amount have an impact on saving deposits. Hence, the overall analysis shows that microfinance activities have improved the living standard of the people in economic terms.
Microfinance is a general term to describe financial services to low-income individuals or to those who do not have access to typical banking services.
The Impact of Microfinance on Saving Deposits-The Case of Mauritiuspaperpublications3
Abstract: The paper studies the impact of microfinance on the livelihood approach of poverty through the improvement in saving deposits of beneficiaries in a small island economy like Mauritius. Our survey covers a sample of 400 microfinance beneficiaries of different age groups and educational levels across the island.A probit regression model is used to examine the factors influencing saving deposits among the Mauritian beneficiaries of microfinance. Our results reveal that there is a strong correlation with increase in income and increase in savings. This positive impact has improved the lifestyle and living standard of the poor. We further observe that the different types of occupation, age, gender, marital status and secondary schooling of the respondents do not have a significant impact on saving deposits among the MFIs clients. Variables like family size, primary schooling, and loan amount have an impact on saving deposits. Hence, the overall analysis shows that microfinance activities have improved the living standard of the people in economic terms.
Keywords: Microfinance, Standard of Living, Saving Deposits, Probit Regression Analysis, Mauritius
Microfinance has evolved as a financial and social innovation aimed at reducing global poverty through socio-economic empowerment of the poor. It has enjoyed a widespread patronage in the global economy in spite of the views held by its critics. Though many impact assessment studies have suggested that there are no convincing evidences to justify the massive interest andinvestments in microfinance, renownedinstitutions, politicians, philanthropist andgovernments have demonstrated commitment to advancing its cause. This paper examines how the global political economy has shaped the development of microfinance. Based on a descriptive analysis and review of related literature, its findings suggest that the major phases of transformation in microfinance have occurred in response to the interests of stakeholders in the global political economy
Impact of Microcredit on Socio-Cultural Status of Members of Wshgs; A Study i...iosrjce
Odisha is a mineral rich state in India but the economy of the state mainly dependents on
agricultural. Majority of the population belongs to rural areas; therefore rural sector is the main source of
economic development and manpower in the state. The western part of the state is rich with industrialization
whereas the eastern part of the state is rich with highly futile lands. In eastern part one of the costal district is
Jagatsinghpur. Development of rural areas is essential for the enhancement of overall economy and for the
betterment of rural communities. The aim of the present study was to find the impact of microcredit on sociocultural
status of the WSHG members in rural areas of district Jagatsinghpur. The universe for the present
study was all WSHG of the said district. The Sample of 187 respondents was selected from the targeted
population using the simple random sampling technique. A survey was conducted to carry out the study in which
a close ended structured questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to draw the results
from the study. Through descriptive analysis, the study clearly demonstrated that microcredit has played a
positive role in improving the socio cultural status of members of WSHGs. In this regard the study observed that
microcredit played the positive role in changing and improving the women empowerment in the state.
The Impact of Microfinance on Saving Deposits-The Case of Mauritiuspaperpublications3
Abstract: The paper studies the impact of microfinance on the livelihood approach of poverty through the improvement in saving deposits of beneficiaries in a small island economy like Mauritius. Our survey covers a sample of 400 microfinance beneficiaries of different age groups and educational levels across the island.A probit regression model is used to examine the factors influencing saving deposits among the Mauritian beneficiaries of microfinance. Our results reveal that there is a strong correlation with increase in income and increase in savings. This positive impact has improved the lifestyle and living standard of the poor. We further observe that the different types of occupation, age, gender, marital status and secondary schooling of the respondents do not have a significant impact on saving deposits among the MFIs clients. Variables like family size, primary schooling, and loan amount have an impact on saving deposits. Hence, the overall analysis shows that microfinance activities have improved the living standard of the people in economic terms.
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The following objectives are covered by our study:
To study profile of Ghashful.
To examine the loan procurement, repayment, supervision process etc.
To find out why Micro Finance as a very successful program for rural and urban poor to their poverty alleviation.
To see actual condition of loanees before and after borrowing of money from Ghashful.
To find out the contribution of Ghashful towards alleviating poverty.
To identify the irregularities and put recommendation to overcome the problems.
Micro-finance: Critical Views on Poverty Alleviation and Changing Gender Rela...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Micro financing is a very popular form of financing for rural poor people, especially for women. Through micro financing many rural women changed their life. They change their living standard, children health, children education and so on. The aim of this research work is to examine the role of microcredit in income generating activities of women and its impact on their socio-economic empowerment. The target population of the research was those sample both men and women who had availed microcredit facilities from some microcredit providing institutions or organizations in district Noakhali, Bangladesh. During this research, we also include some male sample to compare percentage of self-employment. Survey method was used as techniques of data collection. The majority of population was illiterate or semi-literate, so interview schedule was used as a tool of data collection. We have collected information of 109 sample including both male and female. But majority are female. Descriptive as well as non parametric test was used for data analysis. The results showed that most of the females who availed the facility of microcredit finally got socioeconomic empowerment through acquiring the self esteem, business skills, confidence level, decision making power, etc. The findings of the research showed that microcredit has significant impact on the up lift of socio-economic empowerment of the borrowers in district Noakhali and at the end of the research, some recommendations is given in this regards.
Microfinance for Women Empowerment through SHGs A Reviewijtsrd
In India, the emergence of liberalization and globalization in early 1990’s aggravated the problem of women workers in unorganized sectors from bad to worse as most of the women who were engaged in various self employment activities have lost their livelihood. Despite in substantial contribution of women to both household and national economy, their work is considered just an extension of household domain and remains non monetized. In India, Microfinance scene is dominated by Self Help Group SHGs as an effective mechanism for providing financial services to the “Unreached Poor”, and also in strengthening their collective self help capacities leading to their empowerment. Rapid progress in SHG formation has now turned into an empowerment movement among women across the country. Micro finance is necessary to overcome exploitation, create confidence for economic self reliance of the rural poor, particularly among rural women. Although no -‘magic bullet’, they are potentially a very significant contribution to gender equality and womens empowerment. Through their contribution to women’s ability to earn an income, these programmes have potential to initiate a series of -‘virtuous spirals’ of economic empowerment, and wider social and political empowerment. The results from these self help groups SHGs are promising and have become a focus of intense examination as it is proving to be an effective method of poverty reduction and economic empowerment. Mainly on the basis of secondary data analysis, this paper attempts to highlight the role of Microfinance and SHGs in the empowerment of women in India. Dr. Rajendra Prasad G R "Microfinance for Women Empowerment through SHGs - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52110.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/general-management/52110/microfinance-for-women-empowerment-through-shgs--a-review/dr-rajendra-prasad-g-r
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
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Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
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Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
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Reaching the poorest while alleviating the poverty by micro finance in dera ismail khan kpk pakistan
1. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol 2, No.4, 2012
Ensuring the Role and Impact: Reaching the Poorest While
Alleviating the Poverty by Micro Finance in Dera Ismail Khan
KPK Pakistan
Muhammad Imran Qureshi1*, M. Amjad Saleem2, Dr. Mahmood Shah3,Zaffar Abbas1, Abdul Waheed Qasuria1
and Ume Ruqia Saadat1
1. Department of Commerce Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan
2. Government College of Commerce & Management Sciences D.I.Khan
3. Department of Economics Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan
* E mail of Corresponding author: imrancba77@yahoo.com
Abstract
Micro Finance is used as one of the tools for poverty alleviation. Micro Financial Institutions provide small
loans to poor people, farmers and small enterprises. It is the best solution of removing poverty. This research
study provides an overview on Micro finance and poverty alleviation at D.I.Khan district KPK Pakistan.This
study is based on both quantitative and qualitative methodologies in order to find out the feasible solution of
thisresearch question:what are improvements achieved in the reduction of poverty in the fields of income,
employment, education, communication, health care, children’s education and housing etc? Stratified random
sampling techniques were used to get a total of 96 respondents. Data were collected through close ended
questionnaires, semi structured interviews, observations and documentary reviews. Data analysis was based on
descriptive statistics using various statistical tools like regression, correlation, t- test and ANNOVA with the help
of tables. The Study findings show thatprovision of Micro-finance is very useful in poverty reduction. The result
of the study also show that microfinance helps in poverty alleviation of different categories of poor people and
has the positive significant impact on the dependent variable i.e. Poverty Reduction.
Key words: Micro finance, poverty, MFIs, income, employment and education.
1. Introduction:
Economical, Business& Financial services, through financial institutions to the poor with the involvement of
above stated activities give birth to the concept of Micro finance. The saving, investment, credit and insurance
services etc are provided by the different Micro financial institutions. Social services are also provided by
Many MFIs as well such as health, culture, education and skills in order to achieve the developmental
objectives.World Bank (1980) poverty has been defined as “A condition of life so characterized by malnutrition,
illiteracy, and disease as to be beneath any reasonable definition of human decency”
Poverty is a condition in which a person is under privileged of the basic fundamental like education and basic
requirements like residential place for a minimum living standard. Basic requirement and essentials may be
human needs like food, safe drinking water and residence place etc, or they may be social resources like access
to communication facilities, education facilities, health care facilities, political power or the people having the
lack of such facilities as compared to the rest of the society may be constituted for poverty group.
Almost three billion people living on the income of less than $2 a day. Among them, one child in five does not
live to see his or her 5th birthday (Bar Michael, 2005). The problem of poverty is intensified by its difficult
nature with so many facts which are changing from time to time. The existence of poverty is linked to its
interlocking multi dimensionality. Micro finance is a dynamic, difficult, gender and location specific
phenomenon. The pattern and shape of poverty is changed by social and behavioral group, season, location and
country.
Furthermore, there are so many indicators of poverty, consists of less income, less production, unemployment,
ignorance, hunger, poor infrastructure, high maternal mortality rate, short life expectancy, homelessness,
voiceless, powerlessness, vulnerability, and poor social services such as poor education, health, financial
situation services and lack of clean and safe water. Many underdeveloped countries throughout the globe are
thinking and utilizing their efforts to reduce poverty.
For this purpose MFIs are providing the micro finance and using it as antipoverty tools because it helps to
decline unemployment, Empower the poor people for their self reliance. In order to reduce the poverty various
government institutions and Non government institutions are also providing financial assistance to the poor
people in shape of debt or equity borrowing. These efforts enable them to boost up their level of income and
standard of living.Pakistan has more than 170 million Populations with abundant resources which are being
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2. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol 2, No.4, 2012
utilized for poverty reduction. It is an amazing that saving rates in Pakistan are very low and the impact of
investment is very apparently high from different research studies. The people who have taken the benefit from
Microfinance are less than 5% of the whole population.(Shahzad et al, 2004) Micro finance activities refer to
small loans which are commonly utilized for working capital, easy consideration of borrowers, creation of
investment opportunities, and provision of collateral substitutes such as personal group guarantee, obtaining the
micro credit based on the best repayment performance or debt capacity.
2. Statement of the Problem
Poverty is the main issue for the backward areas of Pakistan especially in Dera Ismail Khan District. Lack of
employment opportunities is one of the major causes of poverty. Poor people of the area require finance for
self employment and to reduce the poverty. So this study is designed to ensure the role and impact of Micro
finance to reach the poorest while alleviating the poverty taking into the consideration the different determinants
of life in Dera Ismail Khan a district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan.
3. Research Hypothesis
This research study is based on the following hypothesis
3.1 H0 = Micro finance has no impact on alleviating the poverty in the study area.
3.2 H1 = Micro finance has impact on alleviating the poverty in the study area.
3.3 H0 = MF = 0
3.4 Hi = MF ˃ 0
4. Literature Review
Chavan, (2002) Micro credit programs and MFIs had created a positive change in the income of borrowers. It is
considered as one of the major factors of microfinance. It supports the small businesses for small loans that are
not eligible for established commercial bank loans. Rutherford, (1996) mostly in developing countries it has been
found that micro credit serves poor individual hold self-employment that enhances the level of income and status
of living.Snow, (1999)The literature on microfinance suggests that MFIs will be treated as successful if targeted
poor are met with their basic needs for which they are designed and formulated, if they achieve their primary
objective of eradicating poverty. Thus, to ensure its long-run survival, a microfinance institution not only has to
comply with the local rules and regulations applicable to its operations and meet society’s expectations but also
ensure the accomplishment of its primary objectives in terms of reaching highest possible number of poor
households and diminishing poverty in its area of operations. By doing so, it demonstrates its legitimate
existence to the society and also proves itself to be a legitimate recipient of financial and non-financial resources
allocated to the sector.Waheed (2009) identified and analyzed the role of microfinance in the reduction of
poverty. He used Primary and secondary data for that study and interviewed 68 households. The data was
analyzed by using regression and correlation analysis. Their findings suggested the positive change in poverty
reduction and income and the general living standard because of micro finance.The effect of income on poverty
alleviation has been analyzed at the individual, household and enterprise levels.Hulme and Mosley (1996)
conducted various studies on different microfinance programs in numerous countries, and found strong evidence
of the positive relationship between access to micro finance and borrower’s level of income.Mosley (2001) also
pointed the positive impact of microfinance on asset levels. He further stated that there is strong and high
correlation between asset accumulation and income status which led to extreme correlation between income and
asset poverty. He found that the net impact of microfinance from all institutions, at the average level, was
positive in relation to borrowers’ income, even though that net impact for poorer borrowers might be less than
the net impact on richer borrowers, the study showed that impact on income distribution at the household and
enterprise level. Another study by Holvoet (2004) investigated the effects of microfinance on childhood
education by examining two microfinance programs in South India, one with direct bank-borrower credit and
another one with group mediated credit. The author showed that loans to women, through women’s groups, had
a significant positive impact on schooling and literacy for girls, whereas it remained mainly unchangeable in the
case of boys. However, in case of direct individual bank-borrower lending, there was no improvement in
educational inputs and outputs for children.Pitt and Khandker (1996)found that a credit to the participants
provided by a microfinance institution like the Grameen Bank could grow school enrolment for children. Micro
finance has a huge impact on the lives of millions of poor people living in rural as well as urban areas of the
country.Kirkpatrick et al., (2002) Various scholars and NGOs have been working to take micro finance within
the reach of poor people, who are still not benefitted by the conventional financial system.According to Ahmad
(2000), it is recognized that people living in poverty are innately capable of working their way out of poverty
with dignity, and can demonstrate creative potentials to improve their situation when an enabling environment
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3. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol 2, No.4, 2012
and the right opportunity exists. It has been noted that in many countries of the world, micro-credit programmes,
provide access to small capitals to people living in poverty.Quansah P et al.,(2012) the research study showed
that MASLOC microfinance scheme has been very active in transforming poor lives in society. The beneficiaries
of MASLOC loan schemes have explicitlyput the benefits derived from the scheme. However, the people who
remained fail in repayment of the loans threatens the sustainability of the scheme thus the need for management
of MASLOC to devise suitabledealings to get back all loans from beneficiaries. The scheme is also bedeviled
with flaws like dishonesty and embezzlement thus the supervisory bodies should be up and doing and make sure
that such dishonest officials whose activities threatens the formatmust be in black and white.
5. Methodology
Primary data from 96 respondents in the study area consisting of businessmen and farmers was collected.
Stratified sampling technique with the help of structured and closed ended questions and interview was used as it
is used by many researchers such as (Nunung et al., 2005). Regression Analysis was applied to know the cause
and impact of Micro finance and Poverty Alleviation as worked by (Olagunju, 2007).
6. Modeling
The General Linear Model is frequently estimated using ordinary least square one of the most widely used
analytic techniques in social sciences (Cleary and Angel, 1984). Most of the statistics used in social sciences are
based on linear model. This model is used to show a function that relates dependent variable (Y) to one or
more independent variables (x1, x2, x3, x4……..xn). This function can be represented as follows
Y = a + bXi + ei Where
Y = Dependent variable
a = Constant
b = Slope of line
Xi = Independents variables
ei = Error term
7. Model: Micro Finance and Poverty Alleviation:
Y = a + bX1 + bX2 + bX3 + bX4 + bX5 + bX6 + bX7 + bX8 + ei Where
Y= Poverty alleviation
a=Constant, X1=Age, X2=Education, X3=Experience, X4=Family size, X5=Marital status, X6=Investment,
X7=Gender, X8=Credit, ei=Error term
8. Data Analysis and Interpretation:
Collective impact F=2.982 (Table 1) of all independent variables used in the model had significant impact
p=.005 (Table 1) on Poverty alleviation. Four variables age, experience, family size and gender out of eight
independent variables were found significant. Remaining ones were found to be insignificant. R2=0.215 (Table
1) shows that a very small change in all independent variables brought 22% change on poverty alleviation
(Dependent Variable).
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4. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol 2, No.4, 2012
Table 1Impact of different variables on poverty alleviation (Regression)
Model R R2 Adjusted R2 F Sig.
1 .464 .215 .143 2.982 .005
Standardized
Un standardized Coefficient t Sig.
Independent variables coefficient
B Std. error Beta
(Constant) 27.450 6.012 4.566 .000
Age -.167 .096 -.226 -1.745 .085
Education .163 .168 .113 .971 .334
Experience .564 .142 .521 3.975 .000
Family size .484 .289 .186 1.673 .098
Marital status 1.926 1.998 .115 .964 .338
Investment -3.742E-5 .000 -.189 -.769 .444
Gender 4.348 1.638 .280 2.655 .009
Credit amount -6.897E-6 .000 -.028 -.120 .905
Table2Impact of different variables on Poverty Alleviation using t-test
Variables F Sig. t-values Df Sig.(2-tailed)
Gender 1.961 .165 -.959 94 .340
Occupation 1.961 .165 1.824 94 .071
Marital status 2.791 .098 -.352 94 .725
Table3 Correlation of Independent variables on Poverty Alleviation:
Variables Pearson Correlation Effect Sig.(2-tailed)
Gender 0.098 +ve .340
Age -0.070 -ve .495
Education 0.062 +ve .548
Occupation -0.185 -ve .071
Experience 0.230 +ve .024
Family size 0.145 +ve .160
Marital Status 0.036 +ve .725
Credit -0.094 -ve .362
Investment -0.058 -ve .573
Gender:Gender had insignificant impact p=0.340 (Table 2)on poverty alleviation and Correlation of gender with
poverty alleviation was very weak at r = 0.098, (Table 3)because in the study area gender had no role to play in
creating positive social, economic and political conditions to improve resources etc that promote healthy
business environment
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5. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol 2, No.4, 2012
Occupation: Occupation had significant impact p=0.071(Table 2)on poverty alleviation in study area and
Correlation of occupation with poverty alleviation was very weak at r = - 0.185(Table 3). Farmers and
businessmen had a major role to play in creating constant economic and labor opportunities and elimination of
intolerance of the respondent’s residence against in rural areas out of their available resources after use of micro
finance.
Marital status: Marital status had insignificant impact p=0.725(Table 2), Marital status of the respondents in the
study area was weakly correlated with poverty alleviation at r = 0.036(Table 3). It had increased the risk of loss
and did not reduce the poverty which created impressive situation for the respondents to take an evasive action to
provide employment opportunities. The respondents in the study area had no contribution to reduce poverty
because they were already availing the facilities of house renovation, keeping of livestock and better health
facilities at private hospitals etc.
Table 4Impact of different variables on Poverty alleviation (ANNOVA)
Sum of
Variables Levels Df Mean square F Sig.
square
Between Groups 122.330 2 61.165 1.097 .338
Age Within Groups 5183.910 93 55.741
Total 5306.240 95
Between Groups 586.628 3 195.543 3.812 .013
Experience Within Groups 4719.611 92 51.300
Total 5306.240 95
Between Groups 386.489 3 128.830 2.409 .072
Family size Within Groups 4919.750 92 53.476
Total 5306.240 95
Between Groups 6.148 2 3.074 .054 .948
Credit Within Groups 5300.092 93 56.990
Total 5306.240 95
Between Groups 20.861 2 10.431 .184 .833
Investment Within Groups 5285.378 93 56.832
Total 5306.240 95
Between Groups 125.404 4 31.351 .551 .699
Education Within Groups 5180.836 91 56.932
Total 5306.240 95
Age:Age had insignificant impact p=0.338(Table 4)on the reduction of poverty. Correlation of the age of the
respondents under study area with poverty was weak at r = -.070(Table 3). Poverty reduction depends upon the
intellectual power of the people. They can serve the society by utilizing their intellectual capabilities in a better
way. The result showed that the respondents with taking the advantage of older, younger or teen age, they
could play their role in reducing the poverty.
Experience:Experience had significant impact p=0.013 (Table 4) on poverty alleviation in the study area and
experience with poverty alleviation was weakly correlated at r = 0.230(Table 3). They had invested more in
farming or other business to get maximum return and to save the maximum social sector budget. They had also
served the people by providing them the goods and services according to their tastes, fashion and need etc.
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6. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol 2, No.4, 2012
Experiences of the respondents had positively relation with the poverty status because experience grew the
respondents’ expertise in their specialized fields which enabled them to earn a lot and reduce the poverty.
Family size:Family size had significant impact p=0.072(Table 4) and the correlation of family size with poverty
alleviation is weak at r = 0.145(Table 3), because application & repayment procedure and processing period was
very convenient for all family size members in the study area. They were proficient of working their way out
of poverty with self-esteem and created potentials for poverty reduction to great extent
Credit:Credit had insignificant impact p=0.948(Table 4) on poverty reduction and Correlation of the amount of
credit with poverty alleviation was very weak at r = - 0.94(Table 3). The amount of micro finance received from
lending institutions was inappropriately utilized by the respondents. After taking the benefit from micro
finance, the respondents neither visited around for tour nor availed the facility of highly qualified doctors, so
credit had less contribution in this regard to alleviate the poverty.
Investment:Investment had insignificant impact p=0.833(Table 4)on poverty alleviation. The correlation of
investment with poverty alleviation was very weak at r= -0.58(Table 3). The micro finance received had been
invested for inappropriate purposes. The cost and benefit analysis was not appropriate. This consists of all
those investments in the study area that provided outputs deemed by the society to be basic needs. In such
cases, the advantages of investment were self evident and did not need to be measured in financial terms. The
only relevant consideration in such a case was choosing the least cost method of meeting a given need.
Education:Education had insignificant impact p=0.699 (Table 4) on poverty reduction and the correlation of
education with poverty reduction was weak at r=.062(Table 3). As the education is very important factor for
poverty alleviation, it enhanced the earning potentials of the respondents and therefore, education was negatively
associated with the poverty status. Performance on academics was much more disappointing than on schooling
of the children.
9. Results and Conclusions:
Creation of self employment opportunity is one of the major ways of alleviating poverty. Micro finance has
been found a very dominant tool for uplifting the poor people from the poverty line by making them credit
worthy. The findings suggest that in the District Dera Ismail Khan some people are not taking microfinance to
the desired extent because of having the unawareness about the bank policies, credit system, high interest rate
and insufficient amount; and also financial institutions feel hesitation to grant micro credit to the people because
of no repayment by the borrowers at due time. Micro finance was found strongly correlated with poverty
reduction at R = .464 & R2 = .215 and it had positive significant impact using Linear Regression model.
Experience, family size and gender had positive significant impact on poverty alleviation. Because male
experienced people having the greater family size got the desired amount of finance and created self employment
opportunities for themselves as well as for other people and played very positive role in poverty reduction.
Education and Marital status of the respondents had positive insignificant impact on poverty reduction. Highly
qualified married persons used the credit for their genuine needs but they must take in to consideration the other
factors in this regard as well. Age of the respondents had negative significant impact on poverty reduction, it
means that younger peoples had no experience for using the micro finance to reduce poverty so that were unable
to do so. Investment and credit amount had negative insignificant impact on poverty alleviation. The
respondents neither visited around for tour nor availed the facility of highly qualified doctors, so credit had less
contribution in this regard.The MFIs haven’t stretched their operations in all the towns and villages of D.I.Khan
district. The present study was based on small sample size comprised only few villages and town of D.I.Khan
district. Therefore, the results cannot be generalized to other districts of KPK. Therefore, this study strongly
recommends that the government and non-government MFIs should initiate comprehensive microfinance
programs to expand their operations and impact span across all over rural as well as urban areas of Khyber
PakhtunKhwa to develop the area economically. This will help to reduce the absolute poverty level and will
improve standard of life of the citizens of the province.
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Vol 2, No.4, 2012
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