Mapping Global Value Chains: International Input-Output Table
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This document discusses international input-output analysis and trade in value-added. It shows how traditional trade measurements look at gross trade flows rather than value-added. Tracking value-added allows for a better understanding of global supply chains and the distribution of value across countries. International input-output tables can be used to analyze value propagation through economies, employment and environmental impacts of trade, and countries' positions in global upstream and downstream production.
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Mapping Global Value Chains: International Input-Output Table
- 1. ■ □ ■□ □■ ■□■□ □■□■□■ ■□■□■□ □■□■□■□■ ■□■□■□■□■□ □■□■□■□■□■□■□ ■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□ □■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■ ■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□ Satoshi Inomata IDE-JETRO Mapping Global Value Chains: International Input-Output Table
- 2. “3E” HOT TOPICS - Employment and poverty - Environmental issues - Economic integration
- 4. International value distribution of iPhone Retail price of iPhone in 2009 = $500 (64% margin for the Apple)
- 5. Cost of parts for iPhone3G Manufacturer Components Unit Price Toshiba (Japan) Flash Memory US$24.00 Display Module US$19.25 Touch Screen US$16.00 Samsung (Korea) Application Processor US$14.46 SDRAM-Mobile DDR US$8.50 Infineon (Germany) Baseband US$13.00 Camera Module US$9.55 RF Transceiver US$2.80 GPS Receiver US$2.25 Power IC RF Function US$1.25 Broadcom (US) Bluetooth/FM/WLAN US$5.95 Numonyx (US) Memory MCP US$3.65 Murata (Japan) FEM US$1.35 Dialog Semiconductor (Germany) Power IC Application Processor Function US$1.30 Cirrus Logic (US) Audio Codec US$1.15 Others US$48.00
- 12. * Analytical focus is limited to a particular product/firm. Not appropriate for economic analyses at the national level. * Firm-level data does not explicitly present “compensation of employees”. * The approach only considers the value-added structure of direct input suppliers (the first tier). Weakness of “firm-level” approach
- 13. * Analytical focus is limited to a particular product/firm. Not appropriate for economic analyses at the national level. * Firm-level data does not explicitly present “compensation of employees”. * The approach only considers the value-added structure of direct input suppliers (the first tier). Weakness of “firm-level” approach → International Input-Output Analysis
- 14. Automobiles (Y10 billion) Rough steel (Y8 million) Electricity (Y400,000) Coal products (Y100,000) Petroleum products (Y40,000) Steel (Y12 million) Wholesale (Y2 million) Roadfreight transport (Y400,000) Sea shipping (Y200,000) Dye (Y3.5 million) Intermediate organic chemical products (Y500,000) Composite plastics (Y200,000) Electricity (Y100,000) Wood pulp (Y100,000) Wholesale (Y100,000) Chemical fiber (Y2.1 million) Financing (Y300,000) Wholesale (Y300,000) Car parts (Y260 million) Cold-finished steel (Y60 million) Steel shar slit (Y20 million) Paint (Y17 million) Composite rubber (Y30 million) Carbon black (Y10 million) Silk and rayon textiles (Y10 million) Raw rubber (imported) (Y10 million) Car chassis (Y650 million) Tires and inner tubes Glass products (Y130 million) Internal-combustion engines (Y1.52 billion) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Initial Impact 1st-round Impacts 2nd-round Impacts 3rd-round Impacts 4th-round Impacts Value propagation (car industry)
- 15. Automobiles (Y10 billion) Rough steel (Y8 million) Electricity (Y400,000) Coal products (Y100,000) Petroleum products (Y40,000) Steel (Y12 million) Wholesale (Y2 million) Roadfreight transport (Y400,000) Sea shipping (Y200,000) Dye (Y3.5 million) Intermediate organic chemical products (Y500,000) Composite plastics (Y200,000) Electricity (Y100,000) Wood pulp (Y100,000) Wholesale (Y100,000) Chemical fiber (Y2.1 million) Financing (Y300,000) Wholesale (Y300,000) Car parts (Y260 million) Cold-finished steel (Y60 million) Steel shar slit (Y20 million) Paint (Y17 million) Composite rubber (Y30 million) Carbon black (Y10 million) Silk and rayon textiles (Y10 million) Raw rubber (imported) (Y10 million) Car chassis (Y650 million) Tires and inner tubes Glass products (Y130 million) Internal-combustion engines (Y1.52 billion) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Initial Impact 1st-round Impacts 2nd-round Impacts 3rd-round Impacts 4th-round Impacts Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value- added Value propagation (car industry)
- 16. Bilateral IIOT between China and USA
- 17. Main IIOT initiatives Database Producing organisation Reference years Number of countries Industry/product classification AIIOT IDE-JETRO 1975、1985、1990、 1995、2000、2005 １０ ５６ (1975) ７８ （1985-95) ７６ (2000-05) EORA University of Sydney 1990-2009:yearly Approx. １５０ ２０～５００ EXIOPOL Database (CREEA) European Commission 2000 ４３ + ROW １２９ industries １２９ products GTAP-MRIO Purdue University 1990、1992、1995、 1997、2001、2004、 2007 １２９ ５７ industries ICIO OECD 1995、2000、2005、 2008、2009 ５６ + ROW １８ industries WIOD European Commission 1995-2011：yearly ４０ + ROW ３５ industries ５９ products
- 19. Value- added Product design Material procurement R&D How to evaluate country’s relative position Forward length Production process
- 20. Value- added How to evaluate country’s relative position Forward length Production process Backward length
- 21. Value- added Production process Assembly Distribution Marketing Customer services Parts procurement DownstreamUpstream How to evaluate country’s relative position Forward length Backward length
- 22. China 1985 China 2005 Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Chinese Taipei Philippines Singapore Thailand USA 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 Upstream Downstream Longer supply chains Shorter supply chains Backward APL ForwardAPL Backward Length ForwardLength
- 23. China 1985 China 2005 Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Chinese Taipei Philippines Singapore Thailand USA 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 Upstream Downstream Longer supply chains Shorter supply chains Backward APL ForwardAPL Backward Length ForwardLength Longer supply chains Shorter supply chains
- 24. China 1985 China 2005 Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Chinese Taipei Philippines Singapore Thailand USA 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 Upstream Downstream Longer supply chains Shorter supply chains Backward APL ForwardAPL Backward Length ForwardLength Longer supply chains Shorter supply chains
- 25. China 1985 China 2005 Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Chinese Taipei Philippines Singapore Thailand USA 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 Upstream Downstream Longer supply chains Shorter supply chains Backward APL ForwardAPL Backward Length ForwardLength Longer supply chains Shorter supply chains Upstream Downstream
- 26. China 1985 China 2005 Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Chinese Taipei Philippines Singapore Thailand USA 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 Upstream Downstream Longer supply chains Shorter supply chains Backward APL ForwardAPL Backward Length ForwardLength Longer supply chains Shorter supply chains Upstream Downstream
- 27. China 1985 China 2005 Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Chinese Taipei Philippines Singapore Thailand USA 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 Upstream Downstream Longer supply chains Shorter supply chains Backward APL ForwardAPL Backward Length ForwardLength Longer supply chains Shorter supply chains Upstream Downstream
- 28. China 1985 China 2005 Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Chinese Taipei Philippines Singapore Thailand USA 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 Upstream Downstream Longer supply chains Shorter supply chains Backward APL ForwardAPL Backward Length ForwardLength Longer supply chains Shorter supply chains Upstream Downstream
- 29. China 1985 China 2005 Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Chinese Taipei Philippines Singapore Thailand USA 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 Upstream Downstream Longer supply chains Shorter supply chains Backward APL ForwardAPL Backward Length ForwardLength Longer supply chains Shorter supply chains Upstream Downstream
- 31. 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 200,000 China Japan Korea Traditional measurement Value-added measurement Million US$ 33% The US trade deficits: Traditional vs value-added measurement
- 32. Trade in Value-added measures international trade as
- 33. Trade in Value-added measures international trade as a flow of values rather than of products.
- 34. Trade in Value-added measures international trade as a transfer of employment opportunities.
- 35. Trade in Value-added measures international trade as a transfer of CO2 emission (carbon footprints).
- 36. Trade in value-added approach • offers a better measurement of bilateral trade in the world of increasing production sharing among countries. • can be a core apparatus for linking trade policies to crosscutting economic and/or social issues like job creation, poverty alleviation, and energy and environmental planning.
- 37. Thank you !!