Companion Planting_SO707.pptx
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This document discusses the benefits of companion planting for soil health and pest management. Companion planting involves growing two or more crop species together. It can improve soil health by increasing nitrogen fixation from legumes, conserving moisture and nutrients. Companion planting also aids pest management by using some plants as barriers, traps, or to attract beneficial insects while repelling pests. The document analyzes different mechanisms for how companion planting enhances soil properties and provides non-chemical pest control.
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Companion Planting.pptx
This document discusses how companion planting can sustainably improve soil health and pest management. It describes companion planting as growing multiple plant species together for mutual benefits. The document outlines how companion planting can improve soil protection by preventing erosion, improve soil chemical characteristics by modifying soil microbial populations, and facilitate nutrient transfer especially of nitrogen through legumes. It also explains how companion planting provides a pest management strategy through repellent, barrier, indicator, trap and banker plants. The document concludes that companion planting benefits soil health through nitrogen fixation, soil conservation and lowering temperatures, while also enhancing pest management in an organic way.
Weed management
This document discusses weed management. It defines weeds and describes how they negatively impact crop production by competing for water, nutrients, light, and space. It also discusses weed propagation through seeds and vegetative reproduction. Various classification systems for weeds are described based on life span, ecology, soil type, and place of occurrence. The document outlines the impacts of weeds including reduced crop yields and quality. Methods of weed control include mechanical (hoeing), cultural, and chemical controls. Cultural controls involve practices like field preparation, crop rotation, and intercropping. The document provides an overview of weed management strategies.
01_Weeds_Agricultural_Perspective.pptx
Weeds are plants that are unwanted in a particular situation or place. They compete with crops for water, nutrients, sunlight and space, reducing crop yields by 30-90%. The top three causes of agricultural losses are weeds (45%), insects (30%) and diseases (25%). Weeds can be classified in various ways, including by morphology, physiology, habitat, origin and lifecycle. Integrated weed management aims to control weeds through prevention, eradication, and the combined use of mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical methods. While weeds are generally seen as harmful, they can also provide some benefits such as adding organic matter and nutrients to soil.
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Final weed seed production pdf
Weed seeds can persist in the soil for many years through dormancy and produce large numbers of seeds. Integrated weed management aims to reduce weed seed production and dispersal through techniques like crop rotation, mulching, stale seedbeds, and biological control. Knowledge of a weed's biology, including its seed dormancy mechanisms and longevity, reproduction methods, and dispersal pathways, is important for developing effective long-term management strategies.
SEED BORNE DISEASES
1. Management of seed borne diseases can be done through crop production practices, seed treatment, seed certification, and plant quarantine. Crop production practices include using disease-resistant varieties, crop rotation, and following good sanitation practices.
2. Seed treatment involves physical, biological and chemical methods to eliminate pathogens. Hot water treatment, hot air treatment and solar heat treatment are common physical seed treatments. Biological control uses antagonistic microorganisms. Chemical seed treatments with fungicides and insecticides form protective coatings on seeds.
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Companion planting involves growing multiple crops in close proximity that provide benefits to each other such as pest control, pollination or nutrient exchange. It has been used for centuries in gardens and agriculture as an environmentally friendly technique. Some key benefits of companion planting include attracting beneficial insects for pest control, fixing nitrogen in the soil, providing shelter from wind and pest disruption through diversifying crop placement. Examples given are planting marigolds with crops to deter pests, and the traditional "Three Sisters" method of growing corn, beans and squash together. Recent studies also show companion planting to be an effective method for disrupting pest host-finding and increasing yields.
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This document discusses how companion planting can sustainably improve soil health and pest management. It describes companion planting as growing multiple plant species together for mutual benefits. The document outlines how companion planting can improve soil protection by preventing erosion, improve soil chemical characteristics by modifying soil microbial populations, and facilitate nutrient transfer especially of nitrogen through legumes. It also explains how companion planting provides a pest management strategy through repellent, barrier, indicator, trap and banker plants. The document concludes that companion planting benefits soil health through nitrogen fixation, soil conservation and lowering temperatures, while also enhancing pest management in an organic way.
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Weeds are plants that are unwanted in a particular situation or place. They compete with crops for water, nutrients, sunlight and space, reducing crop yields by 30-90%. The top three causes of agricultural losses are weeds (45%), insects (30%) and diseases (25%). Weeds can be classified in various ways, including by morphology, physiology, habitat, origin and lifecycle. Integrated weed management aims to control weeds through prevention, eradication, and the combined use of mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical methods. While weeds are generally seen as harmful, they can also provide some benefits such as adding organic matter and nutrients to soil.
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This document discusses sustainable management of soil-borne plant diseases. It defines sustainable management and introduces some of the predominant soil-borne pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. It then discusses various principles and methods for managing plant diseases sustainably, including cultural methods like crop rotation, date of sowing, nutrient management, organic amendments, cover crops, and depth of sowing. It also discusses physical methods like soil solarization and using barriers to control pathogens. The overall document provides an overview of sustainable approaches for minimizing soil-borne plant diseases.
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Companion planting involves strategically placing plants together that have complementary needs relating to nutrition, space usage, and pest/disease interactions. Strategies include planting companions that attract beneficial insects, fix nitrogen, provide shade/support, or release chemicals that deter pests. Research on companion planting effects is limited, but observations suggest some combinations improve plant growth while others have neutral or negative effects. The document provides examples of plant combinations that attract bees, increase oil/nutrient content, or deter various pests like aphids or nematodes. It recommends diversifying gardens, incorporating beneficial flower mixes, and avoiding broad pesticide use.
Final weed seed production pdf
Weed seeds can persist in the soil for many years through dormancy and produce large numbers of seeds. Integrated weed management aims to reduce weed seed production and dispersal through techniques like crop rotation, mulching, stale seedbeds, and biological control. Knowledge of a weed's biology, including its seed dormancy mechanisms and longevity, reproduction methods, and dispersal pathways, is important for developing effective long-term management strategies.
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1. Management of seed borne diseases can be done through crop production practices, seed treatment, seed certification, and plant quarantine. Crop production practices include using disease-resistant varieties, crop rotation, and following good sanitation practices.
2. Seed treatment involves physical, biological and chemical methods to eliminate pathogens. Hot water treatment, hot air treatment and solar heat treatment are common physical seed treatments. Biological control uses antagonistic microorganisms. Chemical seed treatments with fungicides and insecticides form protective coatings on seeds.
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Companion planting involves growing multiple crops in close proximity that provide benefits to each other such as pest control, pollination or nutrient exchange. It has been used for centuries in gardens and agriculture as an environmentally friendly technique. Some key benefits of companion planting include attracting beneficial insects for pest control, fixing nitrogen in the soil, providing shelter from wind and pest disruption through diversifying crop placement. Examples given are planting marigolds with crops to deter pests, and the traditional "Three Sisters" method of growing corn, beans and squash together. Recent studies also show companion planting to be an effective method for disrupting pest host-finding and increasing yields.
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Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland managementGlobal Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Jan Peters at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and ActionPeatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge EducationGlobal Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Feri Johana at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland SustainablyPeatlands of Latin America and the Caribbean
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
在线办理(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Climate Change All over the World .pptx
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptx
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Overview of the Global Peatlands Assessment
Presented by Patrick Scheel at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
Presented by Agus Julianto on GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland Sustainably
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Presented by Alexandra Barthelmes at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
原版制作(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...Global Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Sonya Dewi at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland SustainablyRecently uploaded (20)
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
world-environment-day-2024-240601103559-14f4c0b4.pptx
world-environment-day-2024-240601103559-14f4c0b4.pptx
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Companion Planting_SO707.pptx
- 1. Companion Planting: A Sustainable Way of Improving Soil Health and Pest Management Val C. Garcia MS Crop Protection
- 2. What is Companion Crops Within the scientific world, it is also known as intercropping In Agriculture (Horticulture), is a crop plant that is grown alongside another crop plant species. The practice of planting several types of plants together for mutual benefit History of Companion Crops More than 1,000 years ago, China and Egypt Centuries ago, in North America (Three Sisters Method) Companion Planting
- 3. Statement of the Problem Companion planting have the capacity to improve soil health and pest management and consequently improve the yield per unit area of an ecologically balanced farm environment?
- 4. Soil Protection Soil Protection 1. Prevent run-off and soil loss 2. Minimize the impact for soil erosion 3. Protect from raindrop impact 4. Avoid pore blockage 5. Delay the flow of running water 6. Minimize nutrient leaking – act as catch crop Oats (Avena saliva) are frequently grown alongside alfalfa (Medicago saliva) ○ Raindrops are intercepted by the canopy, which reduces seal formation and soil detachment. ○ Effect on infiltration by concentrating water around plant stems.
- 5. Improved Soil Chemical Prevent Soil Sickness 1. Enhance soil microbial diversity 2. Enhance soil chemical properties 3. Ability to affect the chemistry, and structure of the soil. 4. Modifies soil microbial populations 5. Improves agricultural output Companion cropping with wheat variety Dongnong 125 promote watermelon growth. Wheat can alter the soil microbial population, which increases cucumber productivity.
- 6. Nutrient Transfer Possible mechanism of N transfer: 1. Mineralization of foliage cuttings and crop residues. 2. Mineralization of root materials. 3. Rhizodeposition 4. Direct transfer via mycorrhizal connections between the plants. ● Forage legumes have a greatest potential as a companion crop as they contribute over 90% of their N from atmospheric fixation compared to just 50% by grain legumes. ○ legume species ○ age and management ○ soil nutrient supply ○ soil microbial mineralisation and immobilisation ○ residue quality
- 7. Pest Management Strategy Repellent Plants Barrier Plants Barrier plants such as sunflower, sorghum, sesame and pearl millet are utilized to protect pepper and wheat crops Chinese kale intercropping with • Sacred basil (Phyllotreta sinuate) • Citrnella grass (Spodoptera litura) as repellant plants resulted in minor pest damage Indicator Plants Bean plant, Phaseolus vulgaris, identified as indicator plants for Carmine spider mine (Tetranychus cinnabarinus)
- 8. Pest Management Strategy Trap Plants Greenhouse poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima, operate as trap plants for whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) Insectary Plants Insectary plant sweet alyssum (Lobularia maritima), buckwheat (Fagopyrum sagittatum), and licorice mint (Agastache foeniculum) improved the longevity of crucial parasotoid wasps. Banker Plants Cereal plants serves as banker plants, allowing for the constant entry of newly emerged wasps for aphid control
- 9. Companion Planting Factors Pest Management 56% 14% 21% 9% Nutrient Transfer Improving Soil Chemistry Soil Protection
- 10. Companion Planting : A sustainable way of improving soil health and pest management Soil health – increasing nitrogen fixation (legumes), conserving soil moisture, lowering the soil temperature, Minimize soil erosion, conserving soil moisture so safeguarding delicate soils. Plant variety modifies soil microbial populations, and this positive feedback between plants and soil improves agricultural output. Companion planting in intercropping with target crops is a non- chemical approach of enhancing pest management.
- 11. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik MANY THANKS!