Competition policy, cartel enforcement and leniency programDr Danilo Samà
Competition policy, cartel enforcement and leniency program
Author:
Dr Danilo Samà (LUISS “Guido Carli” University)
Abstract:
The present assessment focuses on the antitrust action in detecting and fighting oligopolistic collusion, analyzing the development of the innovative and modern leniency policy. Following the examination of the main conditions and reasons for cartel stability and sustainability, our attempt is to comprehend under which circumstances leniency program represents a functional and successful tool for preventing the formation of anti-competitive agreements.
Keywords:
cartels enforcement, competition policy, game theory, leniency program, oligopolistic markets
JEL classification:
C70; K21; L13
Year:
2008
Pages:
1-12
Citation:
Samà, Danilo (2008), Competition policy, cartel enforcement and leniency program, LUISS “Guido Carli” University, Rome, Italy, pp. 1-12.
Trust is crucial in situations involving risk, uncertainty, or interdependence. In the information age, trust is more important for online transactions where partners are unknown, barriers to entry are low, and agreements are less regulated. Two solutions for increasing trust and payoffs in accidental online transactions are transforming one-time deals into ongoing relationships and using trust-enhancing institutions to influence behavior positively even in accidental transactions. Mapping personal networks can help companies tap into valuable social relationships but also raises privacy concerns.
This presentation by Geoffrey Manne, the president and founder of the International Center for Law and Economics, was made during the discussion “Merger Control in Dynamic Markets” held at the 18th meeting of the OECD Global Forum on Competition on 6 December 2019. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/mcdym.
The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives & Separation of Ownership an...Sahar Salehi
The document discusses the separation of ownership and control in organizations. It puts forth two hypotheses: 1) Separation of residual risk bearing from decision management leads to separate decision management and control. 2) Combining decision management and control in a few agents leads to restricting residual claims to those agents. The optimal structure depends on whether information is concentrated or diffuse. Separating functions allows for specialization and risk diversification, but combining them controls agency problems in non-complex settings. Overall, the document analyzes how organizations can structure decision-making, control, and risk-bearing to overcome agency problems.
The document outlines plans for the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECEX), which aims to revolutionize Ethiopia's agriculture through an efficient and orderly marketing system. It discusses how ECEX will establish a centralized marketplace using a trading platform and network of warehouses. This is expected to increase transparency, market access, and risk management for smallholder farmers while promoting the commercialization of agriculture. The establishment of ECEX will help sustain Ethiopia's economic growth and reduce poverty through better functioning domestic and international agricultural markets.
Structure, Performance, and Challenges of Coffee Trading through the Ethiopia...essp2
The document summarizes the structure, performance, and challenges of coffee trading through the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX). Key points:
- Coffee accounts for the majority (65%+) of ECX's traded volume and value, with annual coffee trade averaging 171,000-244,000 metric tons worth $380-800 million.
- Coffee trading is characterized by a competitive market structure with many sellers and buyers and low concentration ratios (<30%).
- Higher quality washed and specialty coffees command price premiums, while challenges include weak international price correlation, traceability issues, and harmonizing buyer/seller interests.
- Overall the ECX model enhances transparency but faces growth challenges requiring policy
This document summarizes the legal frameworks for warehouse financing in several sub-Saharan African countries and Madagascar. It finds that while some countries like Uganda and Côte d'Ivoire have legislation governing warehouse receipts, most countries rely on contractual principles. It identifies legal obstacles to warehouse financing and proposes solutions like negotiable receipts and electronic collateral registries. Finally, it discusses the advantages and disadvantages of legislated versus contractual approaches to regulating warehouse financing.
Exchanges for commodity future in indiaSubodh Meher
Commodity exchanges in India allow trading of various commodities including precious metals, agricultural products, and energy sources. The Forward Markets Commission (FMC) regulates 22 commodity exchanges across India, including major exchanges like Multi Commodity Exchange and National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange. The FMC advises the government, monitors trading conditions, collects market information, and ensures transparency and risk management in commodity exchanges. Commodity exchanges provide a platform for buyers and sellers to trade standardized futures and options contracts on various commodities.
Competition policy, cartel enforcement and leniency programDr Danilo Samà
Competition policy, cartel enforcement and leniency program
Author:
Dr Danilo Samà (LUISS “Guido Carli” University)
Abstract:
The present assessment focuses on the antitrust action in detecting and fighting oligopolistic collusion, analyzing the development of the innovative and modern leniency policy. Following the examination of the main conditions and reasons for cartel stability and sustainability, our attempt is to comprehend under which circumstances leniency program represents a functional and successful tool for preventing the formation of anti-competitive agreements.
Keywords:
cartels enforcement, competition policy, game theory, leniency program, oligopolistic markets
JEL classification:
C70; K21; L13
Year:
2008
Pages:
1-12
Citation:
Samà, Danilo (2008), Competition policy, cartel enforcement and leniency program, LUISS “Guido Carli” University, Rome, Italy, pp. 1-12.
Trust is crucial in situations involving risk, uncertainty, or interdependence. In the information age, trust is more important for online transactions where partners are unknown, barriers to entry are low, and agreements are less regulated. Two solutions for increasing trust and payoffs in accidental online transactions are transforming one-time deals into ongoing relationships and using trust-enhancing institutions to influence behavior positively even in accidental transactions. Mapping personal networks can help companies tap into valuable social relationships but also raises privacy concerns.
This presentation by Geoffrey Manne, the president and founder of the International Center for Law and Economics, was made during the discussion “Merger Control in Dynamic Markets” held at the 18th meeting of the OECD Global Forum on Competition on 6 December 2019. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/mcdym.
The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives & Separation of Ownership an...Sahar Salehi
The document discusses the separation of ownership and control in organizations. It puts forth two hypotheses: 1) Separation of residual risk bearing from decision management leads to separate decision management and control. 2) Combining decision management and control in a few agents leads to restricting residual claims to those agents. The optimal structure depends on whether information is concentrated or diffuse. Separating functions allows for specialization and risk diversification, but combining them controls agency problems in non-complex settings. Overall, the document analyzes how organizations can structure decision-making, control, and risk-bearing to overcome agency problems.
The document outlines plans for the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECEX), which aims to revolutionize Ethiopia's agriculture through an efficient and orderly marketing system. It discusses how ECEX will establish a centralized marketplace using a trading platform and network of warehouses. This is expected to increase transparency, market access, and risk management for smallholder farmers while promoting the commercialization of agriculture. The establishment of ECEX will help sustain Ethiopia's economic growth and reduce poverty through better functioning domestic and international agricultural markets.
Structure, Performance, and Challenges of Coffee Trading through the Ethiopia...essp2
The document summarizes the structure, performance, and challenges of coffee trading through the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX). Key points:
- Coffee accounts for the majority (65%+) of ECX's traded volume and value, with annual coffee trade averaging 171,000-244,000 metric tons worth $380-800 million.
- Coffee trading is characterized by a competitive market structure with many sellers and buyers and low concentration ratios (<30%).
- Higher quality washed and specialty coffees command price premiums, while challenges include weak international price correlation, traceability issues, and harmonizing buyer/seller interests.
- Overall the ECX model enhances transparency but faces growth challenges requiring policy
This document summarizes the legal frameworks for warehouse financing in several sub-Saharan African countries and Madagascar. It finds that while some countries like Uganda and Côte d'Ivoire have legislation governing warehouse receipts, most countries rely on contractual principles. It identifies legal obstacles to warehouse financing and proposes solutions like negotiable receipts and electronic collateral registries. Finally, it discusses the advantages and disadvantages of legislated versus contractual approaches to regulating warehouse financing.
Exchanges for commodity future in indiaSubodh Meher
Commodity exchanges in India allow trading of various commodities including precious metals, agricultural products, and energy sources. The Forward Markets Commission (FMC) regulates 22 commodity exchanges across India, including major exchanges like Multi Commodity Exchange and National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange. The FMC advises the government, monitors trading conditions, collects market information, and ensures transparency and risk management in commodity exchanges. Commodity exchanges provide a platform for buyers and sellers to trade standardized futures and options contracts on various commodities.
The document discusses selecting companies to create a portfolio with minimum risk and maximum return. 15 companies across 5 sectors were analyzed using CAPM. This identified the best performing company from each sector: MRF from automobiles, HDFC from banking, Sun Pharmaceuticals from pharmaceuticals, Infosys from IT, and HDIL from real estate. Portfolio analysis using GMVP found an expected return of 27.45% and variance of 3.29%. The optimal investment proportions across the companies were calculated except for HDIL which showed a negative proportion.
This document discusses the history and operations of the Multi Commodity Exchange of India (MCX). It was established in 2003 as India's first online, national level exchange for commodity derivatives trading. It facilitates online trading, clearing and settlement of contracts for 30 commodities. MCX has over 2100 members across India. However, in 2013 its affiliated company National Spot Exchange Limited (NSEL) defaulted on Rs. 5,600 crores of payments, leading to a decline in MCX's revenues and reputation. The document examines the challenges now facing MCX, including reduced transaction volumes and fees, as well as the potential sale of its majority owner Financial Technologies shares.
Commodity trading involves the exchange of raw materials between producers and commercial users in commodity markets. Various commodities such as agricultural products, livestock, energy sources, metals, and precious metals are traded on regulated exchanges through standardized futures contracts. While individual traders can potentially earn large profits in this market, it also carries significant risks due to volatility in commodity prices from factors like supply and demand, speculation, weather, and global economics. Proper risk management is important for traders to manage the risks inherent in the commodity markets.
This document analyzes small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in three African countries: Algeria, Ethiopia, and South Africa. It discusses the importance of SMEs for economic development in Africa and examines common barriers faced such as low education levels, limited access to finance, burdensome administration, and insufficient infrastructure. Solutions explored include support from governments, networks/clusters, and financial institutions. The conclusion notes overall progress in SME development but warns that the global financial crisis could slow further improvements.
MCX is India's largest commodity exchange, headquartered in Mumbai. It has over 80% market share and offers futures trading in over 40 commodities. MCX was the first Indian exchange to offer futures in commodities like steel, crude oil, and almonds. It has over 2,000 members and 300,000 terminals across 1,500 cities. MCX's initial public offering was oversubscribed 54 times, attracting bids of Rs. 35,000 crore, making it one of India's most oversubscribed offerings.
Agricultural commodity marketing; marketing issues related to timeDaisy Ifeoma
This chapter will enable students to understand the different stages of agricultural commodity marketing. At the end of this chapter, students should have an understanding of how agricultural commodity exchanges operate, how the prices of commodities are determined and most importantly be able to argue in favour of /against the presence of hedgers and speculators in the futures market.
Clearing and settlement on commodity exchangespagi
Commodity markets allow for the trading of raw materials. Commodities are traded on regulated exchanges where they are bought and sold through futures contracts. These contracts help reduce risk through standardization, liquidity, and the clearing house system. The clearing house guarantees all contracts by collecting margin deposits and ensuring the financial settlement of all trades. Exchanges also employ measures like settlement funds, price limits, and warehouse receipts to further mitigate risk in the commodity market.
The quantitative approach to management involves using quantitative techniques like statistics, optimization models, and computer simulations to improve decision making. It emerged from research during World War II and includes fields like management science, operations management, and management information systems. Management science applies techniques like forecasting and inventory modeling to management decisions, while operations management focuses on transforming inputs into outputs. Management information systems designs computer systems to provide information to managers. Today, quantitative techniques aid planning, budgeting, scheduling and quality control, though managers must interpret results.
Commodity exchanges allow traders to buy and sell commodities and commodity derivatives like futures contracts. They provide a standardized marketplace where prices are set and trading rules established. The major commodity exchanges in India are the National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange, Multi Commodity Exchange of India, and National Multi Commodity Exchange of India which trade agricultural commodities and other raw materials.
This document discusses the benefits of global investing and different types of fixed income investments. It notes that technological advances and globalization have expanded investment opportunities globally. U.S. investors can benefit from constructing global portfolios because foreign markets provide diversification and may have higher returns than domestic markets alone. The size of foreign markets has grown significantly relative to U.S. markets. The document then describes various fixed income instruments like bonds, preferred stocks, and international bonds that offer opportunities for fixed income investing both in the U.S. and abroad.
The commodity futures market in India has evolved over 120 years, with the first organized exchange established in 1875. Key developments include the banning of futures trading in 1966 and reintroduction in 2003. Today, the major commodity exchanges are MCX and NCDEX, which trade over 60 commodities. Trading volumes have grown significantly in recent years compared to equity markets. The commodity markets benefit farmers, traders, and others through price discovery, risk management, and competitiveness. However, foreign and institutional participation remains limited. Overall, India's commodity markets have expanded rapidly and are expected to continue growing.
A Construct Validity of Investment Decision in the Banking Sector in Libya (A...IOSR Journals
Investment decision is an important part of strategic decision making. This is because such decision has involves the allocation of money as is known currently over a period of time, in order to make a profit in future and also be subject to different degrees of risk and uncertainty. However, this paper has an objective to validate the measurements of investment decision in the banking sector in Libya. Moreover, this paper provides comprehensive information on the investment decision in Libyan commercial banks, as well as gaining an understanding on the dimensions of customers’ decisions to invest. Structural equation modeling using 2nd order CFA was employed to validate the measurements. The findings confirmed financial ability, perceived usefulness, product and company attributes and knowledge and past experiences as dimensions of investment decision. The present study has a fundamental contribution as a role model for the investment decision measurements in Libya.
1) The document discusses the steps of the decision making process which includes identifying the problem, criteria, weighting criteria, developing alternatives, analyzing alternatives, selecting the best alternative, implementing it, and evaluating.
2) It provides an example of getting a job in a school and lists the relevant criteria as salary, opportunity to progress, job environment, incentives, facilities, job security, location, and timings.
3) The alternatives provided are jobs at Unique, American Lycetuff, LDA, Allied, and Cathedral schools. Each alternative is then analyzed and weighted against the criteria to select the best option.
Financial management involves planning and controlling a company's finances to achieve its objectives. It is concerned with raising financial resources and using them effectively. The scope of financial management includes anticipating financial needs, acquiring funds from various sources, allocating funds to purchase assets, appropriating profits, and assessing all financial activities. Capital budgeting is the process of evaluating long-term investments and determining which investments are worth pursuing. There are various techniques used in capital budgeting such as payback period, net present value, internal rate of return, and profitability index. Working capital management involves managing current assets like inventory, accounts receivable, and cash as well as current liabilities to ensure the company can continue operating and meet short-term obligations.
The official Ogilvy Key Digital Trends for 2017. A yearly trend report outlining both where we believe the digital and social landscape is headed and what brands and agency partners should do about it. By Marshall Manson and James Whatley
The document discusses New Institutional Economics (NIE) and its relevance for the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). NIE examines how institutions, both formal and informal, shape economic performance and outcomes. It analyzes how transaction costs influence organizational forms and contracts between parties. NIE is useful for IFPRI's work in developing countries, where market failures and imperfect institutions are common. The document provides examples of how NIE insights could further IFPRI's research on issues like contract farming and international food standards.
If the CIO is to be valued as a strategic actor, how can he bring .docxsheronlewthwaite
If the CIO is to be valued as a strategic actor, how can he bring to the table the ethos ofalignment, bound to the demands of process strategic planning to move IT to the forefront of theorganization's future?Alignment refers to linkages within the business model that connect disparate parts of
the organization together through information technologies. There are two aspects to consider:
affordability and scale. Executing an enterprise-wide information system, generally through
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) process, is a significant capital investment. Not all units will
be mature enough to embrace ERP; the market may not have global solutions. Consequently,
alignment needs to be scalable (increase investment as demand increases), and agile (ready to
embrace quickly). What follows is an analysis of each of the readings available for this
discussion. After these critical reviews, I will provide a snapshot and invite you to tackle the
problem and the assessment of these reviews.
A. Bradley, J., J. Loucks, J. Macaulay, A. Noronha, & M. Wade. (2015, July). Disruptor and
Disrupted -- Strategy in the Digital Vortex. Global Center for Digital Business
Transformation. Retrieved from https://www.imd.org/dbt/whitepapers/disruptor-disrupted.
Citation: (Bradley et al., 2015: p#)
1. Major theme of the essay: To survive, companies need to recognize market forces
(disruptors) that threaten the corporation’s share of market value (disrupted). The ideas
examine the tensions between internal and external environments. The corporation must
be smart and ready to move quickly as threats emerge.
2. Arguments used to support this theme Value is created through cost, experience,
and platform (delivery). Intrusions into the market here referred to as digital disruptions or
the digital vortex, are “value vampires”. They succeed at the expense of others. Vampires
see opportunities in the digital vortex known as value vacancies. These opportunities are
short-lived and hard won. Disruptors join forces in the market to supply value. This is
known as combinational disruption. It is met by digital business agility. When a threat
emerges, dominant market forces exhibit digital agility: accessing information processing
systems that monitor the internal and external environments. Visualized, the system is an
iterative flow of data between the internal business environment (employees, operations,
information system assets) and the external business environment (customers, partners,
macroeconomics). Decisions are filtered by hyperawareness, informed decision making,
and fast execution (Nicolay, figure 1, p. 17). Hyperawareness simply means knowing
your market, emerging technologies, and shifts in consumer behavior.
Hyperawareness and informed decision making demand good data and big data
analysis that create actionable linkages. Informed decision making leads to poor
decisions when decision makers cannot surrender their own strategic biases. Biases are
defeated by listen ...
The document discusses selecting companies to create a portfolio with minimum risk and maximum return. 15 companies across 5 sectors were analyzed using CAPM. This identified the best performing company from each sector: MRF from automobiles, HDFC from banking, Sun Pharmaceuticals from pharmaceuticals, Infosys from IT, and HDIL from real estate. Portfolio analysis using GMVP found an expected return of 27.45% and variance of 3.29%. The optimal investment proportions across the companies were calculated except for HDIL which showed a negative proportion.
This document discusses the history and operations of the Multi Commodity Exchange of India (MCX). It was established in 2003 as India's first online, national level exchange for commodity derivatives trading. It facilitates online trading, clearing and settlement of contracts for 30 commodities. MCX has over 2100 members across India. However, in 2013 its affiliated company National Spot Exchange Limited (NSEL) defaulted on Rs. 5,600 crores of payments, leading to a decline in MCX's revenues and reputation. The document examines the challenges now facing MCX, including reduced transaction volumes and fees, as well as the potential sale of its majority owner Financial Technologies shares.
Commodity trading involves the exchange of raw materials between producers and commercial users in commodity markets. Various commodities such as agricultural products, livestock, energy sources, metals, and precious metals are traded on regulated exchanges through standardized futures contracts. While individual traders can potentially earn large profits in this market, it also carries significant risks due to volatility in commodity prices from factors like supply and demand, speculation, weather, and global economics. Proper risk management is important for traders to manage the risks inherent in the commodity markets.
This document analyzes small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in three African countries: Algeria, Ethiopia, and South Africa. It discusses the importance of SMEs for economic development in Africa and examines common barriers faced such as low education levels, limited access to finance, burdensome administration, and insufficient infrastructure. Solutions explored include support from governments, networks/clusters, and financial institutions. The conclusion notes overall progress in SME development but warns that the global financial crisis could slow further improvements.
MCX is India's largest commodity exchange, headquartered in Mumbai. It has over 80% market share and offers futures trading in over 40 commodities. MCX was the first Indian exchange to offer futures in commodities like steel, crude oil, and almonds. It has over 2,000 members and 300,000 terminals across 1,500 cities. MCX's initial public offering was oversubscribed 54 times, attracting bids of Rs. 35,000 crore, making it one of India's most oversubscribed offerings.
Agricultural commodity marketing; marketing issues related to timeDaisy Ifeoma
This chapter will enable students to understand the different stages of agricultural commodity marketing. At the end of this chapter, students should have an understanding of how agricultural commodity exchanges operate, how the prices of commodities are determined and most importantly be able to argue in favour of /against the presence of hedgers and speculators in the futures market.
Clearing and settlement on commodity exchangespagi
Commodity markets allow for the trading of raw materials. Commodities are traded on regulated exchanges where they are bought and sold through futures contracts. These contracts help reduce risk through standardization, liquidity, and the clearing house system. The clearing house guarantees all contracts by collecting margin deposits and ensuring the financial settlement of all trades. Exchanges also employ measures like settlement funds, price limits, and warehouse receipts to further mitigate risk in the commodity market.
The quantitative approach to management involves using quantitative techniques like statistics, optimization models, and computer simulations to improve decision making. It emerged from research during World War II and includes fields like management science, operations management, and management information systems. Management science applies techniques like forecasting and inventory modeling to management decisions, while operations management focuses on transforming inputs into outputs. Management information systems designs computer systems to provide information to managers. Today, quantitative techniques aid planning, budgeting, scheduling and quality control, though managers must interpret results.
Commodity exchanges allow traders to buy and sell commodities and commodity derivatives like futures contracts. They provide a standardized marketplace where prices are set and trading rules established. The major commodity exchanges in India are the National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange, Multi Commodity Exchange of India, and National Multi Commodity Exchange of India which trade agricultural commodities and other raw materials.
This document discusses the benefits of global investing and different types of fixed income investments. It notes that technological advances and globalization have expanded investment opportunities globally. U.S. investors can benefit from constructing global portfolios because foreign markets provide diversification and may have higher returns than domestic markets alone. The size of foreign markets has grown significantly relative to U.S. markets. The document then describes various fixed income instruments like bonds, preferred stocks, and international bonds that offer opportunities for fixed income investing both in the U.S. and abroad.
The commodity futures market in India has evolved over 120 years, with the first organized exchange established in 1875. Key developments include the banning of futures trading in 1966 and reintroduction in 2003. Today, the major commodity exchanges are MCX and NCDEX, which trade over 60 commodities. Trading volumes have grown significantly in recent years compared to equity markets. The commodity markets benefit farmers, traders, and others through price discovery, risk management, and competitiveness. However, foreign and institutional participation remains limited. Overall, India's commodity markets have expanded rapidly and are expected to continue growing.
A Construct Validity of Investment Decision in the Banking Sector in Libya (A...IOSR Journals
Investment decision is an important part of strategic decision making. This is because such decision has involves the allocation of money as is known currently over a period of time, in order to make a profit in future and also be subject to different degrees of risk and uncertainty. However, this paper has an objective to validate the measurements of investment decision in the banking sector in Libya. Moreover, this paper provides comprehensive information on the investment decision in Libyan commercial banks, as well as gaining an understanding on the dimensions of customers’ decisions to invest. Structural equation modeling using 2nd order CFA was employed to validate the measurements. The findings confirmed financial ability, perceived usefulness, product and company attributes and knowledge and past experiences as dimensions of investment decision. The present study has a fundamental contribution as a role model for the investment decision measurements in Libya.
1) The document discusses the steps of the decision making process which includes identifying the problem, criteria, weighting criteria, developing alternatives, analyzing alternatives, selecting the best alternative, implementing it, and evaluating.
2) It provides an example of getting a job in a school and lists the relevant criteria as salary, opportunity to progress, job environment, incentives, facilities, job security, location, and timings.
3) The alternatives provided are jobs at Unique, American Lycetuff, LDA, Allied, and Cathedral schools. Each alternative is then analyzed and weighted against the criteria to select the best option.
Financial management involves planning and controlling a company's finances to achieve its objectives. It is concerned with raising financial resources and using them effectively. The scope of financial management includes anticipating financial needs, acquiring funds from various sources, allocating funds to purchase assets, appropriating profits, and assessing all financial activities. Capital budgeting is the process of evaluating long-term investments and determining which investments are worth pursuing. There are various techniques used in capital budgeting such as payback period, net present value, internal rate of return, and profitability index. Working capital management involves managing current assets like inventory, accounts receivable, and cash as well as current liabilities to ensure the company can continue operating and meet short-term obligations.
The official Ogilvy Key Digital Trends for 2017. A yearly trend report outlining both where we believe the digital and social landscape is headed and what brands and agency partners should do about it. By Marshall Manson and James Whatley
The document discusses New Institutional Economics (NIE) and its relevance for the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). NIE examines how institutions, both formal and informal, shape economic performance and outcomes. It analyzes how transaction costs influence organizational forms and contracts between parties. NIE is useful for IFPRI's work in developing countries, where market failures and imperfect institutions are common. The document provides examples of how NIE insights could further IFPRI's research on issues like contract farming and international food standards.
If the CIO is to be valued as a strategic actor, how can he bring .docxsheronlewthwaite
If the CIO is to be valued as a strategic actor, how can he bring to the table the ethos ofalignment, bound to the demands of process strategic planning to move IT to the forefront of theorganization's future?Alignment refers to linkages within the business model that connect disparate parts of
the organization together through information technologies. There are two aspects to consider:
affordability and scale. Executing an enterprise-wide information system, generally through
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) process, is a significant capital investment. Not all units will
be mature enough to embrace ERP; the market may not have global solutions. Consequently,
alignment needs to be scalable (increase investment as demand increases), and agile (ready to
embrace quickly). What follows is an analysis of each of the readings available for this
discussion. After these critical reviews, I will provide a snapshot and invite you to tackle the
problem and the assessment of these reviews.
A. Bradley, J., J. Loucks, J. Macaulay, A. Noronha, & M. Wade. (2015, July). Disruptor and
Disrupted -- Strategy in the Digital Vortex. Global Center for Digital Business
Transformation. Retrieved from https://www.imd.org/dbt/whitepapers/disruptor-disrupted.
Citation: (Bradley et al., 2015: p#)
1. Major theme of the essay: To survive, companies need to recognize market forces
(disruptors) that threaten the corporation’s share of market value (disrupted). The ideas
examine the tensions between internal and external environments. The corporation must
be smart and ready to move quickly as threats emerge.
2. Arguments used to support this theme Value is created through cost, experience,
and platform (delivery). Intrusions into the market here referred to as digital disruptions or
the digital vortex, are “value vampires”. They succeed at the expense of others. Vampires
see opportunities in the digital vortex known as value vacancies. These opportunities are
short-lived and hard won. Disruptors join forces in the market to supply value. This is
known as combinational disruption. It is met by digital business agility. When a threat
emerges, dominant market forces exhibit digital agility: accessing information processing
systems that monitor the internal and external environments. Visualized, the system is an
iterative flow of data between the internal business environment (employees, operations,
information system assets) and the external business environment (customers, partners,
macroeconomics). Decisions are filtered by hyperawareness, informed decision making,
and fast execution (Nicolay, figure 1, p. 17). Hyperawareness simply means knowing
your market, emerging technologies, and shifts in consumer behavior.
Hyperawareness and informed decision making demand good data and big data
analysis that create actionable linkages. Informed decision making leads to poor
decisions when decision makers cannot surrender their own strategic biases. Biases are
defeated by listen ...
This document provides an overview of global markets. It discusses key concepts like what constitutes a market, the major actors in global markets including states, corporations and international organizations, and the basic rules that govern markets like free competition and anti-dumping regulations. It also outlines opportunities in global markets based on population size, GDP, needs and wants. Methods for conducting trade are explained, from traditional to modern digital methods. Strategies for competing successfully in global markets are presented, including analyzing competition and considering strategic options like joint ventures or mergers.
PMI Sydney Chapter Presentation 11 10 05Bryan Fenech
Presentation describing how Project Portfolio Management is a means of applying modern market and investment disciplines to the internal management and governance of large organisations.
Zimmerman an overview of conflicts between neoliberal economics and functiona...Brendan McSweeney
The document discusses conflicts between neoliberal ideology and functional markets. It argues that neoliberalism's premise that markets are perfect and self-correcting is flawed, as markets require framing, monitoring, and regulation to function properly. Markets face problems with uncertainty, and neoliberalism provides no means to address market failures or revise failing markets. The financial crisis demonstrates that neoliberal ideology failed to prevent systemic problems and contradicts how real-world markets operate.
The financial system channels funds from those with savings to those who need funds for investment. It improves economic efficiency by allocating capital to its most productive uses. Financial intermediaries like banks are the most important source of external financing as they reduce transaction costs and information problems in the markets. Regulation aims to increase transparency and stability in the system. Conflicts of interest can arise when institutions have multiple objectives, reducing market efficiency, so reforms separate risky activities from information services.
Step10: Communicating Evidence for Impact at Scale explains how to create the conditions for market actors involved in the PMSD process to promote change throughout the whole market system.
The step provides recommendations for facilitators to unlock and unleash market systems’ potential to disseminate new information, practices and technologies to large numbers of people.
1) The document summarizes Christopher Whalen's testimony before the Senate regarding regulation of over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives markets.
2) Whalen argues that flaws in the business models of large dealer banks like JPMorgan, Bank of America, and Goldman Sachs have led to the current unregulated structure of the OTC derivatives market.
3) He claims that supra-normal returns in the closed OTC market effectively act as a tax on other market participants and taxpayers who are left paying for periodic failures of OTC derivatives users like AIG and Citigroup.
The document provides an overview and operational guide for implementing the Making Markets Work for the Poor (M4P) approach to development. It discusses the basic considerations and characteristics of successful M4P programs, outlines the key components of the M4P intervention process including setting strategic frameworks, understanding market systems, defining outcomes, and facilitating systemic change. It also covers managing and governing M4P programs and provides good practice notes on various topics related to implementing the M4P approach. The overall goal of the guide is to improve understanding and application of market development approaches to reduce poverty through inclusive, sustainable market systems.
The document is an operational guide for implementing the Making Markets Work for the Poor (M4P) approach to development. It provides an overview of key considerations for designing, commissioning, and implementing M4P programs. The guide explains the frameworks and principles that guide the M4P process, common challenges that programs may face, and how they can be addressed. It also identifies important management and governance aspects of M4P programs and provides examples of good practices from real programs. However, the guide notes that every context is different and M4P implementation cannot be reduced to a rigid step-by-step process. The goal is to equip practitioners with useful tools and lessons while allowing for flexibility.
This document summarizes ABN AMRO Clearing's second Amsterdam Investor Forum (AIF) held in February. The event brought together 250 professionals from the alternative investment industry. It featured panels, presentations, and keynote speeches on topics like managed account platforms, credit strategies, regulations, fraud detection, and central bank policies. An "AIF Factor" competition gave emerging fund managers the opportunity to pitch their funds to investors. Feedback on the event was positive, praising the quality of speakers and networking opportunities. Such events position ABN AMRO Clearing as a leading provider of prime clearing services to major actors in the alternative investment industry.
Lecture held at the University of Trieste School of Law on the relationship between systemic risks and contractual arrangements. The views expressed are of the author only and do not represent in any way the views of the ESRB
MULTI-AGENT BASED CAPITAL MARKET MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: A DISTRIBUTED FRAMEWORK F...IJMIT JOURNAL
Stock Market plays a vital role in the economy of every nation. Having a transparent market may boost the
confidence of not only stock brokers but also that of investors. One of the major problems that make
investors to shy away from the market is lack of transparency. Another Problem which affect the market
regulators is the lack of a system that enable them to check for compliance easily. In this work, an agent
based distributed framework is presented. The idea behind the proposed system is that having one system
that will serve all the market stake holders will guaranty strict compliance to the market rules, easier to
manage and difficult manipulate by the market operators. The implementation of the proposed system
followed Multi-Agent Software Engineering (MaSE) Methodology. The evaluation of the system show that,
the distributed system developed using Java Agent Development Framework (JADE) is capable of
addressing problems of reliability, compliance and transparency.
Multi-Agent based Capital Market Management System: A Distributed Framework f...IJMIT JOURNAL
Stock Market plays a vital role in the economy of every nation. Having a transparent market may boost the confidence of not only stock brokers but also that of investors. One of the major problems that make investors to shy away from the market is lack of transparency. Another Problem which affect the market regulators is the lack of a system that enable them to check for compliance easily. In this work, an agent based distributed framework is presented. The idea behind the proposed system is that having one system that will serve all the market stake holders will guaranty strict compliance to the market rules, easier to manage and difficult manipulate by the market operators. The implementation of the proposed system followed Multi-Agent Software Engineering (MaSE) Methodology. The evaluation of the system show that, the distributed system developed using Java Agent Development Framework (JADE) is capable of addressing problems of reliability, compliance and transparency.
The document discusses managing market abuse and practical responses to regulatory pressure. It provides an overview of the UK rules regarding market abuse, the roles of compliance and front office teams, and obligations around controlling access to inside information and conducting effective pre-trade and post-trade surveillance. It notes the FCA is focusing more on the asset management industry and has a greater appetite for criminal convictions or public sanctions. Effective controls include identifying inside information, controlling its access, implementing pre-trade controls like restrictions and approvals, and post-trade surveillance like reviewing trades and holdings.
Extending the Enterprise (with Howard Elias)Gavin Ellzey
The document discusses the challenges that globalization poses for modern enterprises and proposes strategies for coping with these challenges. It defines globalization as the ubiquitous movement of business beyond national boundaries. This has led to the formation of transient "cybermarkets" on a global scale. Decision-making in globalized businesses must account for multiple influencing factors like regulations, culture, and politics. The author argues that IT systems must be architected to operate across dimensions like currency and time zones to support success in these globalized cybermarkets. Key coping strategies proposed include thinking globally while acting locally, leveraging virtualization, and designing systems with root cause analysis capabilities.
The document discusses innovation networks and the importance of trust within networks. It provides the example of the biomedical industrial pole in Mirandola, Italy as a case of an innovative network developing due to a single entrepreneur. Over time, as new firms were created through spin-offs and collaboration increased based on trust and cooperation, a real network took shape in Mirandola with different types of firms specialized in various aspects of biomedical production. Trust is identified as a critical asset that allows networks to effectively generate innovation through knowledge sharing and reduces risks of innovation failure.
Similar to Commodity Exchanges: Setting the Rules of the Game (20)
This document discusses constrained multiplier analysis by relaxing the assumption of unlimited factor resources. It introduces the concept of constraining some sectors' production levels to model resource constraints in agriculture, mining, and government services. The constrained multiplier formula is derived, distinguishing between supply-unconstrained and constrained sectors. A matrix format is used to represent the formula, with the constrained multiplier calculated as the inverse of the identity matrix minus an adjusted coefficient matrix, multiplied by the exogenous components matrix. Readers are directed to a worksheet exercise to calculate constrained multipliers using the mathematical equations and Excel functions.
This document provides an introduction to multiplier analysis using social accounting matrices (SAM). It outlines how economic linkages transmit the effects of exogenous demand shocks through an economy. The direct and indirect effects are explained, with indirect effects including consumption and production linkages. An unconstrained SAM multiplier model is presented, with formulas derived to calculate economy-wide output, income, and sectoral responses to exogenous changes in demand. Exercises are provided to build a multiplier model in Excel and calculate multipliers.
The document provides an introduction to social accounting matrices (SAM) and economywide analysis. It discusses key concepts such as:
- SAMs capture the circular flow of income and expenditures between households, firms, government, and the rest of the world.
- Economywide analysis considers how changes in one sector can impact other sectors through economic linkages.
- A SAM shows payments by columns and receipts by rows to ensure double-entry bookkeeping and macroeconomic consistency.
- Building a SAM requires data from various sources like national accounts and household surveys, which are reconciled using statistical techniques.
Panel on ‘Statistical Data for Policy Decision Making in Ethiopia’, African Statistics Day Workshop organized by the Ethiopian Statistics Service (ESS). 17-Nov-22.
This document discusses sustainable food systems. It defines a food system as encompassing all actors and activities involved in food production, processing, distribution, consumption and disposal. A sustainable food system is one that provides food security and nutrition for current and future generations without compromising economic, social or environmental sustainability. It must be economically viable, socially equitable, and have neutral or positive environmental impacts. The food system is driven by biophysical, demographic, technological, political, economic and socio-cultural factors.
The document summarizes Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP), a large social protection program that aims to smooth food consumption and protect assets for chronically food insecure communities. Key points:
- The PSNP provides direct transfers and public works projects to build community assets like roads and irrigation. It supports up to 8 million beneficiaries with a budget of $0.5 billion annually.
- Independent evaluations show the PSNP improved household food security and dietary diversity but had little impact on child nutrition outcomes. It did not reduce labor supply or crowd out private transfers.
- While the PSNP enhanced resilience, graduation remains a challenge. Targeting in lowland areas also proved difficult. Ensuring timely payments
Some Welfare Consequences of COVID-19 in Ethiopiaessp2
1) The study examines the impacts of COVID-19 on food marketing margins in Ethiopia using phone surveys of farmers, wholesalers, and retailers conducted in February 2020 and May 2020.
2) The surveys found that over 50% of farmers reported receiving less income in May compared to usual times, though most planned to continue vegetable production. Wholesalers reported decreased transport options and client numbers but stable or lower costs, while most retailers saw lower client numbers but stable or lower costs and losses.
3) Retail prices for the main vegetables remained quite stable between February and May, suggesting marketing margins absorbed most impacts of COVID-19 disruptions on vegetable supply chains in Ethiopia during the
Improving evidence for better policy making in Ethiopia’s livestock sector essp2
1. The document discusses Ethiopia's evolving livestock sector and improving evidence for better policy making.
2. While livestock contributed little to GDP growth, there is considerable potential for growth given Ethiopia's large livestock populations and rising demand for animal-sourced foods.
3. Factors like education, household size, extension services, and herd size are positively associated with adoption of improved practices and inputs like vaccination and cross-breeding.
The COVID-19 Pandemic and Food Security in Ethiopia – An Interim Analysisessp2
This document summarizes the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on food security in Ethiopia. It finds that the pandemic is likely to have large short-term negative economic effects through impacts on exports, imports, remittances and domestic lockdown measures. This will reduce GDP, household incomes, employment and agricultural market functioning. Many households are already experiencing income losses, higher food prices and shifts away from nutritious foods. Recommendations include continuing the government's response, addressing misinformation, expanding social safety nets and implementing selective lockdowns.
COVID-19 and its impact on Ethiopia’s agri-food system, food security, and nu...essp2
The document summarizes the effects of COVID-19 on agricultural value chains in Ethiopia. It discusses how measures taken to prevent spread of the virus, such as closing land borders and restricting movement between regional states, have reduced economic activity. It then outlines an assessment of local rural-urban value chains to understand how the pandemic is impacting farmers' incomes, market access, and food security. The assessment will focus on commodities like potatoes, onions, and tomatoes that rely on transportation between rural and urban areas. Recommendations will be made on how to minimize disruptions to the agricultural sector during this crisis.
This short document does not contain any clear topics, details, or essential information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It only includes line numbers without any accompanying text.
AFFORDABILITY OF Nutritious foods IN ETHIOPIAessp2
This document summarizes research on the affordability of nutritious diets in Ethiopia. It finds that between 2001 and 2017, the cost of the least expensive diet providing adequate calories and nutrients for an adult woman increased 67% from $0.91 to $1.52. While real prices of some staple foods have decreased in recent years, prices of nutrient-rich foods like dairy, eggs, and meat have increased substantially. However, overall affordability has improved due to rising incomes. Still, ensuring adequate supply of nutritious foods is important to keep their prices low.
The EAT Lancet Publication: Implications for Nutrition Health and Planetessp2
The document discusses a publication by the EAT-Lancet Commission that aimed to define global scientific targets for healthy diets from sustainable food systems. It established a reference diet of 2500 calories per day consisting of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, plant proteins, unsaturated fats, and limited red meat and sugar. Current diets vary widely from this target. The commission also set planetary boundaries related to greenhouse gas emissions, land and water use, and nutrient flows to define a safe operating space for food production. Global modeling was used to identify combinations of measures needed to meet dietary targets sustainably by 2050, such as shifting diets, reducing food waste, and improving agricultural practices.
Sustainable Undernutrition Reduction in Ethiopia (SURE): Evaluation studies essp2
The SURE program is a government-led multisectoral intervention in Ethiopia that aims to reduce undernutrition through a package of interventions like joint household visits, cooking demonstrations, and media campaigns. Evaluation studies of SURE used a quasi-experimental design and found that children's dietary diversity is positively associated with reduced stunting, and that household production of fruits and vegetables was linked to increased child dietary diversity and reduced stunting. However, the studies also found variability in the delivery of nutrition messages across households and limited awareness of nutrition guidelines among local officials.
Policies and Programs on food and Nutrition in Ethiopiaessp2
This document outlines policies and programs on food and nutrition in Ethiopia. It discusses nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions, and the pathways through which nutrition-sensitive interventions can affect diet and food systems. It then provides an overview of Ethiopia's policy landscape on food and nutrition, outlining various strategies and policies that aim to improve nutrition, including the Food, Nutrition and Policy, Agriculture Growth Program Phase II, Productive Safety Net Program, and National Nutrition Program. The document concludes that Ethiopia has a favorable policy environment for improving diets and nutrition, but effective implementation, coordination, evidence-based scaling up of interventions, and strong monitoring and evaluation are still needed.
1) Access to nutritious foods is challenging for many households in Ethiopia, especially low-income households, due to high costs and an inability to afford animal-source proteins, zinc, iron, and other micronutrients that are critical for young children's development.
2) A study found that households in Ethiopia spend around 25,000 birr per year on food, with 14,535 birr from purchases and 11,000 birr from own production, but still struggle to meet half of nutritional requirements for children under two.
3) Factors like religious fasting practices and lack of separate feeding plates for children can negatively impact children's diet diversity in Ethiopia. Increased investment in small and
Kaleab Baye presented on diets and stunting in Ethiopia. Stunting rates have declined overall but inequalities persist, with the lowest wealth quintile having the highest rates. Complementary foods in Ethiopia are often low in quantity, diversity, and quality. Improving maternal and child nutrition requires interventions across food systems to increase availability, accessibility, and affordability of nutrient-dense foods as well as improving caregiver feeding practices and maternal health. Comprehensive measures are needed to assess diet quality and reduce consumption of unhealthy foods and risks to food safety.
This document discusses the linkages between irrigation and nutrition in Ethiopia. It notes that Ethiopia's Food and Nutrition Policy and Nutrition Sensitive Agricultural Strategy recognize the role of irrigation in improving nutritional outcomes. There are several pathways through which irrigation can impact nutrition, such as increasing food production, household income, access to water, and women's empowerment. Studies show that children and women in irrigating households in Ethiopia have better dietary diversity and nutrient intake, as well as reduced stunting and wasting, compared to non-irrigating households. Therefore, promoting irrigation can help improve nutrition in addition to increasing income and agricultural yields.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
3. One form of exchange, market exchange, has been
allowed to encircle the globe and penetrate deeply into
societies. It is therefore a matter of no mean irony that so
little is known about how markets work in developing
countries.
Barbara Harris-White, 1999
It is part of an institutional ritual in development
economics, as in much of economic theory, to relegate all
institutional matters into a „black box.‟ The box is
supposed to contain something vaguely important, but it
does not usually receive more than a nodding, if
somewhat intriguing, recognition in passing.
Pranab Bardhan, 1989
3
4. Why do Institutions Matter for Markets?
Three I‟s of Market Development:
INCENTIVES
PUBLIC SECTOR
SECTOR
INFRASTRUCTURE INSTITUTIONS
FARMERS
TRADING FIRMS
PROCESSORS
TRANSPORTERS
STORERS
4
5. What are Institutions?
Can they be identified with formal laws,
informal norms, established organizations,
contracts, people‟s mindsets, culture, or
some combination of some or all of these?
How do institutions emerge and evolve?
Are they endogenous (internally-derived)
or exogenous (externally-driven) or both?
5
6. What are Institutions?
Different definitions using game analogy:
Institutions are the “players of the game”
– organizations, agencies, church, school,
etc
Institutions are the “rules of the game” -
the humanly devised constraints that
shape human interaction (Douglass North)
informal: sanctions, taboos, customs,
traditions, and codes of conduct
formal: laws, contracts, constitutions 6
7. What do Institutions Do?
Institutions are efficient solutions to
minimize transaction costs of economic
organization in a competitive framework
(Williamson) (INTERNALLY DRIVEN - NO STATE ROLE)
Institutions, as the rules of the game, are
devised to create order, reduce uncertainty,
and shape the incentives of players (North)
(EXTERNALLY DRIVEN - ACTIVE STATE ROLE)
7
8. Historical record
“The inability of societies to develop
effective, low-cost enforcement of
contracts is the most important source of
both historical stagnation and
contemporary underdevelopment in the
third world.”
North (1990)
8
9. A Unified Definition of Market
Institutions
Institutions for markets can be defined as
the set of constraints – formal or informal,
exogenous or endogenous – that govern
relations in the exchange process
This includes: contracts, trading practices,
community norms, commercial laws and
regulations, supply chains, etc.
Focus on relations between actors, rather
than actors, and behavior of actors rather
than outcomes 9
10. Institutions as Links in the Market Chain
Transaction costs
PRODUCER CONSUMER
FIRM
Norms
Trust
Rules STATE
Laws
Codes of conduct
10
11. Approach to Institutional Design
Synchronic Problem – understanding the role and
complexity of institutional arrangements in the
market:
Enforcement: How are market interactions enforced?
What are formal and informal rules that define interaction?
What and where are the constraints and costs of
enforcement?
Coordination: What are costs of coordination? What are
sources of costs? How do these costs determine the
economic organization of the market?
Diachronic Problem – understanding the process of
institutional change:
Where do the rules of the game come from? Who should
alter them: internally versus externally? How context
dependent are the rules? What would be impact of
change on the existing institutional arrangements
11
12. Enforcement
Enforcement mechanisms depend on
market complexity and type: local, distant,
complex, …
Complexity linked to technical
characteristics of product and production
process
As markets scale up, move from internal to
external role of either private or public 3rd
party
12
13. Enforcement along Market Continuum
LOCAL
EXCHANGE
DISTANT
EXCHANGE
BAZAAR
MARKET
SPOT MARKET
trust; networks, 3rd party laws morality
repeated norms clientelism culture
13
Enforcement costs, Complexity, Specialization
14. Coordination
Changing the extent or nature of underlying transaction
costs will achieve a different configuration of market
coordination outcomes: this is the policy challenge of
external intervention
Appropriate market coordination emerges, depending on
market type, that is, type of transactional attributes
(local, distant, spot,..): this is the internal part
Commodity type is less relevant than market type and
nature and extent of transaction costs: eg. export vs.
staple is not meaningful - staples can be tradable in
anonymous domestic or world market)
14
15. Market organization and transaction
costs
SPOT HYBRID INTEGRATED
MARKET (vertical or horizontal
FIRM
coordination, or both
in supply chains)
Asset specificity, Uncertainty, Complexity, Frequency
15
16. The Problem of Economic Order
The peculiar character of the problem of a rational economic order
is determined precisely by the fact that the knowledge of the
circumstances of which we must make use never exists in
concentrated or integrated form but solely as the dispersed bits of
incomplete and frequently contradictory knowledge which all the
separate individuals possess. The economic problem of society is
thus not merely a problem of how to allocate "given" resources.
It is rather a problem of how to secure the best use of resources
known to any of the members of society, for ends whose relative
importance only these individuals know. Or, to put it briefly, it is a
problem of the utilization of knowledge which is not given to
anyone in its totality.
Friedrich Hayek, 1945
16
17. Information is at the heart of the
institutional problem of order
Information transmission on prices, quantities
supplied, quantities demanded, actors, product
quality and attributes, and processes is the key to
market coordination
Information incompleteness or asymmetry leads to
different concerns and debates (echoes still at
present):
Central Planning Debate: Hayek versus Mises
Bounded rationality: Herbert Simon
Missing markets and risk: Joe Stiglitz
Transaction cost economics: Williamson
17
18. Enforcement and coordination
through a commodity exchange
When information is missing or incomplete,
coordination is weak, and contracts are unreliable
markets don‟t clear, risk is high, search costs are
high, enforcement costs are high
A commodity exchange is a particular institution
that has emerged (for certain commodities) to
overcome this problem
18
19. Why is an exchange needed?
By setting the “rules of the game,” an exchange
reduces transaction costs
Coordination:
Facilitating contact between buyers and sellers
Standard product grades
Standard contract terms
Price discovery mechanism
Information:
Broad dissemination to all actors
Enforcement:
Contract enforcement through payment and delivery
systems
Rules based and compliance monitoring
Risk transfer : forwards, futures 19
20. Price Discovery
Price discovery is the most important function of
an exchange. The most reliable prices in any
market are derived from those where the greatest
concentration of trading takes place.
Price discovery methods include: open outcry,
ring trading, auction bidding, electronic bidding
20
21. Price information transmission
Open dissemination of market data is the
second most important function of an
exchange, that is integrally linked to
fostering a price discovery process that
reflect true underlying supply and demand
21
22. Contract enforcement
Ensuring that the contract is enforceable
and reliable is another key function of an
exchange.
Integrity of the product (grades)
Integrity of the actors (membership)
Integrity of the transaction (order
matching, payment and delivery)
22
23. Risk transfer
In addition to the transfer of goods across space, market
actors may seek to transact over time, that is, enter into
contracts for future delivery, as opposed to “spot”
transactions.
This is particularly appropriate for agriculture, where there is
a time lag between the decision to produce and harvest,
which incurs risk
By selling their production forward, producers can reduce
price risk (or “hedge”) by locking in a price for future delivery
Forward contracts are individually negotiated contracts
between buyers and sellers for future delivery. Futures
contracts are standardized contracts with pre-specified
delivery dates and other terms offered on exchanges.
As markets evolve, “speculators” engage in buying and
selling futures contracts independent of physical delivery,
based on their evaluation of risk and price trends. 23
24. A Note on Speculation and Volatility
Much conceptual confusion: speculation, arbitrage, and
volatility are considered bad
To the contrary: modern financial economics suggests
that
Speculation is a socially beneficial activity
speculation is at the heart of price discovery
An efficient market must exhibit volatility
new information is rapidly captured into prices
Arbitrage where “buy low and sell high” enables the
“law of one price” or market efficiency
24
25. Exchanges emerging around the
world
Country has active
futures exchange(s)
Country has active
exchange(s) trading
in contracts for spot
or forward delivery
Plans for the creation
of a commodity
exchange
25
26. Commodity exchanges in emerging markets
Catching up fast
Explosive growth
and reach to the
poor in India 26
27. When not to “exchange”?
When goods are not easily standardized
(highly differentiated)
When goods are not storable (perishables)
When trade is highly decentralized with no
central hub of market flows
When there is weak volume and few
buyers and sellers
27
28. The Ethiopian experience
Need to address rampant market failures
in the commodity market: exchange
considered an appropriate approach given
structure of market (many buyers and
sellers, high search costs, high risks)
Powerful combination of political will
coupled with market need
28
29. The ECX model
Membership based
Demutualized commercial entity: PPP
Spot-and-futures
Open outcry and electronic bidding
Rules-based (surveillance and
compliance enforcement)
In house physical management and
delivery
In house payment clearing and settlement
Aggressive data dissemination
29
30. The ECX Edge… Integration
Laws and Regulationsb
COMMODITY EXCHANGE AUTHORITY
National Arbitration Tribunal
Exchange Actors
Association Market Information
System
EXCHANGE Trading System
MEMBERS
Trader Remote Access
Centers
Clients
Data center
Clearing and
Settlement
Exchange Warehouses Exchange Settlement Banks
Grade Warehouse 30
certification receipt
31. Integrated ECX Technology Solution
REGULATORY BODY
AND CLIENTS
DATA
CENTER
MEMBERSHIP
MEMBERS
MANAGEMENT MARKET
SURVEILLANCE
PRICE TICKERS
WAREHOUSE GOODS
DATA FEEDS
WEBSITE
RECEIVING (QUALITY AND MARKET DATA
QUANTITY PROCESSING
CERTIFICATION)
WAREHOUSES
CENTRAL CLEARING AND
DEPOSITORY OF SETTLEMENT
WAREHOUSE
RECEIPTS
BANKS
TRADE ORDER
MATCHING AND
RECONCILIATION
31
32. Powerful Market Platform
Zero contract default
Zero payment default
Zero delivery default
Real time information transmission
Flexible contract design to accommodate
product heterogeneity
Flexible membership system to
accommodate actor diversity
32
33. Impacts: early assessment avenues
Price information “ripple” effect
Impact on trade flows
Impact on arbitrage behavior
Impact on quality improvement
Contract enforcement effect
Impact on market risk
Impact on transaction costs
Market coordination effect
Impact on volumes, participation 33
34. Aweke Teshome
Farmer, member of Wedera Union (Farmers Union)
“Now we are members of the ECX and are happy that big volume
sales can take place in a risk free environment. Additionally, as a
result of our involvement with the ECX our knowledge regarding the
concept of grading has increased and our resolve to produce quality
products has strengthened.
We are so happy to have a market which is
transparent and risk free.” 34