Colonial governments
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The document discusses the forms of government that existed in the English colonies. It describes the different types of colonial governments, which included proprietary, company, and royal charters. Colonial governments had assemblies and governors that helped make laws and govern the colonies. The document also discusses the development of colonial courts and key legal cases, such as the trial of John Peter Zenger, which established important free speech precedents. Finally, it summarizes the short-lived Dominion of New England under Sir Edmund Andros and the events of the Glorious Revolution.
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The document summarizes the origins of American government, from the first English settlers who brought ideas of representative democracy and limited monarchy, to the adoption of the U.S. Constitution. The early colonists organized self-governing towns based on English common law. Over time, tensions grew between the colonies and British government over taxation and representation, culminating in the American Revolution. The Articles of Confederation that followed had numerous weaknesses that led to conflicts between states. Recognition of these issues led delegates to convene and draft a new Constitution establishing a stronger central government with separated powers.
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During the winter of 1777-78, the British Army was stationed comfortably in Philadelphia while Washington's Continental Army suffered through the harsh winter at Valley Forge. Over 2,000 soldiers died from disease and exposure, but General Von Steuben helped transform the untrained army. Though no battle occurred at Valley Forge, it was considered an American victory because the Continental Army emerged better trained and prepared under Washington's leadership.
Desperate continentals
Washington attacks the Hessians in Trenton, New Jersey on December 26th, 1776 in a surprise victory. He then crosses the Delaware River again and attacks Princeton, New Jersey, winning another battle. These victories boost American morale and support for the colonial cause. Meanwhile, Burgoyne's British forces are stopped at Saratoga, New York in 1777, forcing his entire army to surrender in a major defeat for the British.
Cowpens sand table
The Battle of Cowpens took place in South Carolina in 1778. The slightly undulating battlefield was open with spaced out trees. The American general placed approximately 1,000 militia and Continental soldiers on a crest with the militia in front. Around 150 yards ahead was a thinner militia line as scouts. The British had around 1,100 infantry and cavalry lined up in two lines facing the Americans, with cannons in the center. The Broad River was about 3 inches wide on the map grid, while smaller rivers were 1-2 inches wide. The hills were flat topped with gradual slopes and some rocky areas.
Leaders of the revolution (2)
This document provides a guide to important people, events, and battles of the Revolutionary War. It includes notes on British generals William Howe and Charles Cornwallis, King George III, and the traitor Benedict Arnold. American heroes discussed are Thomas Jefferson, Paul Revere, Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, and Nathaniel Greene. Minutemen, the colonial militia who were ready to fight in a minute's notice, are also mentioned. Maps, a timeline, and materials for a Revolutionary War game are included to aid understanding of this pivotal time period.
Rev war timeline and maps
The American Revolution timeline document summarizes important events from 1775 to 1783. It describes early battles such as Lexington and Concord in 1775 where the Revolutionary War began, the Battle of Bunker Hill where Americans surrounded Boston, and Washington's Christmas Day surprise attack on Hessian mercenaries in Trenton, New Jersey in 1776. It also discusses the pivotal American victory at Saratoga in 1777 that convinced France to ally with the rebels, and the eventual siege of Yorktown in 1781 that forced British General Cornwallis to surrender, effectively ending major fighting in the Revolutionary War.
Pest control
The document discusses sovereignty over the American colonies as tensions rose between Great Britain and the colonies. It explains that Britain maintained legal sovereignty but its actual control was weakening as the colonies grew more autonomous. As Britain tried to reassert control through taxes and laws, the colonies began to unite in opposition to taxation without representation. This growing conflict came to a head with events like the Boston Massacre, increasing tensions and pushing the colonies closer to revolution for independence from British rule.
Anger management
The document summarizes Britain's changing policies towards its American colonies from the mid-17th century to the 1770s. It begins with a policy of "salutary neglect", where Britain left the colonies alone as long as they were profitable. However, after the French and Indian War, Britain adopted a more controlling "hands on" approach to try to pay off war debts and manage its lands. This included passing new taxes like the Stamp Act to directly tax the colonies, leading to protests by colonists who argued they were being taxed without representation.
Iced tea
The document summarizes the events leading up to the Boston Tea Party and its aftermath. In response to previous tax acts, the Townshend Acts imposed new taxes on goods and allowed smugglers to be tried without juries in Britain. In response, colonists organized boycotts which led to the repeal of most taxes except the Tea Act. This allowed the British East India Company to sell tea cheaper in the colonies, angering colonial merchants. In protest, the Sons of Liberty disguised as Native Americans dumped crates of tea into Boston harbor. In retaliation, the British passed the Intolerable Acts closing Boston harbor and changing colonial government. This led the colonies to organize the First Continental Congress to petition the king and consider
Growing tensions (1)
The document provides an overview of Chapter 3 from the textbook "America: Pathways to the Present". It covers four main sections: 1) An Empire and Its Colonies, discussing how the English Civil War and mercantilism impacted colonial development. 2) Life in Colonial America, describing colonial society, occupations, education, and women's roles. 3) African Americans in the Colonies, focusing on slavery, the Middle Passage, and laws controlling slaves. 4) Emerging Tensions, covering western expansion, reactions from Native Americans and the French, and religious tensions in the colonies. Assessment questions are included at the end of each section.
Age of empires (1)
Mercantilism was an economic theory where countries sought to accumulate gold and silver by collecting resources from colonies in order to become more powerful. Colonies provided resources to their mother country, which manufactured goods and sold them back to the colonies for a profit. This triangular trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas involved the exchange of slaves, rum, sugar cane, timber, and guns. Countries that successfully practiced mercantilism through colonial trade became economically strong and developed powerful militaries.
French and Indian War
The document summarizes key events of the French and Indian War in North America between 1754 and 1763. It discusses how the Ohio River Valley was desirable for settlement due to its fertile land and location at the confluence of the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio Rivers. The French responded to British settlements in the Ohio River Valley by attacking a militia led by George Washington in 1754, starting the French and Indian War. Ultimately, the British were able to defeat the French through better preparation of troops under William Pitt and capturing the French capital of Quebec City in 1759 after a three month siege. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763, giving much of New France to the British.
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Colonial governments
- 1. Life in the English Colonies Forms of Government
- 5. Parliament House of Commons House of Lords
- 6. Congress House of Representatives Senate
Editor's Notes
- Colonial governments given power by charters: Proprietary—one or more individuals controlled the colony Company Royal The monarch had the sole power to grant charters
- Privy Council—a group of royal advisors that set English policy in the colonies; allowed most colonies to run their own affairs Governors—served as head of government; most assisted by and advisory council; monarch selected governor and councilmen in royal colonies; proprietors did so in proprietary colonies; CT elected governor; job of governor to carry out policies set by crown
- Assemblies: elected to help make laws Based on Parliament Bicameral —law making body made up of two houses
- Privy council: ensured all laws complied with royal policy
- Virginia Assembly: established at Jamestown in 1619; first colonial legislature in North America Two Houses: Council of State: Selected by governor’s advisory council and the Virginia Company House of Burgesses—elected by colonists Disagreement: assemblies would refuse to pay salaries
- Town Meeting—center of New England politics; decided on local issues—paying for schools, ownership and use of unsettled lands; selected town officials; met at least once a year South—lived too far away from one another—decisions made at the county level Middle colonies—combination of town and county meetings in local governments
- Colonists used courts whenever possible to control local affairs—Example: a Massachusetts court would uphold Puritan ideas
- Zenger found not guilty
- 1685: James II becomes King of England—believed northern colonies had become too independent—wanted them more connected with England (more united effort against Indian war—Wikipedia)
- 1686: James II united Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, and Rhode Island under a single government—the Dominion on New England Sir Edmund Andros appointed governor of Dominion Dominion government: Replaced original charters—no assemblies 1688: Andros limited town meetings 1687: Andros arrested individuals protesting tax policies
- James II attempts to restore Catholicism—becomes very unpopular Parliament asks Mary (James’s daughter) and William of Orange (ruler of the Netherlands) to come to England and rule
- Fall 1688: William & army land in England, James flees to France Not bloodless…minor battles
- 1689: upon hearing of the fall of James II, New England residents removed Andros from power, sent him to England, and formed new assemblies William & Mary reissued charters to colonies English Bill of Rights reduced power of the monarch, gave more power to Parliament—shift to representative government