The document discusses communication systems, describing their basic elements like transmitters, channels, and receivers, and how information is encoded and transmitted through different types of systems like analog, digital, wired, and wireless. It also covers concepts like modulation, noise, attenuation, and distortion that can impact signal transmission, as well as providing examples of specific communication systems and a block diagram of their components.

1. COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
REPORTER: JERALD O. GABINO BS ARCH 2A

2. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
THE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IS A SYSTEM WHICH DESCRIBETHE
INFORMATION EXCHANGES BETWEENTWO POINTS.THE PROCESS OF
TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION OF INFORMATION IS CALLED
COMMUNICATION.
THE MAJOR ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION ARETHE TRANSMITTER OF
INFORMATION, CHANNEL OR MEDIUM OF COMMUNICATION ANDTHE
RECEIVER OF INFORMATION.

3. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
DEPENDING ON SIGNAL SPECIFICATION ORTECHNOLOGY,THE
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IS CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWS:
1. ANALOG
2. DIGITAL

4. 1. ANALOG
ANALOGTECHNOLOGY COMMUNICATES DATA AS ELECTRONIC SIGNALS
OFVARYING FREQUENCY OR AMPLITUDE. BROADCAST ANDTELEPHONE
TRANSMISSION ARE COMMON EXAMPLES OF ANALOGTECHNOLOGY.

5. 2. DIGITAL
IN DIGITALTECHNOLOGY,THE DATA ARE GENERATED AND PROCESSED IN
TWO STATES: HIGH (REPRESENTED AS 1) AND LOW (REPRESENTED AS 0).
DIGITALTECHNOLOGY STORESTRANSMITS DATA INTHE FORM OF 1S AND
0S.

6. DEPENDING ONTHE COMMUNICATION CHANNEL,THE COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM IS CATEGORIZED AS FOLLOWS:
1. WIRED (LINE COMMUNICATION)
2. WIRELESS (SPACE COMMUNICATION)

7. 1.WIRED (LINE COMMUNICATION)
• PARALLEL WIRE COMMUNICATION
• TWISTED WIRE COMMUNICATION
• COAXIAL CABLE COMMUNICATION
• OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION

8. 2.WIRELESS (SPACE COMMUNICATION)
• GROUNDWAVE COMMUNICATION
• SKYWAVE COMMUNICATION
• SPACE WAVE COMMUNIATION
• SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

9. EXAMPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
• INTERNET
• PUBLIC SWITCHEDTELEPHONE NETWORK
• INTRANET AND EXTRANET
• TELEVISION

10. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
1. INFORMATION
2. SIGNAL
3. TRANSDUCER
4. AMPLIFIER
5. MODULATOR
a. AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)
b. FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)
c. PHASE MODULATION (PM)

11. 1. INFORMATION
MESSAGE OR INFORMATION ISTHE ENTINITYTHAT ISTO BE
TRANSMITTED. IT CAN BE INTHE FORM OF AUDIO,VIDEO,TEMPERATURE,
PICTURE, PRESSURE, ETC.

12. 2. SIGNAL
THE SINGLE-VALUED FUNCTION OFTIMETHAT CARRIESTHE
INFORMATION.THE INFORMATION IS CONVERTED INTO AN ELECTRICAL
FORM FORTRANSMISSION.

13. 3.TRANSDUCER
A DEVICE OR AN ARRANGEMENT THAT CONVERTS ONE FORM OF ENERGY
TOTHE OTHER. AN ELECTRICALTRANSDUCER CONVERTS PHYSICAL
VARIABLES SUCH AS PRESSURE, FORCE,TEMPERATURE INTO
CORRESPONDING ELECTRICAL SIGNALVARIATIONS.

14. 4. MODULATOR
ASTHE ORIGINAL MESSAGE SIGNAL CANNOT BETRANSMITTED OVER A
LARGE DISTANCE BECAUSE OFTHEIR LOW FREQUENCY AND AMPLITUDE,
THEY ARE SUPERIMPOSED WITH HIGH FREQUENCY AND AMPLITUDE
WAVE CALLED CARRIER WAVE.THIS PHENOMENON OF SUPERIMPOSING
OF MESSAGE SIGNALWITH CARRIER WAVE CALLED MODULATION. AND
THE RESULTANT WAVE IS A MODULATED WAVEWHICH ISTO BE
TRANSMITTED.

15. DIFFEREBTTYPES OF MODULATION
a. AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)
THE PROCESS OF CHANGINGTHE AMPLITUDE OFTHE SIGNALWAVE BY
IMPRESSING OR SUPERIMPOSING IT ON A HIGH-FREQUENCY CARRIER
WAVE, KEEPING ITS FREQUENCY CONSTANT IS CALLED AMPLITUDE
MODULATION.
b. FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)
FREQUENCY MODULATION IS ATECHNIQUE INWHICHTHE
FREQUENCY OFTHE MESSAGE SIGNAL ISVARIED BY MODULATING
WITH A CARRIER WAVE. IT IS BETTERTHAN AMPLITUDE MODULATION
BEACAUSE IT ELIMINATES NOISE FROMVARIOUS SOURCES.

16. c. PHASE MODULATION (PM)
THE PHASE OFTHE CARRIER WAVE CHANGESTHE PHASE OFTHE
SIGNALWAVE.THE PHASE SHIFT AFTER MODULATION IS DEPENDENT
ONTHE FREQUENCY OFTHE CARRIER WAVE ASWELL. PHASE
MODULATED WAVE ARE IMMUNETO NOISETO A GREATER EXTENT.

17. 5.TRANSMITTER
IT ISTHE ARRANGEMENTTHAT PROCESSESTHE MESSAGE SIGNAL INTO A
SUITABLE FORM FORTRANSMISSION AND SUBSEQUENTLY RECEPTION.
6. ANTENNA
AN ANTENNA IS A STRUCTURE OR A DEVICETHATWILL RADIATE AND
RECEIVE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES. SO,THEY ARE USED IN BOTH
TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVERS. AN ANTENNA IS BASICALLY A METALLIC
OBJECT, OFTEN A COLLECTION OFWIRES.THE ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES ARE POLARISED ACCORDINGTOTHE POSITION OFTHE ANTENNA.

18. 7. CHANNEL
A CHANNEL REFERSTO A PHYSICAL MEDIUM SUCH ASWIRE, CABLES,
SPACETHROUGHWHICH SIGNAL IS PASSED FROMTHETRANSMITTER TO
THE RECEIVER.THERE ARE MANY CHANNEL IMPAIRMENTS THAT AFFECT
CHANNEL PERFORMANCE TO A PRONOUNCED LEVEL.
8. NOISE
NOISE IS ONE OFTHE CHANNEL IMPERFECTION OR IMPAIRMENT INTHE
RECEIVED SIGNAL ATTHE DESTINATION. THERE ARE EXTERNAL AND
INTERNAL SOURCESTHAT CAUSE NOISE. EXTERNAL SOURCES INCLUDE
INTERFERENCE, i.e. INTERFERENCE FROM NEARBYTRANSMITTED
SIGNALS (CROSSTALK), INTERFERENCE GENERATED BY A NATURAL
SOURCE SUCH AS LIGHTING, SOLAR OR COSMIC RADIATION,
AUTOMOBILE GENERATED RADIATION, ETC.

19. THE EXTERNAL NOISE CAN BE MINIMISED AND ELIMINATED BYTHE
APPROPRIATE DESIGN OFTHE CHANNEL, SHIELDING OF CABLES. ALSO BY
DIGITALTRANSMISSION EXTERNAL NOISE CAN BE MUCH MINIMISED.
INTERNAL SOURCES INCLUDE NOISE DUETO RANDOM MOTION AND
COLLISION OF ELECTRONS INTHE CONDUCTORS,THERMAL NOISE DUE
TO DIFFUSION AND RECOMBINATION OF CHARGE CARRIERS IN OTHER
ELECTRONIC DEVICES. INTERNAL NOISE CAN BE MINIMISED BY COOLING
AND USING DIGITALTECHNOLOGY FORTRANSMISSION.

20. 9. ATTENUATION
ATTENUATION IS A PROBLEM CAUSED BYTHE MEDIUM. WHENTHE
SIGNAL IS PROPAGATING FOR A LONGER DISTANCETHROUGH A MEDIUM,
DEPENDING ONTHE LENGTH OFTHE MEDIUMTHE INITIAL POWER
DECREASES. THE LOSS IN INITIAL POWER IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL
TOTHE LENGTH OFTHE MEDIUM. USING AMPLIFIERS,THE SIGNAL POWER
IS STRENGTHENED OR AMPLIFIED SO ASTO REDUCE ATTENUATION.
ALSO, DIGITAL SIGNALS ARE COMPARATIVELY LESS PRONETO
ATTENUATION THAN ANALOGUE SIGNALS.

21. 10. DISTORTION
IT IS ALSO ANOTHERTYPE OF CHANNEL PROBLEM. WHENTHE SIGNAL IS
DISTORDED,THE DISTORTED SIGNAL MAY HAVE FREQUENCY AND
BANDWIDTH DIFFERENT FROMTHETRANSMITTED SIGNAL.THE
VARIATION INTHE SIGNAL FREQUENCY CAN BE LINEAR OR NON-LINEAR.
11. RECEIVER
AN ARRANGEMENTTHAT EXTRACTSTHE MESSAGE OR INFORMATION
FROMTHETRANSMITTED SIGNAL ATTHE OUTPUT END OFTHE CHANNEL
AND REPRODUCES IT IN A SUITABLE FORM ASTHE ORIGINAL MESSAGE
SIGNAL IS A RECEIVER.

22. 12. DEMODULATOR
IT ISTHE INVERSE PHENOMENON OF MODULATION. I.E.,THE PROCESS OF
SEPARATION OFTHE MESSAGE SIGNAL FROMTHE CARRIER WAVETAKES
PLACE INTHE DEMODULATOR.THE INFORMATION IS RETRIEVED FROM
THE MODULATED WAVE.
13. REPEATERS
REPEATERS ARE PLACED AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN BETWEENTHE
TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER. A REPEATER RECEIVESTHETRANSMITTED
SIGNAL, AMPLIFIES IT AND SENDS ITTOTHE NEXT REPEATER WITHOUT
DISTORTINGTHE ORIGINAL SIGNAL.

23. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS

24. MANGKUTA BI INGUD
MO KUNG “MAY NA
INCHINDIHAN MAN?”.