Criminal investigations require effective communication between various experts from different disciplines like law enforcement, forensic scientists, medical examiners, attorneys and more. The process begins with the 911 call and dispatch sending first responders to the crime scene. Various experts then examine the scene and evidence, sharing their findings. If a suspect is identified, interrogation requires careful listening. The case culminates in a trial where evidence and witness testimony are presented for the jury's deliberation. Effective communication throughout is essential to identify the perpetrator.
The document lists names and roll numbers of 6 students and provides information about eyewitness testimony and factors that can affect it. It discusses how eyewitness testimony refers to accounts of events witnessed and is used in trials. It also explains that eyewitness recollection can be impacted by stress, a weapon's focus drawing attention, and reconstructive memory where recall is influenced by personal interpretation.
1) The document discusses a study that investigated whether subliminally priming the color of a suspect's shirt can influence eyewitness identification. Participants watched a crime video and later identified a suspect from a lineup. The shirt color of each suspect was primed subliminally with a color word that either matched or didn't match the shirt.
2) Contrary to expectations, participants did not choose suspects more frequently when primed with a matching color. However, over 90% of participants falsely identified a suspect, despite the actual culprit not being in the lineup.
3) This study explored how implicit or subliminal priming could influence eyewitness identification, which has received little attention compared to research on explicit memory
This document discusses crisis intervention and interviewing victims after a crisis. It provides an overview of the different phases and goals of crisis response. The objective of interviewing victims is to re-establish coping, provide support, reduce risk, and link victims to resources. Successful interviews require understanding neurobiological influences on victims under stress as well as addressing critical incident stressors and individual stress vulnerabilities. The challenges to conducting effective interviews are impacted by the victim's biological response to trauma and stress.
1. The document discusses homicide investigation techniques in the 21st century, noting that while tools and technology have advanced, it remains the investigator's duty to determine who committed the crime and gather solid evidence for conviction.
2. It explains that the investigator must first determine whether a scene involves homicide or suicide, and then classify the type of homicide. The investigator collects and analyzes evidence from the scene and body to determine cause and time of death.
3. Motive is ascertained by examining the crime details and investigating the victim's life through records and interviews to understand who may have wanted to harm them. The goal is to answer the key questions of who, what, when, where, and why to
Philippine National Police Criminal Investigation ManualHarve Abella
This document is the revised 2011 Philippine National Police Criminal Investigation Manual. It provides guidelines and procedures for criminal investigations conducted by PNP officers. The manual covers general investigation procedures and details the investigation process for specific crimes defined in the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines such as crimes against public order, public interest, persons, and liberty.
Pnp pre charge evaluation and summary hearing guiderengar23
This document introduces a guide for the Philippine National Police's (PNP) internal discipline mechanism. It aims to address issues like a lack of familiarity with disciplinary procedures and inadequate training for pre-charge evaluators and summary hearing officers. The guide provides step-by-step procedures for handling complaints from receipt to final resolution. It includes sample forms, scripts for hearings, and appendices with relevant PNP memoranda to help users efficiently and systematically resolve administrative cases. The goal is to help the PNP better investigate and discipline its own members to uphold justice and accountability.
1. Last Man Standing by Norman Collins describes the author's experiences as a soldier in World War I. Collins joined the British army at age 18 and was deployed to France at age 19.
2. The book uses Collins' letters home from the war zone as well as his later recollections to describe what he witnessed and endured as a soldier, from serving in trenches to burying dead bodies.
3. Covering Collins' time in the war from 1914 to 1917, the book aims to convey the experiences of soldiers who survived WWI to help readers understand what they faced.
Forensic expert evidence plays an important role in the criminal justice system. Forensic science applies various sciences and technologies to answer legal questions. Physical evidence collected from crime scenes, like fingerprints, soils, and weapons, can be objectively examined using scientific methods. This circumstantial evidence may help prove if a suspect came into contact with a victim or crime scene. While witness testimony is also collected, it is not always reliable. Forensic experts aim to find the truth and assist courts by providing impartial scientific analysis and opinions, not for the prosecution or defense. It can be challenging for courts to properly evaluate conflicting expert evidence, but it is crucial for achieving justice.
The document lists names and roll numbers of 6 students and provides information about eyewitness testimony and factors that can affect it. It discusses how eyewitness testimony refers to accounts of events witnessed and is used in trials. It also explains that eyewitness recollection can be impacted by stress, a weapon's focus drawing attention, and reconstructive memory where recall is influenced by personal interpretation.
1) The document discusses a study that investigated whether subliminally priming the color of a suspect's shirt can influence eyewitness identification. Participants watched a crime video and later identified a suspect from a lineup. The shirt color of each suspect was primed subliminally with a color word that either matched or didn't match the shirt.
2) Contrary to expectations, participants did not choose suspects more frequently when primed with a matching color. However, over 90% of participants falsely identified a suspect, despite the actual culprit not being in the lineup.
3) This study explored how implicit or subliminal priming could influence eyewitness identification, which has received little attention compared to research on explicit memory
This document discusses crisis intervention and interviewing victims after a crisis. It provides an overview of the different phases and goals of crisis response. The objective of interviewing victims is to re-establish coping, provide support, reduce risk, and link victims to resources. Successful interviews require understanding neurobiological influences on victims under stress as well as addressing critical incident stressors and individual stress vulnerabilities. The challenges to conducting effective interviews are impacted by the victim's biological response to trauma and stress.
1. The document discusses homicide investigation techniques in the 21st century, noting that while tools and technology have advanced, it remains the investigator's duty to determine who committed the crime and gather solid evidence for conviction.
2. It explains that the investigator must first determine whether a scene involves homicide or suicide, and then classify the type of homicide. The investigator collects and analyzes evidence from the scene and body to determine cause and time of death.
3. Motive is ascertained by examining the crime details and investigating the victim's life through records and interviews to understand who may have wanted to harm them. The goal is to answer the key questions of who, what, when, where, and why to
Philippine National Police Criminal Investigation ManualHarve Abella
This document is the revised 2011 Philippine National Police Criminal Investigation Manual. It provides guidelines and procedures for criminal investigations conducted by PNP officers. The manual covers general investigation procedures and details the investigation process for specific crimes defined in the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines such as crimes against public order, public interest, persons, and liberty.
Pnp pre charge evaluation and summary hearing guiderengar23
This document introduces a guide for the Philippine National Police's (PNP) internal discipline mechanism. It aims to address issues like a lack of familiarity with disciplinary procedures and inadequate training for pre-charge evaluators and summary hearing officers. The guide provides step-by-step procedures for handling complaints from receipt to final resolution. It includes sample forms, scripts for hearings, and appendices with relevant PNP memoranda to help users efficiently and systematically resolve administrative cases. The goal is to help the PNP better investigate and discipline its own members to uphold justice and accountability.
1. Last Man Standing by Norman Collins describes the author's experiences as a soldier in World War I. Collins joined the British army at age 18 and was deployed to France at age 19.
2. The book uses Collins' letters home from the war zone as well as his later recollections to describe what he witnessed and endured as a soldier, from serving in trenches to burying dead bodies.
3. Covering Collins' time in the war from 1914 to 1917, the book aims to convey the experiences of soldiers who survived WWI to help readers understand what they faced.
Forensic expert evidence plays an important role in the criminal justice system. Forensic science applies various sciences and technologies to answer legal questions. Physical evidence collected from crime scenes, like fingerprints, soils, and weapons, can be objectively examined using scientific methods. This circumstantial evidence may help prove if a suspect came into contact with a victim or crime scene. While witness testimony is also collected, it is not always reliable. Forensic experts aim to find the truth and assist courts by providing impartial scientific analysis and opinions, not for the prosecution or defense. It can be challenging for courts to properly evaluate conflicting expert evidence, but it is crucial for achieving justice.
Book Reference Peak, K. J. (2015). Policing America C.docxAASTHA76
Book Reference
Peak, K. J. (2015). Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices (8th ed). Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
(Courtesy mikeledray!Shutterstock.)
5 Criminallnvestigation
The Science of Sleuthing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
As a result of reading this chapter, the student will be able to:
0 Distinguish between forensic science and criminalistics
f) Understand the origins of criminalistics as well as the types of information
that physical evidence can provide
8 Compare anthropometry and dactylography
0 Explain how Bertillon, Locard, Vollmer, and others contributed to the
development of criminal investigation techniques
0 Describe the kinds of qualities that detectives and undercover officers
need to possess
125
~
0 Delineate the functions of medical examiners and coroners
G Explain the basic functions of the polygraph and its legal status in the
courts
(i) Describe how DNA analysis operates (including a new approach, using
familial DNA) as well as recent developments and some legal and policy
issues concerning its use
f) Explain the contributions of social networking sites to criminal
investigations
41!> Describe the purpose and operation of a cold case squad
4D Clarify whether or not there is a "CSI effect" relating to criminal cases
0 Relate the contributions of dogs to the investigative process
Introduction
The challenges involved with investigating crimes may well be characterized by a quote from Ludwig
Wittgenstein: "How hard I find it to see what is right in front of my eyes I" Investigating crimes has
indeed become a complicated art as well as a science, as will be seen in this chapter.
The art of sleuthing has long fascinated the American public. People appear to be completely enthralled
with anything involving forensics and criminal psychoses (e.g., CSL Dexter, Criminal Minds), as well
as the exploits of detectives as they pursue serial killers (e.g., Silence of the Lambs, Se7en) Nor is this
public interest in sleuthing a recent phenomenon: for decades, Americans have feasted on the exploits
of dozens of fictional masterminds and detectives in books and movies, such as Arthur Conan Doyle's
Sherlock Holmes, Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple, and Clint Eastwood's Detective
"Dirty Harry" Callahan, to name a few.
In reality, investigative work is largely misunderstood, often boring, and overrated; it results in arrests
only a fraction of the time; and it relies strongly on the assistance of witnesses and even some luck.
Nonetheless, the related fields of forensic science and criminalistics are the most rapidly developing
areas of policing- and probably in all of criminal justice This is an exciting time to be in the investiga-
tive or forensic disciplines.
This chapter begins by defining forensic science and criminalistics and by looking at their origins;
included is a brief discussion of crime scenes. Then we review the ev ...
The document summarizes the multi-step forensic investigation process required to solve a murder case. It involves collecting evidence from the crime scene by various experts, analyzing the evidence in a crime lab, performing an autopsy on the victim, developing a criminal profile, and ultimately interrogating suspects. The goal is to piece together all the evidence like a puzzle to identify the killer and bring them to justice. It is a lengthy, complex, and meticulous team effort requiring many different experts with different specializations.
An Experimental Study Examining the Effects of Confessional and Circumstantia...Julia Van Hooser
The study aimed to examine the effects of confessional versus circumstantial evidence on potential jurors. 30 participants were presented with scenarios providing either type of evidence about a hypothetical crime. Those given confessional evidence were more likely to find the defendant guilty and were more certain in their judgement than those given circumstantial evidence. The results support the hypothesis that jurors are more impacted by confessional evidence. However, the study had limitations such as a young student sample and reading scenarios rather than participants reading themselves. Future research could explore differences by age, culture, or presentation format of evidence.
Forensic science is the application of science to address legal questions. It involves using scientific methods and techniques to investigate and establish facts in criminal or civil cases. Forensic science assists in criminal investigations by analyzing evidence scientifically to help identify individuals, reconstruct events, and determine causes of injuries or death. Some key branches of forensic science include forensic pathology, anthropology, odontology, serology, toxicology, and questioned documents.
Forensic science is the application of science to address legal matters. It involves using various scientific techniques to analyze evidence found at crime scenes. Some key areas of forensic science include analyzing fingerprints, DNA, ballistics, toxicology, pathology, entomology, questioned documents, and trace evidence. The goal is to apply scientific processes and reasoning to help determine exactly what happened in criminal cases.
Running Head MISINFORMATION EFFECT1MISINFORMATION EFFECT2.docxcharisellington63520
Running Head: MISINFORMATION EFFECT 1
MISINFORMATION EFFECT 2
Abstract
This paper explores various published articles which depict research results from studies conducted on the effects of misinformation on eyewitness testimony. Misinformation is “false or inaccurate information, especially that which is deliberately intended to deceive” (Oxforddictionaries.com). With the use of misinformation it may be possible to mislead witnesses allowing them to present false information. This papers examines articles from researchers such as Blank, Ost, Davies, Jones, Lambert and Salmon (2013), Loftus (2005), Chrobak and Zaragoza (2013), and Eakin, Schreiber and Sergeant-Marshall (2003) in relation to other studies conducted in order to determine how misinformation is introduced, possible reasons the effect occurs, and suggestions on how to reduce its effects.
The Misinformation Effect and the Effects it has on Eyewitness Testimony
There is a wide misconception that a person’s long-term memory actually records experiences exactly as they happened. However, memories and events we have are very malleable and can be altered and/or molded. It is proven fact that our long-term memory is susceptible to errors. The impreciseness in a person’s memory can further be altered with the misinformation effect. The misinformation effect transpires when mislead information is presented to someone after they have experienced the event.
Misinformation can have unfavorable consequences in investigations and trials. “The fallibility of eyewitness memory is a crucial problem in the administration of justice, and documented cases of false convictions based on faulty eyewitness testimony abound” (Zaragoza, Payment, Ackil, Drivdahl & Beck, 2001, p. 473). Over the past few decade numerous studies have been conducted centering on the various facets and implications of the misinformation effect and how it affects eyewitness testimony. Through the introduction of misinformation to someone’s thoughts and observations, they can easily be manipulated, leading them to dictate false or inaccurate information. Misinformation may be presented in many ways to witnesses such as I nterviewing, cross-examination, and narratives. This paper examines research that has been conducted from various authors in regards to how misinformation is introduced, possible reasons the effect occurs, and suggestions on how to reduce its effects as well as propose where additional research may be conducted to further understand this phenomenon.
It has long since been discovered that the misinformation effect exists and can have negative effects when it comes to eyewitness testimony. In 2002, 110 inmates were released from prison due DNA exonerations making them not guilty. Out of the 110, eleven were on death row. In the majority of these cases the individuals were convicted largely on the testimony of eyewitnesses.
Numerous studies have been conducted over the past forty-f.
1. As technology developed, science and law have increasingly become intertwined, with techniques to identify criminals evolving from eyewitness accounts to biological markers like DNA fingerprinting.
2. Factors like rapid urbanization and increasing anonymity in cities led to the development of biometric criminal identification technologies in the late 19th century, including anthropometry and fingerprinting.
3. While fingerprinting replaced the error-prone anthropometry system, DNA fingerprinting was found to revolutionize forensics by enabling identification from traces of blood or semen even years later. However, issues like coincidental matches or contamination require stringent protocols to avoid false results.
21st Century Criminology A ReferenceHandbookWrongful Co.docxtamicawaysmith
This document summarizes a chapter from the book "21st Century Criminology: A Reference Handbook" about wrongful convictions. It discusses how DNA evidence revealed that innocent people have been wrongly convicted of crimes. Eyewitness misidentification is identified as the leading cause of wrongful convictions, occurring in 79% of DNA exoneration cases. Surveys estimate the rate of wrongful felony convictions could be around 1% annually in the US, resulting in thousands of innocent people being imprisoned or jailed each year. While the exact scale is unknown, studies find common factors that contribute to wrongful convictions, such as flaws in eyewitness identification procedures and suggestive police practices.
- Overconsumption by wealthy Western nations is a major cause of global poverty and resource scarcity. Nearly half of the world's population lives on less than $2.50 a day and does not have access to sufficient food, water, shelter or income.
- Unequal distribution of resources, particularly fertile land that is disproportionately occupied by wealthy farmers for export crops, exacerbates poverty. Reducing consumption in wealthy countries and redistributing resources more equitably could significantly diminish global destitution.
- Solutions proposed include land reform policies to make fertile land more affordable and accessible to local farmers, government policies to protect domestic food production, and limiting consumption and waste in wealthy nations to leave more resources available for poorer populations.
This document summarizes research on the causes of serial killing. While some studies have correlated serial murder with childhood abuse or brain deficiencies, the document notes that not all serial killers experience these factors. It discusses research finding both genetic and environmental influences, with diminished brain activity found in certain regions of serial killers' brains. The document concludes that combining biological and psychosocial theories is needed to understand what provokes serial killing and that early signs like animal torture should be addressed with therapy or removing children from abusive homes, despite challenges, in order to prevent future serial murders.
The psychological evaluation analyzes Albert Fish, known as the "Vampire of Brooklyn". He was a serial killer, child molester, and rapist who engaged in sexually deviant acts that escalated to murder over 50 years. He suffered from numerous psychological disorders and paraphilias. Due to the severity and duration of his pathology, effective rehabilitation would have been unlikely. Research indicates intervening early with children exhibiting deviant behaviors can help circumvent them becoming sex offenders.
In 1993, the mutilated bodies of three 8-year-old boys were found in West Memphis, Arkansas. Three teenagers - Damien Echols, Jessie Misskelley, and Jason Baldwin - were convicted of the murders based primarily on circumstantial evidence and Misskelley's coerced confession. In 2011, after 17 years in prison, new DNA evidence excluded the three men and implicated new suspects. This case highlights the importance of proper chain of custody and evidence preservation procedures to avoid wrongful convictions and allow for the possibility of exoneration through advances in forensic technology.
Kga Criminal Law Not Guilty By Reason Of Slick Defensetorikelly
The document discusses several criminal cases where defendants were found not guilty due to creative legal defenses. These include claiming sleepwalking caused a murder, prosecutorial misconduct concealing evidence, an alibi corroborated by metrocard records, incompetent defense leading to a retrial, mistaken eyewitness identification, and a fire ruled an accident rather than arson. The conclusion argues these cases show murder suspects will say anything to get away with crimes and clever lawyers can convince juries of improbable defenses.
The passage discusses the history and evolution of the US prison system from the early 19th century to today. It describes different eras such as the Reformatory Era, Industrial Prisons period, and Modern Era. Currently, issues like overcrowding, high costs, and recidivism persist due to mass incarceration. To address these issues in the future, the passage recommends downsizing prisons, reducing sentences for nonviolent crimes, increasing education and rehabilitation programs, and reforming parole/probation policies.
Book Reference Peak, K. J. (2015). Policing America C.docxAASTHA76
Book Reference
Peak, K. J. (2015). Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices (8th ed). Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
(Courtesy mikeledray!Shutterstock.)
5 Criminallnvestigation
The Science of Sleuthing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
As a result of reading this chapter, the student will be able to:
0 Distinguish between forensic science and criminalistics
f) Understand the origins of criminalistics as well as the types of information
that physical evidence can provide
8 Compare anthropometry and dactylography
0 Explain how Bertillon, Locard, Vollmer, and others contributed to the
development of criminal investigation techniques
0 Describe the kinds of qualities that detectives and undercover officers
need to possess
125
~
0 Delineate the functions of medical examiners and coroners
G Explain the basic functions of the polygraph and its legal status in the
courts
(i) Describe how DNA analysis operates (including a new approach, using
familial DNA) as well as recent developments and some legal and policy
issues concerning its use
f) Explain the contributions of social networking sites to criminal
investigations
41!> Describe the purpose and operation of a cold case squad
4D Clarify whether or not there is a "CSI effect" relating to criminal cases
0 Relate the contributions of dogs to the investigative process
Introduction
The challenges involved with investigating crimes may well be characterized by a quote from Ludwig
Wittgenstein: "How hard I find it to see what is right in front of my eyes I" Investigating crimes has
indeed become a complicated art as well as a science, as will be seen in this chapter.
The art of sleuthing has long fascinated the American public. People appear to be completely enthralled
with anything involving forensics and criminal psychoses (e.g., CSL Dexter, Criminal Minds), as well
as the exploits of detectives as they pursue serial killers (e.g., Silence of the Lambs, Se7en) Nor is this
public interest in sleuthing a recent phenomenon: for decades, Americans have feasted on the exploits
of dozens of fictional masterminds and detectives in books and movies, such as Arthur Conan Doyle's
Sherlock Holmes, Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple, and Clint Eastwood's Detective
"Dirty Harry" Callahan, to name a few.
In reality, investigative work is largely misunderstood, often boring, and overrated; it results in arrests
only a fraction of the time; and it relies strongly on the assistance of witnesses and even some luck.
Nonetheless, the related fields of forensic science and criminalistics are the most rapidly developing
areas of policing- and probably in all of criminal justice This is an exciting time to be in the investiga-
tive or forensic disciplines.
This chapter begins by defining forensic science and criminalistics and by looking at their origins;
included is a brief discussion of crime scenes. Then we review the ev ...
The document summarizes the multi-step forensic investigation process required to solve a murder case. It involves collecting evidence from the crime scene by various experts, analyzing the evidence in a crime lab, performing an autopsy on the victim, developing a criminal profile, and ultimately interrogating suspects. The goal is to piece together all the evidence like a puzzle to identify the killer and bring them to justice. It is a lengthy, complex, and meticulous team effort requiring many different experts with different specializations.
An Experimental Study Examining the Effects of Confessional and Circumstantia...Julia Van Hooser
The study aimed to examine the effects of confessional versus circumstantial evidence on potential jurors. 30 participants were presented with scenarios providing either type of evidence about a hypothetical crime. Those given confessional evidence were more likely to find the defendant guilty and were more certain in their judgement than those given circumstantial evidence. The results support the hypothesis that jurors are more impacted by confessional evidence. However, the study had limitations such as a young student sample and reading scenarios rather than participants reading themselves. Future research could explore differences by age, culture, or presentation format of evidence.
Forensic science is the application of science to address legal questions. It involves using scientific methods and techniques to investigate and establish facts in criminal or civil cases. Forensic science assists in criminal investigations by analyzing evidence scientifically to help identify individuals, reconstruct events, and determine causes of injuries or death. Some key branches of forensic science include forensic pathology, anthropology, odontology, serology, toxicology, and questioned documents.
Forensic science is the application of science to address legal matters. It involves using various scientific techniques to analyze evidence found at crime scenes. Some key areas of forensic science include analyzing fingerprints, DNA, ballistics, toxicology, pathology, entomology, questioned documents, and trace evidence. The goal is to apply scientific processes and reasoning to help determine exactly what happened in criminal cases.
Running Head MISINFORMATION EFFECT1MISINFORMATION EFFECT2.docxcharisellington63520
Running Head: MISINFORMATION EFFECT 1
MISINFORMATION EFFECT 2
Abstract
This paper explores various published articles which depict research results from studies conducted on the effects of misinformation on eyewitness testimony. Misinformation is “false or inaccurate information, especially that which is deliberately intended to deceive” (Oxforddictionaries.com). With the use of misinformation it may be possible to mislead witnesses allowing them to present false information. This papers examines articles from researchers such as Blank, Ost, Davies, Jones, Lambert and Salmon (2013), Loftus (2005), Chrobak and Zaragoza (2013), and Eakin, Schreiber and Sergeant-Marshall (2003) in relation to other studies conducted in order to determine how misinformation is introduced, possible reasons the effect occurs, and suggestions on how to reduce its effects.
The Misinformation Effect and the Effects it has on Eyewitness Testimony
There is a wide misconception that a person’s long-term memory actually records experiences exactly as they happened. However, memories and events we have are very malleable and can be altered and/or molded. It is proven fact that our long-term memory is susceptible to errors. The impreciseness in a person’s memory can further be altered with the misinformation effect. The misinformation effect transpires when mislead information is presented to someone after they have experienced the event.
Misinformation can have unfavorable consequences in investigations and trials. “The fallibility of eyewitness memory is a crucial problem in the administration of justice, and documented cases of false convictions based on faulty eyewitness testimony abound” (Zaragoza, Payment, Ackil, Drivdahl & Beck, 2001, p. 473). Over the past few decade numerous studies have been conducted centering on the various facets and implications of the misinformation effect and how it affects eyewitness testimony. Through the introduction of misinformation to someone’s thoughts and observations, they can easily be manipulated, leading them to dictate false or inaccurate information. Misinformation may be presented in many ways to witnesses such as I nterviewing, cross-examination, and narratives. This paper examines research that has been conducted from various authors in regards to how misinformation is introduced, possible reasons the effect occurs, and suggestions on how to reduce its effects as well as propose where additional research may be conducted to further understand this phenomenon.
It has long since been discovered that the misinformation effect exists and can have negative effects when it comes to eyewitness testimony. In 2002, 110 inmates were released from prison due DNA exonerations making them not guilty. Out of the 110, eleven were on death row. In the majority of these cases the individuals were convicted largely on the testimony of eyewitnesses.
Numerous studies have been conducted over the past forty-f.
1. As technology developed, science and law have increasingly become intertwined, with techniques to identify criminals evolving from eyewitness accounts to biological markers like DNA fingerprinting.
2. Factors like rapid urbanization and increasing anonymity in cities led to the development of biometric criminal identification technologies in the late 19th century, including anthropometry and fingerprinting.
3. While fingerprinting replaced the error-prone anthropometry system, DNA fingerprinting was found to revolutionize forensics by enabling identification from traces of blood or semen even years later. However, issues like coincidental matches or contamination require stringent protocols to avoid false results.
21st Century Criminology A ReferenceHandbookWrongful Co.docxtamicawaysmith
This document summarizes a chapter from the book "21st Century Criminology: A Reference Handbook" about wrongful convictions. It discusses how DNA evidence revealed that innocent people have been wrongly convicted of crimes. Eyewitness misidentification is identified as the leading cause of wrongful convictions, occurring in 79% of DNA exoneration cases. Surveys estimate the rate of wrongful felony convictions could be around 1% annually in the US, resulting in thousands of innocent people being imprisoned or jailed each year. While the exact scale is unknown, studies find common factors that contribute to wrongful convictions, such as flaws in eyewitness identification procedures and suggestive police practices.
- Overconsumption by wealthy Western nations is a major cause of global poverty and resource scarcity. Nearly half of the world's population lives on less than $2.50 a day and does not have access to sufficient food, water, shelter or income.
- Unequal distribution of resources, particularly fertile land that is disproportionately occupied by wealthy farmers for export crops, exacerbates poverty. Reducing consumption in wealthy countries and redistributing resources more equitably could significantly diminish global destitution.
- Solutions proposed include land reform policies to make fertile land more affordable and accessible to local farmers, government policies to protect domestic food production, and limiting consumption and waste in wealthy nations to leave more resources available for poorer populations.
This document summarizes research on the causes of serial killing. While some studies have correlated serial murder with childhood abuse or brain deficiencies, the document notes that not all serial killers experience these factors. It discusses research finding both genetic and environmental influences, with diminished brain activity found in certain regions of serial killers' brains. The document concludes that combining biological and psychosocial theories is needed to understand what provokes serial killing and that early signs like animal torture should be addressed with therapy or removing children from abusive homes, despite challenges, in order to prevent future serial murders.
The psychological evaluation analyzes Albert Fish, known as the "Vampire of Brooklyn". He was a serial killer, child molester, and rapist who engaged in sexually deviant acts that escalated to murder over 50 years. He suffered from numerous psychological disorders and paraphilias. Due to the severity and duration of his pathology, effective rehabilitation would have been unlikely. Research indicates intervening early with children exhibiting deviant behaviors can help circumvent them becoming sex offenders.
In 1993, the mutilated bodies of three 8-year-old boys were found in West Memphis, Arkansas. Three teenagers - Damien Echols, Jessie Misskelley, and Jason Baldwin - were convicted of the murders based primarily on circumstantial evidence and Misskelley's coerced confession. In 2011, after 17 years in prison, new DNA evidence excluded the three men and implicated new suspects. This case highlights the importance of proper chain of custody and evidence preservation procedures to avoid wrongful convictions and allow for the possibility of exoneration through advances in forensic technology.
Kga Criminal Law Not Guilty By Reason Of Slick Defensetorikelly
The document discusses several criminal cases where defendants were found not guilty due to creative legal defenses. These include claiming sleepwalking caused a murder, prosecutorial misconduct concealing evidence, an alibi corroborated by metrocard records, incompetent defense leading to a retrial, mistaken eyewitness identification, and a fire ruled an accident rather than arson. The conclusion argues these cases show murder suspects will say anything to get away with crimes and clever lawyers can convince juries of improbable defenses.
The passage discusses the history and evolution of the US prison system from the early 19th century to today. It describes different eras such as the Reformatory Era, Industrial Prisons period, and Modern Era. Currently, issues like overcrowding, high costs, and recidivism persist due to mass incarceration. To address these issues in the future, the passage recommends downsizing prisons, reducing sentences for nonviolent crimes, increasing education and rehabilitation programs, and reforming parole/probation policies.
1. Tori Kelly<br />29 October 2010<br />Communication Skills<br />Mr. Gregory Russell<br />KGA #2-FINAL REPORT AND PRESENTATION<br />INTERDISCIPLINARY<br />COMMUNICATION IN CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION<br /> Introduction<br />Sherlock Holmes and Watson used to be able to solve a murder mystery by themselves. Now the process is more complex, involving a team of several crime scene investigators, using many different forms of communication. During an investigation, the team may consist of uniformed police officers, plain clothed detectives, crime scene and lab technicians, fingerprint experts, medical examiners, firearms and ballistics examiners, toxicologists, forensic dentists, and DNA specialists. The communication between these disciplines involves many technical terms that must be exchanged in a manner that the team as a whole can understand. <br />By observing the clues left behind, a suspect is brought to trial. Then a new team of experts: attorneys, witnesses, the judge and jury, psychiatrists, and forensic specialists for the defense exchange information on all the collected evidence. The evidence is now presented to a jury, involving interpersonal communication, as opposing attorneys present their case. Criminal investigation has become so extensive and scientific, that it requires cooperative and effective communication of many different experts, all specializing in different methods of analysis, in order to bring a killer to justice.<br />The Emergency Call<br />Criminal Investigation involves a cooperative, interdisciplinary, linear and interactional mode of communication, as explained by Berko (2010). The first exchange of interactional communication takes place during the 911 call to dispatch. When someone calls who is in the midst of a traumatic violent crime scene, they may be very overwhelmed and frantic. Dispatch tries to calm the caller and extract information as to the nature and location of the crime, but screaming, crying, and hyperventilation may interfere with their response. This noise, as Berko CITATION Ber10 1033 (2010) explains, may result in incomplete or incorrect information. Dispatch has the responsibility of obtaining as much detail as possible. This is the first link of communication in the crime-solving process. <br />First Responders<br /> After the 911 call is complete, according to Ramsland CITATION Ram011 1033 (2001), dispatch then calls the officers on duty. “Hey, we’ve got a double homicide, it’s in a house, the victims have been shot, and it looks like they ransacked the place.” The first officer to respond is responsible for assessing the victim(s), securing the area, noting any significant evidence, and interviewing witnesses. This information is shared with a team of many subsequent professionals within the criminal justice field and processed for investigation. <br />The Team<br />Based on the type of scene, Fletcher (2006) contends, the manner of assault or death, and the information provided by the desk officer, a crew, covering the various disciplines of forensic science is put together. There may be a finger print specialist, photographer, tire track specialist, shoe print expert, and blood spatter analyst at the scene: five to seven people, all exchanging information extracted from their observations. This involves transactional, interpersonal and intrapersonal modes of communication.<br />The Evidence<br />As each crime scene expert collects and examines the evidence, they compare their data and come to a conclusion, hopefully to provide a suspect profile. Interviewing witnesses, if any, also provides important information. Ramsland (2001) argues that investigators must keep in mind, the different ways that people interpret what they see could lead to conflicting accounts of the crime, various suspect descriptions, or exaggerations. This human communication flaw is inherent, and is the reason why the science of evidence bears more weight, than does a person’s testimony. Science doesn’t lie, people do.<br />The Interrogation<br />When a suspect is apprehended, the interrogation begins. This interactional model of communication, as Berko (2010) explains, takes finesse and careful observation. Investigators must pay close attention to non-verbal messages, which Ramsland (2001) lists, such as nervous or aggressive behavior, degree of eye contact, various pitches in voice, refusal to answer questions, and any other mannerisms which may indicate whether or not the suspect is being truthful. They must also be very specific during questioning in order to obtain the required information needed to help solve a crime. <br />Fletcher (2006) asserts that the interrogator must also listen very carefully to the testimony, as Berko (2010) contends is a factor in communication, and how it compares to the evidence from the initial investigation. Fletcher (2006) further point out that if the suspect states they were nowhere near the scene and their shoeprints match the ones collected, that conflicts with scientific evidence, and is considered to be an untrue statement. Any deviation of information given to repeated questions is often also a cue that the suspect is lying.<br />The Trial<br />When the evidence points to the most likely suspect, they are arrested and brought to trial. This stage involves exchange of information among legal experts to determine if the evidence proves guilt or innocence. The attorneys must be very specific in their questions on order to obtain the information they want the jury to hear. Intrapersonal communication as defined by Berko (2010) begins, as the twelve jurors now listen to the opening and closing arguments of the prosecution and defense, and testimony of witnesses, experts, and the accused.<br />The final phase of the trial is the deliberation. This involves a transactional model of communication, as Berko (2010) explains, where several jurors are communicating simultaneously. They must exchange their views and opinions with one another, which will most likely result in some degree of conflict, due to intercultural differences, their moral and religious beliefs, opinions, or interpretation of evidence. This final link is critical, as the suspect’s future is in the hands of these twelve people, who must encode all the information they’ve heard, and present an agreed upon verdict. <br />Conclusion<br />Sherlock Holmes might disagree, that to solve a murder case, an intricate communication process among an extensive team of experts is very complex. Crime scene investigators collect, analyze and process evidence, exchange their findings with one another, interview witnesses and suspects, and convey the results to legal experts. This information is presented and deliberated in court in order to bring serious criminals to justice. Any ambiguities may lead investigators to the wrong suspect, thus resulting in an innocent person receiving a life sentence, or a killer getting away with murder. Holmes only needed “my dear Watson” to help solve the mystery. <br /> References<br />Bass, B., Jefferson, J. (2007) Beyond The Body Farm New York, NY: Harper Collins Publishers<br />Fletcher, C. (2006) Every Contact Leaves a Trace (1st ed.) New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press<br />Hallcox, J., Welch, A., Bass, B. (2006) Bodies We’ve Buried (1st ed.) New York, NY: The Berkley Publishing Group<br />Ramsland, K (2001) The Forensic Science Of C.S.I. New York, NY: The Berkley Publishing Group<br />Smith, P.A., Barber, C., Hunter, J., Butler, M.(2008)Ergonomics Vol. 51, No. 10, October)Measuring team skills in crime scene investigation: exploring ad hoc teams Taylor & Francis Group http://www.informaworld.com<br />