The document analyzes the reorganization of global auto production networks using network analysis methods. It examines networks of trade in electrical parts, rubber/metal parts, and engines from 1998 to 2008. Key findings include China emerging as a major producer in Asia's electrical parts network, while Europe's network remained strong. Rubber/metal showed higher weight for China but no distinct Asian network. Engines had a truly globalized network with all regions heavily intertwined and a minor role for China/Asia. Overall, regionalization still dominates over globalization in auto industry organization, though China and other emerging countries have increased their supplier weight and caused a shift towards a more hierarchical production structure led by major producers.
Mobility & Climate : Eco-metrics to reduce of Carbone Dioxide. Seock-Jin HONG, Professor of Supply Chain and Transport, Kedge School in Bordeaux
For the second year, the EIGSI General Engineering School organizes in La Rochelle, France, a high quality forum focused on interregional mobility in the Atlantic Area.
La Rochelle Mobility Forum is part of a 4 high quality forum cycle. Climatlantic is a project co‐funded by INTERREG IVB ATLANTIC AREA Programme,aimed at developing an Atlantic Strategic Agenda for Sustainable Urban Development and the reduction of the Carbon Footprint covering four main pillars: mobility, energy, territorial management and social behavior.
Local or Global Sourcing and Firms' Performance: Empirical Evidence from the ...Structuralpolicyanalysis
1) The document discusses preliminary results from analyzing a Belgian production network dataset from 2002-2012 that characterizes domestic and global production chains.
2) It finds that a firm's position in global and local value chains impacts its productivity, survival rates, and contribution to value added. Upstream firms tend to have lower productivity while downstream firms closer to final demand have higher productivity.
3) Firms operating at more upstream stages of domestic production chains also have lower survival rates. Additionally, value is increasingly added in later downstream stages of production closer to final goods.
Industry report-trends-in-china's-automotive-component-manufacturing-industryIpsos France
L’industrie des composants automobiles en Chine devrait atteindre une croissance annuelle de 20% d’ici cinq ans grâce à la demande croissante en voitures neuves et du bon développement du marché de l’occasion. Le marché secondaire deviendra d’ailleurs le principal débouché pour les pièces automobiles, l'âge moyen des véhicules ne cessant d'augmenter et le nombre de voitures en circulation en Chine dépassant dorénavant les 100 millions.
En parallèle, le marché chinois de la contrefaçon de pièces automobiles – le plus important au monde évalué à 40 milliards de dollars – ne fera également qu'accroître avec le développement du marché légal.
The Effects of Management on Productivity: Evidence from Mid-20th CenturyStructuralpolicyanalysis
This document summarizes the results of two studies on the long-term effects of management practices on productivity. The first study examines an unexpected budget cut to the Marshall Plan Productivity Program, which provided management training to Italian firms. It finds that firms receiving management training experienced long-term increases in productivity and survival rates. The second study analyzes a US program that provided in-plant management consulting. It finds that training in different management areas (e.g. operations, human resources) had distinct effects, and that practices were more impactful when combined. Overall, the studies provide causal evidence that implementing better management practices can significantly improve firm performance over many years.
HBR Case: Ethiopia: An Emerging Market Opportunity?Kristian Moeller
The Ethiopia: An Emerging Market Opportunity? case centers on the potential and challenges of entering an emerging market. It provides a brief overview of the Ethiopian market, market reforms and policies, and the business environment faced by foreign companies. Three multinational businesses, CareCo, ShoeCo, and MedCo, must decide whether and how to enter the Ethiopian market. Students are asked to make a recommendation for each company based on the attractiveness of the market, the factors that matter most for success, and an assessment of what applies to the companies.
- Three multinational companies, ShoeCo, CareCo, and MedCo are considering entering the Ethiopian market.
- The document provides background on Ethiopia's economy, market reforms, industries, and business environment.
- It analyzes each company's financial projections, strengths/weaknesses, and recommends the best market entry strategy for each as either a local agent, licensing, joint venture, or subsidiary.
Constructivism is a learning theory where learners actively construct knowledge by interacting with their environment and experiences. There are two main types - social constructivism focuses on culturally and socially influenced learning through collaboration, while cognitive constructivism emphasizes individual perception and exploration. Constructivist teaching approaches view learning as an active process where students build upon a foundation laid by teachers to gain understanding in a meaningful context. The role of the teacher is as a guide facilitating a student-centered, multimedia curriculum that appeals to multiple intelligences and learning styles.
Mobility & Climate : Eco-metrics to reduce of Carbone Dioxide. Seock-Jin HONG, Professor of Supply Chain and Transport, Kedge School in Bordeaux
For the second year, the EIGSI General Engineering School organizes in La Rochelle, France, a high quality forum focused on interregional mobility in the Atlantic Area.
La Rochelle Mobility Forum is part of a 4 high quality forum cycle. Climatlantic is a project co‐funded by INTERREG IVB ATLANTIC AREA Programme,aimed at developing an Atlantic Strategic Agenda for Sustainable Urban Development and the reduction of the Carbon Footprint covering four main pillars: mobility, energy, territorial management and social behavior.
Local or Global Sourcing and Firms' Performance: Empirical Evidence from the ...Structuralpolicyanalysis
1) The document discusses preliminary results from analyzing a Belgian production network dataset from 2002-2012 that characterizes domestic and global production chains.
2) It finds that a firm's position in global and local value chains impacts its productivity, survival rates, and contribution to value added. Upstream firms tend to have lower productivity while downstream firms closer to final demand have higher productivity.
3) Firms operating at more upstream stages of domestic production chains also have lower survival rates. Additionally, value is increasingly added in later downstream stages of production closer to final goods.
Industry report-trends-in-china's-automotive-component-manufacturing-industryIpsos France
L’industrie des composants automobiles en Chine devrait atteindre une croissance annuelle de 20% d’ici cinq ans grâce à la demande croissante en voitures neuves et du bon développement du marché de l’occasion. Le marché secondaire deviendra d’ailleurs le principal débouché pour les pièces automobiles, l'âge moyen des véhicules ne cessant d'augmenter et le nombre de voitures en circulation en Chine dépassant dorénavant les 100 millions.
En parallèle, le marché chinois de la contrefaçon de pièces automobiles – le plus important au monde évalué à 40 milliards de dollars – ne fera également qu'accroître avec le développement du marché légal.
The Effects of Management on Productivity: Evidence from Mid-20th CenturyStructuralpolicyanalysis
This document summarizes the results of two studies on the long-term effects of management practices on productivity. The first study examines an unexpected budget cut to the Marshall Plan Productivity Program, which provided management training to Italian firms. It finds that firms receiving management training experienced long-term increases in productivity and survival rates. The second study analyzes a US program that provided in-plant management consulting. It finds that training in different management areas (e.g. operations, human resources) had distinct effects, and that practices were more impactful when combined. Overall, the studies provide causal evidence that implementing better management practices can significantly improve firm performance over many years.
HBR Case: Ethiopia: An Emerging Market Opportunity?Kristian Moeller
The Ethiopia: An Emerging Market Opportunity? case centers on the potential and challenges of entering an emerging market. It provides a brief overview of the Ethiopian market, market reforms and policies, and the business environment faced by foreign companies. Three multinational businesses, CareCo, ShoeCo, and MedCo, must decide whether and how to enter the Ethiopian market. Students are asked to make a recommendation for each company based on the attractiveness of the market, the factors that matter most for success, and an assessment of what applies to the companies.
- Three multinational companies, ShoeCo, CareCo, and MedCo are considering entering the Ethiopian market.
- The document provides background on Ethiopia's economy, market reforms, industries, and business environment.
- It analyzes each company's financial projections, strengths/weaknesses, and recommends the best market entry strategy for each as either a local agent, licensing, joint venture, or subsidiary.
Constructivism is a learning theory where learners actively construct knowledge by interacting with their environment and experiences. There are two main types - social constructivism focuses on culturally and socially influenced learning through collaboration, while cognitive constructivism emphasizes individual perception and exploration. Constructivist teaching approaches view learning as an active process where students build upon a foundation laid by teachers to gain understanding in a meaningful context. The role of the teacher is as a guide facilitating a student-centered, multimedia curriculum that appeals to multiple intelligences and learning styles.
Constructivism is a learning theory where learners actively construct knowledge by interacting with their environment and experiences. There are two main types - social constructivism focuses on culturally and socially influenced learning through collaboration, while cognitive constructivism emphasizes individual perception and exploration. Constructivist teaching approaches view learning as an active process where students build upon a foundation laid by teachers to gain understanding in a meaningful context. The role of the teacher is as a guide facilitating student-centered, project-based learning that incorporates multiple intelligences and learning styles.
The content marketing plan aims to position directtv.com as the go-to site for TV and digital media trends by highlighting client services, attracting new customers through promotions, and increasing social media reach. The plan recommends placing content on partner tech blogs, YouTube, and social media to engage millennials and existing customers. Success will be tracked by metrics like increased retention rates, decreased complaints, and new influencer relationships. The largest risk is losing control over the brand message online.
The document discusses the growing fiscal deficit and debt issues facing the United States. It defines key terms like fiscal deficit, debt, budget policy, and debt ceiling. It provides historical data on the rising US debt levels from 1930 to 2011. It outlines the budget process and debt ceiling issues that led to a debt crisis in 2011. Potential solutions like increasing revenues, cutting expenses, and their impacts are examined. The document concludes that while the US economic future may be challenging if serious reforms are not made, the country still maintains strengths that make a catastrophic outcome unlikely.
Constructivism is a learning theory where learners actively construct knowledge by interacting with their environment and experiences. There are two main types - social constructivism focuses on culturally and socially influenced learning through collaboration, while cognitive constructivism emphasizes individual perception and exploration. Constructivist teaching approaches view learning as an active process where students build upon a foundation laid by teachers to gain understanding in a meaningful context. The role of the teacher is as a guide facilitating student-centered, project-based learning that incorporates multiple intelligences and learning styles.
Constructivism is a learning theory where learners actively construct knowledge by interacting with their environment and experiences. There are two main types - social constructivism focuses on culturally and socially influenced learning through collaboration, while cognitive constructivism emphasizes individual perception and exploration. Constructivist teaching approaches view learning as an active process where students build upon a foundation laid by teachers to gain understanding in a meaningful context. The role of the teacher is as a guide facilitating a student-centered, multimedia curriculum that considers multiple intelligences and learning styles.
Project developed by Mass Gravity Creative Agency based in Wroclaw, Poland.
Social community project to facilitate human interactions in both virtual and real relations. Let's built the world together.
Dokumen ini memberikan penjelasan tentang barisan aritmatika, termasuk definisi, rumus untuk menentukan suku ke-n, dan contoh soal latihan. Guru matematika SMA Belitang Sugiyatno menyusun bahan ajar ini untuk membantu siswa memahami konsep dasar barisan aritmatika.
The document discusses several economic issues facing India:
- Growth is struggling to reach 7% while inflation remains high for manufactured goods. Reducing the repo rate may help boost the sputtering economy.
- Rupee depreciation impacts food and fuel prices less due to subsidies but fiscal deficits and external factors limit what the RBI can do. Appreciating the rupee could help unwind speculative behavior.
- Allowing FDI in retail would benefit consumers through more competitive prices and quality, farmers by selling directly to retailers, but may not destroy local kirana stores. It could also help reduce tax evasion.
- The proposed food security bill aims to subsidize food for 75% of rural and 50%
1) Ethiopia has invaded Somalia twice, first in 2006 to overthrow an Islamic government and again in 2011 to fight against the Islamist rebel group Al-Shabab.
2) The 2006 invasion led to high civilian casualties in Somalia and reprisal attacks against Somali refugees in Ethiopia.
3) Al-Shabab has imposed harsh rule over areas of Somalia, banning aid organizations during a famine, destroying cultural sites, and imposing a strict interpretation of Sharia law, turning local populations against them.
The presentation discusses research on interpreting visual regional planning scenarios. Interviews with planners found the regional scenario was challenging to interpret and did not clearly communicate community values. Further research is needed to establish formal visual conventions for regional planning and test scenarios with textual support and public participation. Improving scenario communication could help implement regional visions through local decisions over decades.
Advocata Lecture by Prof Prema-Chandra Athukorala on FDIsAdvocata Institute
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) and its role in expanding manufacturing exports from developing countries. It begins by defining FDI and distinguishing between market-seeking and efficiency-seeking FDI. It then explains the concepts of production sharing and global production networks, giving examples like the Nike Flyknit shoe. It analyzes Sri Lanka's experience with FDI and manufacturing exports, noting achievements like export diversification but also missed opportunities like lagging in producer-driven networks. Policy priorities for countries to join networks include developing labor skills, lowering trade and investment barriers, and proactive investment promotion.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
This document discusses legal and political considerations impacting IT services companies operating in the European and American markets. It provides an overview of the large Indian IT services industry and its importance in the US and EU. Recent protectionist tendencies in these markets, like visa restrictions and outsourcing bans, are analyzed using a PESTEL framework. Visa restrictions in the US Senate immigration bill and changes to UK post-study work visas pose challenges for Indian firms reliant on H-1B and L-1 visas. Tariffs, quotas, subsidies and other policies are described as forms of protectionism pursued by governments. The document hypothesizes that a PESTEL analysis can determine the causes and effects of these protectionist moves
This document discusses prospects and challenges for strengthening value chains in South Asia. It notes that value chains can increase productivity, trade flows for small and medium enterprises, and job creation, helping reduce poverty. However, key constraints currently preventing the development of regional value chains in South Asia include a lack of economic corridors, conflict zones breeding mistrust, slow progress on trade agreements and non-tariff barriers inhibiting skills and technology transfer. Overcoming these challenges will require implementing pending agreements on transport, energy and connectivity, expediting trade facilitation measures, and enhancing government cooperation to resolve issues regarding standards, visas and licenses.
Constructivism is a learning theory where learners actively construct knowledge by interacting with their environment and experiences. There are two main types - social constructivism focuses on culturally and socially influenced learning through collaboration, while cognitive constructivism emphasizes individual perception and exploration. Constructivist teaching approaches view learning as an active process where students build upon a foundation laid by teachers to gain understanding in a meaningful context. The role of the teacher is as a guide facilitating student-centered, project-based learning that incorporates multiple intelligences and learning styles.
The content marketing plan aims to position directtv.com as the go-to site for TV and digital media trends by highlighting client services, attracting new customers through promotions, and increasing social media reach. The plan recommends placing content on partner tech blogs, YouTube, and social media to engage millennials and existing customers. Success will be tracked by metrics like increased retention rates, decreased complaints, and new influencer relationships. The largest risk is losing control over the brand message online.
The document discusses the growing fiscal deficit and debt issues facing the United States. It defines key terms like fiscal deficit, debt, budget policy, and debt ceiling. It provides historical data on the rising US debt levels from 1930 to 2011. It outlines the budget process and debt ceiling issues that led to a debt crisis in 2011. Potential solutions like increasing revenues, cutting expenses, and their impacts are examined. The document concludes that while the US economic future may be challenging if serious reforms are not made, the country still maintains strengths that make a catastrophic outcome unlikely.
Constructivism is a learning theory where learners actively construct knowledge by interacting with their environment and experiences. There are two main types - social constructivism focuses on culturally and socially influenced learning through collaboration, while cognitive constructivism emphasizes individual perception and exploration. Constructivist teaching approaches view learning as an active process where students build upon a foundation laid by teachers to gain understanding in a meaningful context. The role of the teacher is as a guide facilitating student-centered, project-based learning that incorporates multiple intelligences and learning styles.
Constructivism is a learning theory where learners actively construct knowledge by interacting with their environment and experiences. There are two main types - social constructivism focuses on culturally and socially influenced learning through collaboration, while cognitive constructivism emphasizes individual perception and exploration. Constructivist teaching approaches view learning as an active process where students build upon a foundation laid by teachers to gain understanding in a meaningful context. The role of the teacher is as a guide facilitating a student-centered, multimedia curriculum that considers multiple intelligences and learning styles.
Project developed by Mass Gravity Creative Agency based in Wroclaw, Poland.
Social community project to facilitate human interactions in both virtual and real relations. Let's built the world together.
Dokumen ini memberikan penjelasan tentang barisan aritmatika, termasuk definisi, rumus untuk menentukan suku ke-n, dan contoh soal latihan. Guru matematika SMA Belitang Sugiyatno menyusun bahan ajar ini untuk membantu siswa memahami konsep dasar barisan aritmatika.
The document discusses several economic issues facing India:
- Growth is struggling to reach 7% while inflation remains high for manufactured goods. Reducing the repo rate may help boost the sputtering economy.
- Rupee depreciation impacts food and fuel prices less due to subsidies but fiscal deficits and external factors limit what the RBI can do. Appreciating the rupee could help unwind speculative behavior.
- Allowing FDI in retail would benefit consumers through more competitive prices and quality, farmers by selling directly to retailers, but may not destroy local kirana stores. It could also help reduce tax evasion.
- The proposed food security bill aims to subsidize food for 75% of rural and 50%
1) Ethiopia has invaded Somalia twice, first in 2006 to overthrow an Islamic government and again in 2011 to fight against the Islamist rebel group Al-Shabab.
2) The 2006 invasion led to high civilian casualties in Somalia and reprisal attacks against Somali refugees in Ethiopia.
3) Al-Shabab has imposed harsh rule over areas of Somalia, banning aid organizations during a famine, destroying cultural sites, and imposing a strict interpretation of Sharia law, turning local populations against them.
The presentation discusses research on interpreting visual regional planning scenarios. Interviews with planners found the regional scenario was challenging to interpret and did not clearly communicate community values. Further research is needed to establish formal visual conventions for regional planning and test scenarios with textual support and public participation. Improving scenario communication could help implement regional visions through local decisions over decades.
Advocata Lecture by Prof Prema-Chandra Athukorala on FDIsAdvocata Institute
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) and its role in expanding manufacturing exports from developing countries. It begins by defining FDI and distinguishing between market-seeking and efficiency-seeking FDI. It then explains the concepts of production sharing and global production networks, giving examples like the Nike Flyknit shoe. It analyzes Sri Lanka's experience with FDI and manufacturing exports, noting achievements like export diversification but also missed opportunities like lagging in producer-driven networks. Policy priorities for countries to join networks include developing labor skills, lowering trade and investment barriers, and proactive investment promotion.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
This document discusses legal and political considerations impacting IT services companies operating in the European and American markets. It provides an overview of the large Indian IT services industry and its importance in the US and EU. Recent protectionist tendencies in these markets, like visa restrictions and outsourcing bans, are analyzed using a PESTEL framework. Visa restrictions in the US Senate immigration bill and changes to UK post-study work visas pose challenges for Indian firms reliant on H-1B and L-1 visas. Tariffs, quotas, subsidies and other policies are described as forms of protectionism pursued by governments. The document hypothesizes that a PESTEL analysis can determine the causes and effects of these protectionist moves
This document discusses prospects and challenges for strengthening value chains in South Asia. It notes that value chains can increase productivity, trade flows for small and medium enterprises, and job creation, helping reduce poverty. However, key constraints currently preventing the development of regional value chains in South Asia include a lack of economic corridors, conflict zones breeding mistrust, slow progress on trade agreements and non-tariff barriers inhibiting skills and technology transfer. Overcoming these challenges will require implementing pending agreements on transport, energy and connectivity, expediting trade facilitation measures, and enhancing government cooperation to resolve issues regarding standards, visas and licenses.
Global trunking system market research report 2017QYResearch
This report analyzes the global trunking system market. It provides production and consumption forecasts by region from 2017 to 2022. The market is led by companies like Philips Lighting Holding, GE lighting, and Havells Sylvania. The report segments the market by product type (narrow distribution, wide distribution) and application (commercial, industrial, warehouse). It finds that Asia and Europe are major markets expected to see continued growth over the forecast period.
Spatial agglomeration, Global Value Chains and firms' productivity - Anna GiuntaOECD CFE
Presentation by Anna Giunta, Full Professor of Applied Economics at the University of Roma 3 and Director, Rossi-Doria Centre for Economic and Social Research at the fifth meeting of the Spatial productivity Lab of the OECD Trento Centre held on 10 October 2019.
More info http://oe.cd/SPL
Dr. Andrea Goldstein - Industrial Cluster in the Global EconomyIra Tobing
This document discusses several topics related to industrial clusters and global value chains. It begins by noting the changing landscape in global trade away from multilateralism towards regional trade agreements. It then discusses the concept of global value chains and some challenges in measuring them. Several case studies are presented, including the global production of a Boeing Dreamliner airplane and a Nokia cell phone. Key points are made about the importance of small and medium enterprises, cluster theory, and examples of regional industrial policies from Korea. Smart specialization strategies and linkages between multinational enterprises and small suppliers are also addressed.
Networks and family firm performance. Some evidence from ItalyRende
This study examines the effects of inter-firm cooperation networks on the performance of family firms versus non-family firms in Italy. The results show that being part of a network has a positive and significant impact on the performance of family firms, but not for non-family firms. This may be because family firms' social capital and long-term orientation allow them to better combine existing and new knowledge through network relationships. Additionally, the impact of networks is highest for small family firms located in less developed regions of Italy, where networks help compensate for isolation. Thus, networks appear to provide family firms important intangible assets to enhance performance.
Competitiveness of industrial clusters-porter's diamond frameworkSumit Tomar
1. The Competitiveness of different product-based Industrial Clusters of a particular economy using the Porter’s Diamond theory of national advantage.
2. It will provide comparative analysis with other clusters.
Luke Rehill, Patterns of firm-level productivity in IrelandNUI Galway
The document summarizes results from an analysis of firm-level productivity in Ireland between 2006-2014 using a multi-factor productivity model. Key findings include: productivity growth has declined since the 1990s both in Ireland and globally; a small number of large firms account for most value added and employment; foreign-owned firms have significantly higher productivity and wages than domestic firms; and productivity dispersion between the most and least productive firms has widened over time. The analysis finds potential for improving efficiency of resource allocation across firms.
The document discusses expectations for the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) from both Japanese companies and ASEAN regional businesses. Japanese companies expect simplification of customs procedures and elimination of import tariffs in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam. Regional businesses note that while ASEAN frameworks support integration, implementation lags ambitions due to capacity differences between members. True integration requires binding commitments rather than optional agreements. Ownership of the integration process must increase along with financial support from developed members. Expectations for AEC 2015 need adjusting as full integration may not be achievable given the ASEAN approach.
OECD workshop on measuring the link between public procurement, R&D and innov...STIEAS
OECD workshop on measuring the link between public procurement, R&D and innovation. "Impacts of Korean innovative procurement policies", presentation by Woosung Lee
The document discusses trade policies and economic reforms in Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa (BRIICS). It analyzes trends in tariffs, non-tariff barriers, services restrictions, and other policies over time. BRIICS undertook some trade and FDI liberalization but still maintain significant protections. Domestic regulatory reforms are also needed to improve business environments and facilitate growth.
Green Talks LIVE | International Trade and the Circular EconomyOECD Environment
A circular economy aims to transform the current linear economy into a circular model to reduce consumption of finite material resources by recovering materials from waste streams for recycling or reuse, using products longer, and exploiting the potential of the sharing and services economy. Circular economy policies and initiatives largely take place domestically at the national or regional level. However, they have important interlinkages with international trade.
International trade plays an important role in circular supply chains in materials and products, end-of-life value chains in waste and scrap, secondary raw materials and second-hand goods. In this light, how can trade contribute to a more resource efficient and circular economy? How would the circular economy transition have an impact on global trade patterns? And in what ways can we secure coherence in these two policy areas?
On 25 March 2021, Shunta Yamaguchi, Rob Dellink and Elisa Lanzi of the OECD Environment Directorate discussed the role of international trade in the transition to a resource efficient and circular economy during an OECD Green Talks LIVE webinar. The presentation highlights findings from a series of recent OECD reports, including: "The consequences of a more resource efficient and circular economy for international trade patterns" and "International trade and circular economy: Policy alignment".
The replay of the event can be viewed here: https://youtu.be/37slq02rf2k
The document summarizes Pirelli's investments and targets from 2010-2013. It outlines Pirelli's strategy to increase investments and capacity across regions to capitalize on market growth, especially in premium segments. Key targets include doubling EBIT margins across most regions by 2013, growing revenues by over 30% with higher volumes and prices, and rebalancing profitability across consumer and industrial segments. Contingency plans and flexibility in sourcing strategies are also discussed to mitigate raw material cost risks.
Super SBM and GM 1,1 Model Approaches for Global Automobileijtsrd
In the success of many enterprises, the development orientation in the future is an important role. The study measures the performance and ranks the automotive companies around the world by the integration of GM 1,1 model in grey theory and Super SBM model in data development analysis DEA . GM 1,1 model is used for predicting the input variables and output variables in the future time. And then, the super SBM model was used for calculating the efficiency score of each automotive company in every term. Estimated values are standard when their average MAPEs are under 38.332 . The empirical results indicate that four good automotive companies attained efficiency in the previous time seven good automotive companies are expected to reach the performance in the future time. The research presents an overview observation of the automotive industry around the world. Thi-Nguyen Nguyen | The-Vinh Do | Quoc-Chien Luu "Super-SBM and GM (1,1) Model Approaches for Global Automobile" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47880.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/strategic-management/47880/supersbm-and-gm-11-model-approaches-for-global-automobile/thinguyen-nguyen
The document summarizes key findings from the OECD's Innovation Strategy report. It finds that innovation involves interactions across an entire system beyond just R&D. Countries need strategies that link different elements like education, infrastructure, markets, and collaboration. New players like emerging economies and young firms are contributing more to innovation. Innovation is already a major economic driver and investment, responsible for much of productivity growth. Countries are encouraged to continue supporting innovation to address challenges and fuel long-term growth.
Similar to Amighini & Gorgoni for UNU CRIS Dec 15 2014 (20)
1. The reorganization of ‘global’ auto production
AlessiaAmighini
Universitàdel PiemonteOrientale and DiSEI, Novara
Sara Gorgoni
Department of International Business and Economics, University of Greenwich, London
Multipolarityand Regionalization in the Global System:
Applications of Network Analysis
GR:EEN Workshop, Dec. 15°2014, Politecnico di Milano
By UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY-CRIS
2. Outline
Background
The debate
Research questions
Contribution of Network Analysis
Data & Methodology
Results
Conclusions
Amighini&Gorgoni
3. Amighini&Gorgoni
The automotive is one of the most geographically fragmented sectors worldwide
The level of outsourcing has increased to an average of 70-75% of the value of a new car being contributed by parts suppliers
4. The industry
The number of car producers and export nations is comparatively smaller than in other sectors due to the large size of fixed capital investments required in the production of car bodies
Instead, engine production requires smaller fixed investments, and assembly plants even smaller
Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) from Western Europe, North America and Japan-South Korea play a central role in coordinating production networks of first-tier suppliers (system integrators) and lower tier suppliers (parts producers) located in a variety of countries
Amighini&Gorgoni
5. Debate on evolution of industry 1staspect
Auto production would become a global industry with low-cost and rising final-demand emerging economies gradually displacing major producers in high-cost and stagnant final- demand industrialised countries
A wave of technological (high-tech microelectronics) and organisational innovations (restructuring of component supply and flexible manufacturing systems) has lead to a ‘dematurity’ stage (Jones and Womack 1985), which makes it unlikely that it will follow similar product life-cycles as those experienced by technologically mature industries (textile, apparel, appliances, etc.), where production migrated towards emerging economies
Amighini&Gorgoni
7. Debate on evolution of industry 2ndaspect
Although the automotive is often described as a prototype of global industry, the internationalisation strategies of world major producers have been largely developed on a regional rather than global scale
Search for cost-reduction strategies pushes producers to explore all possible sources of economies of scale , which makes internationalisation of production one of the key features of industry dynamics
At the same time, transportation costs make it more convenient for the various stages of production to be located within a relatively limited geographic area, which explains why regionalisation of production processes is a more viable option than global production
Amighini&Gorgoni
9. Network approach
Different from standard statistical techniques, network analysis assumes dependency of observations, and therefore represents a more realistic approach to analyse the interdependence that characterises production and, therefore, trade today.
Traditional approaches (such as gravitational models) consider only the relationship between countries iand j, assuming that this is independent from any other relationship iand jestablish with other countries
Most of today’s trade is a reflection of production fragmentation among different locations, which imposes the necessity to consider that the choice for a firm to source from country iand country j(i.e. establishing ijrelationships) depends from the possibility of also sourcing from other locations (i.e. the possibility for i andjof also forming a tie with countries k, z, etc.)
Amighini&Gorgoni
10. Amighini&Gorgoni
ARS 2011 Naples, June 23-25
10
Applications of NA to trade
World System Theories
Snyder & Kick 1979; Nemeth & Smith 1985, Smith & White 1992; Kim & Shin 2002
Econophysics
Serrano and Boguñá 2003; Garlaschelli and Loffredo 2004, 2005
Macroeconomic studies
Kastelle et al. 2005; Kali & Reyes 2007; Fagiolo et al. 2007; De Benedictis & Tajoli 2008
Sectoral studies
Cassi et al. 2009
11. Amighini&Gorgoni
Data & Methodology
DATA
Highly disaggregated (6 digits, SITC, Rev 3) trade data (UNSD):
30 commodity groups 4 product categories (only 3 discussed in this presentation): electrical, rubber&metal,engines and miscellaneous parts
Value of bilateral trade flows in 1998 and 2008 as a % over the total world trade value (only > 0.1% of world trade)
METHODOLOGY
8 Networks: for each of the four components for 1998 and 2008
Directed flows Aij≠Aji
Binary and Valued data
Network Measures
12. Measures
Network size: number of nodes
Avg_N_Out-Degree: it gives an indication of to how many of the remaining actors, an actor in a network exports on average
Avg_Out-Strength: is the value of exports flows each actor has on average
Reciprocity: tells to what extent existing ties are reciprocated
Out-Centralisation: tells whether exports are evenly distributed among countries or whether there are only a few countries accounting for the majority of total world exports. Ranges between 0 and 1(= 1 if one actor completely dominates)
Amighini&Gorgoni
13. Measures
Core-Periphery
Allows detection of a hierarchical structure within the network, with a cohesive core tied to hangers-on in the periphery. The model seeks to identify a set of actors who have high density of ties among themselves (the core), and another set of actors who have very low density of ties among themselves and are weakly tied to the core
Inter-regional trade Index
Given a partition of a network into a number of mutually exclusive regional groups, the E-I Index is equal to number of in-between groups ties minus the number of within groups ties divided by the total number of ties. Ranges from 1 to -1. Negative scores indicate I>E, suggesting high regionalisation Amighini&Gorgoni
14. Electrical & electric parts 1998
Electrical & electric parts 2008
Rubber & metal parts
1998
Rubber
& metal parts 2008
Engines & parts
1998
Engines & parts
2008
Network size
31
33
22
23
27
34
Actors In bold are indicated either the countries present in 1998 that disappeared in 2008, or the “new entries” of 2008
Argentina, Australia, Austria, BeLux, Brazil, Canada, China, Czech_Rep, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, HongKong, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, Philippines, Portugal, Singapore, South_Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, UK, USA
Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, CzechRep,, Denmark, France, Germany,, HongKong, Hungary,India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, Slovakia, South_Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,, Thailand, Turkey, UK, USA
Australia, Austria, BeLux, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, HongKong, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, South_Korea, Spain,Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA, Ukraine
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Czech_Rep, France. Germany, Indonesia,Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Russia, South_Korea, Spain, Thailand, UAE, UK, USA
Argentina, Australia, Austria, BeLux, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, China, Czech_Rep, France, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovenia, South_Korea, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, UK, USA
Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Canada,China, Czech_Rep, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary,India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South_Africa, South_Korea, Spain, Sweden,Thailand, Turkey, UK, USA, Ukraine
Amighini&Gorgoni
15. Electrical & electric parts 1998
Electrical & electric parts 2008
Rubber & metal parts
1998
Rubber
& metal parts 2008
Engines & parts
1998
Engines & parts
2008
Avg N_OutDegree
9.78
8.33
11.25
8.7
9.04
8.29
(min-max)
(0.00-56.67)
(0.00-56.25)
(0.00-47.62)
(0.00-36.36)
(0.00-38.46)
(0.00-48.48)
Avg_OutStrngth
5.06
4.42
3.59
2.52
5.30
5.35
(Std. Dev)
7.60
7.57
4.33
2.68
6.23
6.80
(min-max)
(0-34)
(0-32)
(0-14)
(0-9)
(0-23)
(0-31)
Reciprocity
0.38
0.26
0.37
0.22
0.20
0.18
OutCentralization
48.44%
49.41%
38.09%
28.93%
30.18%
41.41%
Core-periphery (C-P) (Final fitness)
C P
C P
C P
C P
C P
C P
C1.12 0.18
C1.90 0.40
C1.40 0.29
C0.77 0.16
C 1.57 0.25
C 0.81 0.17
P0.18 0.01
P0.22 0.03
P0.19 0.04
P0.16 0.01
P0.23 0.09
P0.11 0.05
(0.58)
(0.68)
(0.55)
(0.52)
(0.47)
(0.40)
Core
Japan, Mexico, USA, Germany, Italy, BeLux, Canada, Uk, France
Japan, Mexico, USA, Germany, China,
Japan, France, Germany, USA, Canada
Japan, France, Germany, USA, Canada, China
USA, Japan, Mexico, Germany, Canada, Spain
USA, Japan, Mexico, Germany, Canada, France, UK, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Turkey
Inter-regional trade (Expected value)
0.30 (0.43)
0.086 (0.56)
-0.21 (0.45)
0.22 (0.60)
0.13 (0.60)
0.09 (0.61)
16. Brokerage roles
Refers to roles each country plays in linking various regional groupings
This was computed on binary data
For each of the instances where a country is a “broker”, five different brokerage roles can be distinguished
Amighini&Gorgoni
27. Amighini&Gorgoni
Summary of main results (I)
Electricalparts:ChinanewmajorworldproducerwithinanemergingAsianRPN, EuropeanRPNstronger
Rubberandmetalparts:morecenteredonGermany(stillworld’smajorexporter);higherweightofChina,butnoRPNinAsia
Engines:atrulyglobalizednetwork,allregionalgroupingsheavilyintertwined; comparativelyminorroleofChinaandAsia
28. Amighini&Gorgoni
Summary of main results (II)
OuranalysisshowsthatChinaandanumberofotheremergingcountrieshavenotsimplyincreasedtheirweightassupplierstotheworld’sleadingautomanufacturers,buthavecausedaswitchintheinternationalorganisationofproduction
Theworld’sleadingproducersnowactasthecoreofamorehierarchicalproductionstructurethanadecadeago
Amongthetwocontrastingtendenciestowardsglobalisationorregionalisationofproduction,thelatterseemstobestilldominatingintheautoindustry
31. Network size
It’s the number of nodes
Size is critical for the structure of a network because of the limited resources that each actor has in building and maintaining ties
Think of a group of 12 students in a seminar, it would not be hard for all the students to get to know each other and develop exchange relationships (e.g. exchange notes)
It would be much harder for students in a lecture of 300students to establish relationships with all other students. It would be virtually impossible for there to be a single network for the exchange of reading notes.
Amighini&Gorgoni
32. Network size
In any network there are (K*K-1) unique ordered pairs of actors (that is AB is different from BA, and leaving aside self- ties), where K is the number of actors.
In a network of 10 actors, there are 10x9 = 90 logically possible relationships
If we had undirected, or symmetric, ties the number would be 90/2 = 45, since the relationship AB would be the same as BA
The number of logically possible relationships grows exponentially as the number of actors increases linearly
It follows that the range of logically possible (social) structures (defined as ‘complexity) increases exponentially with size
Amighini&Gorgoni
33. Out-Degree and Out-Strength
The number of actors in a network places an upper limit on the connections each individual can have (K-1). For most networks, few, if any, actors approach this limit
Degree: number of connections (trade partners) each individual has
Where data are asymmetric, we can distinguish between ties being sent and ties being received
Out-degree: sum of connections froman actor to others (exports)
Strength: If we were examining a valued relation instead of a binary, the values of the relations reflect the strength of a tie between nodes. In our case this is the value of trade flow
Out-Strenght: is the sum of outward connections each actor has, weighted by their value. This is the value of exports flows
Amighini&Gorgoni
34. Normalised Out-Degree andOut-Strength
Normalised out-degree: is the out-degree of each actor expressed as a proportion of the number of elements in the row. This tells us to how many(%) of the remaining actors an actor exports. This allows to make comparisons across networks of different size
Avg_N_Out-Degree: Is the average of the above. It gives an indication of to how many of the remaining actors, actors in a network export on average
Avg_Out-Strength: It tells us how much in value actors tend to export on average
Amighini&Gorgoni
35. Reciprocity
With symmetric data, two actors are either connected or not.
With directed data, there are four possible relations:
-A B and A B
-A B but A B
-B A but B A
-No connection
It is interesting to see to what extent ties in a network are reciprocated
A network that has a predominance of null or reciprocated ties is thought to be more equal and stable than one with a predominance of asymmetric connections (which might be more of a hierarchy)
We calculate the ratio of the number of pairs with a reciprocated tie relative to the number of pairs with any tie. Of the two methods to calculate reciprocity this is the best in large networks where most actors have no direct ties to most other actors (Dyad method)
Amighini&Gorgoni
36. Out-centralisation
It is a measure of variability or dispersion
It tells whether ties (exports) are evenly distributed among actors (countries) or whether there are only a few actors (countries) accounting for total ties (world exports)
The larger it is, the more likely it is that a single actor is more central. Thus, it measures how heterogeneous the actor centralities are
Calculated as the the sum of the difference b/w the max centrality index in a network and the other observed centralities, divided by the theoretical maximum possible sum of differences in actor centrality. C = Σ(maxci–ci)/maxΣ(maxci–ci)*
Between 0 and 1(if one actor completely dominates). Allows comparisons across networks
Amighini&Gorgoni
37. Core-periphery
Allows detection of a hierarchical structure within the network, with a cohesive core tied to hangers-on in the periphery
the model seeks to identify a set of actors who have high density of ties among themselves (the core), and another set of actors who have very low density of ties among themselves
To perform the core-periphery analysis we use the categorical procedure on valued data using the CORR algorithm and 5000 iterations (Borgatti and Everett, 1999).
Amighini&Gorgoni
38. Globalisation Index
Given a partition of a network into a number of mutually exclusive regional groups, we calculate the E-I Index E-I Index = number of in-between groups ties minus the number of within groups ties divided by the total number of ties
Computed on valued directed data, using 10000 permutations
Range from 1 to -1. Negative scores indicate I>E, suggesting high regionalisation
Amighini&Gorgoni