Colloidal Dispersion S.Y.B.Pharm.Sem IV.pptx
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This document summarizes properties and concepts related to colloidal dispersions: 1) It discusses optical, kinetic, and electrical properties and how techniques like ultracentrifugation can be used to study sedimentation. 2) It describes the electrical double layer and electroosmotic phenomena where an electric field causes liquid and particles to flow in opposite directions. 3) It covers colloid stabilization mechanisms like steric and electrostatic stabilization and concepts like lyophobic, lyophilic, and association colloids.
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This document discusses electrophoresis, which is a technique where charged molecules like proteins and nucleic acids migrate in an electrical field. The rate of migration depends on factors like the molecule's charge, size, shape, and the buffer properties. Electrophoresis is usually done with gels placed between two buffer chambers with electrodes. The key factors affecting electrophoresis are the sample properties, electric field strength, buffer composition and properties, and the supporting medium. Electrophoresis has applications in diagnostic testing and analyzing biological molecules like proteins.
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Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and small ions based on their differing migration rates in an electric field. It works by applying a voltage across a medium containing the molecules to induce migration. Capillary electrophoresis improved on traditional electrophoresis by allowing higher voltages without overheating samples and enabling detection of separated molecules, providing faster, more efficient separations. Key factors like the molecules' charge, size, shape and the buffer composition influence migration rates and separation in electrophoretic techniques.
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1. Colloidal particles are too small to be removed by conventional processes like sedimentation or sand filtration. Coagulation and flocculation are used to destabilize and aggregate these small particles into larger forms that can be removed.
2. Coagulation destabilizes particles by compressing the electrical double layer or through charge neutralization using metal salts or polymers. Flocculation then aggregates the destabilized particles through mechanisms like Brownian motion, mechanical mixing, and differential settling.
3. Proper coagulant and polymer dosing as well as mixing conditions are important to efficiently form flocs of an appropriate size that can be readily removed from the water.
Electrophoresis
1. Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate molecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins based on their size and electrical charge. An electric current is applied to move the molecules through a gel.
2. Smaller molecules move faster through the gel's pores than larger molecules. Electrophoresis conditions can be adjusted to separate molecules in a desired size range.
3. During electrophoresis, charged molecules migrate toward the electrode of opposite charge. Positively charged molecules move toward the cathode, while negatively charged molecules move toward the anode.
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Conductometry
It is an electrochemical method of analysis used for the determination or measurement of the electrical conductance of an electrolyte solution by means of a conductometer.
Electric conductivity of an electrolyte solution depends on :
Type of ions (cations, anions, singly or doubly charged
Concentration of ions
Temperature
Mobility of ions
The main principle involved in this method is that the movement of the ions creates the electrical conductivity. The movement of the ions is mainly depended on the concentration of the ions.
The electric conductance in accordance with ohms law which states that the strength of current (i) passing through conductor is directly proportional to potential difference & inversely to resistance.
i =V/R
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Electrophoresis is a physical method used to separate charged particles like proteins and amino acids using an electric field. It works by applying a voltage across a medium like paper or gel containing the sample, causing charged molecules to migrate at different rates depending on factors like their size, shape, and charge. The history of electrophoresis began in 1931 with Arne Tiselius' work separating proteins. It continues to be developed today and has applications in biochemistry like separating amino acids, proteins, enzymes, and antibiotics.
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This document discusses electrophoresis, including:
- Its history beginning with Arne Tiselius developing moving boundary electrophoresis in the 1930s.
- The principle that charged particles migrate toward the cathode or anode depending on their charge when subjected to an electric field.
- Common supporting media like filter paper, cellulose acetate, agarose, and polyacrylamide gels that stabilize the medium and improve separation.
- Key factors that affect electrophoretic separation like pH, electric field strength, and properties of the supporting medium.
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- Zeta potential is the electric potential at the boundary between the double layer and bulk solution surrounding charged particles suspended in a colloid.
- Factors that affect zeta potential include pH, thickness of the double layer, and concentration of formulation components.
- Zeta potential is important for predicting particle interactions and stability in colloidal systems based on DLVO theory of electrostatic repulsion and van der Waals attraction.
- Measurement techniques include electrophoresis and electroacoustic methods to determine particle mobility from which zeta potential is calculated.
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Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids based on their size and charge. It works by applying an electric field to encourage migration of molecules toward the positive or negative electrode, depending on their charge. There are several types of electrophoresis that use different supporting media like agarose gel, polyacrylamide gel, paper, or capillaries to separate molecules. Factors like voltage, temperature, buffer composition affect separation efficiency during electrophoresis.
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Colloids are dispersions of particles between 1-1000 nanometers in diameter. Thomas Graham first distinguished colloids from crystalloids based on their ability to diffuse through membranes. Colloids exhibit unique optical, kinetic, and electrical properties due to their intermediate size. They scatter light, undergo Brownian motion, carry surface charges, and more. The behavior and stability of colloidal dispersions can be influenced by electrolytes, protective macromolecules, and coacervation of oppositely charged particles.
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1) Colloidal particles can be stabilized through Brownian motion if particle collisions do not result in sticking.
2) The key forces between colloidal particles include van der Waals attraction, electrostatic repulsion, steric repulsion, and solvation forces.
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This document provides information about colloidal dispersions. It defines a colloid as a substance microscopically dispersed throughout another substance, with particle sizes between 1-1000nm. Colloids can be classified based on their physical state, nature of interactions, size, appearance, or electric charge. Key properties of colloids include Brownian motion, diffusion, sedimentation, viscosity, light scattering, and electrical behaviors like electrophoresis and electrosmosis. Colloids find applications in areas like therapy, absorption, solubility, stability, and drug targeting.
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The differential movement or migration of ions by attraction or repulsion in an electric field. OR it describes migration of charged particle or molecules under the influence of electric field.
To determine number, amount and mobility of components in given sample or to separate them.
Separation of molecules of mixture on the basis of charge or size of molecule.
Capillary tube is placed between two buffer reservoir, and an electric field is applied, separation depends on electrophoretic mobility and electro-osmosis.
Electrophoretic Mobility: define as rate of migration (cm/sec) per unit field strength (V/cm).
Electrophoretic separation is measured by detector.
Electrophoretic System; consists two electrodes of opposite charge (anode, cathode) connected by a conducting medium called an electrolyte.
More efficient than gel electrophoresis.
It is also known as uncoated capillaries.
The capillary tube is made up of fused highly purified
silica (pure).
In silica, silinol group is present.
When at acidic pH (pH =3) all the silinol group are protonated.
At basic pH =9 the silinol group is completely deprotonated.
In this method, separation are carried out inside a capillary tube.
The tube in CE is typically silica, which may be coated or uncoated.
Uncoated silica lead to electroosmosis when run at neutral or basic pH due to de-protonation of silanol groups.
In “normal polarity mode”, a sample with many types of ions can be injected and they then travel in the same direction toward the negative electrode through a detector.
The gel is filled in the capillary tube which is highly purified, gel may be made up of polyacrylamide gel.
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1. Colloidal particles are too small to be removed by conventional processes like sedimentation or sand filtration. Coagulation and flocculation are used to destabilize and aggregate these small particles into larger forms that can be removed.
2. Coagulation destabilizes particles by compressing the electrical double layer or through charge neutralization using metal salts or polymers. Flocculation then aggregates the destabilized particles through mechanisms like Brownian motion, mechanical mixing, and differential settling.
3. Proper coagulant and polymer dosing as well as mixing conditions are important to efficiently form flocs of an appropriate size that can be readily removed from the water.
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1. Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate molecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins based on their size and electrical charge. An electric current is applied to move the molecules through a gel.
2. Smaller molecules move faster through the gel's pores than larger molecules. Electrophoresis conditions can be adjusted to separate molecules in a desired size range.
3. During electrophoresis, charged molecules migrate toward the electrode of opposite charge. Positively charged molecules move toward the cathode, while negatively charged molecules move toward the anode.
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This presentation provides an overview of electrophoresis techniques. It defines electrophoresis as a separation technique where solutes migrate through a conductive medium under an applied electric field. It describes how charges migrate based on their size and charge. It then discusses the different forms of electrophoresis, focusing on capillary zone electrophoresis and gel electrophoresis. For capillary electrophoresis, it explains the concepts of electrophoretic mobility, electroosmotic mobility, and their roles in solute migration. It also outlines the basic instrumentation and processes involved like injection, separation, and detection. For gel electrophoresis, it discusses how it separates biomolecules like DNA and proteins based on size and provides examples of its applications.
Conductometry
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Electric conductivity of an electrolyte solution depends on :
Type of ions (cations, anions, singly or doubly charged
Concentration of ions
Temperature
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The electric conductance in accordance with ohms law which states that the strength of current (i) passing through conductor is directly proportional to potential difference & inversely to resistance.
i =V/R
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Electrophoresis is a physical method used to separate charged particles like proteins and amino acids using an electric field. It works by applying a voltage across a medium like paper or gel containing the sample, causing charged molecules to migrate at different rates depending on factors like their size, shape, and charge. The history of electrophoresis began in 1931 with Arne Tiselius' work separating proteins. It continues to be developed today and has applications in biochemistry like separating amino acids, proteins, enzymes, and antibiotics.
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This document discusses electrophoresis, including:
- Its history beginning with Arne Tiselius developing moving boundary electrophoresis in the 1930s.
- The principle that charged particles migrate toward the cathode or anode depending on their charge when subjected to an electric field.
- Common supporting media like filter paper, cellulose acetate, agarose, and polyacrylamide gels that stabilize the medium and improve separation.
- Key factors that affect electrophoretic separation like pH, electric field strength, and properties of the supporting medium.
Colloids
1) Colloids have particle sizes between 1-100 nm, are heterogeneous systems that cannot be filtered or separated by centrifugation, and include sols, emulsions, and gels.
2) Sols are dispersions where the dispersed phase is a solid and the dispersion medium is a liquid. They can be lyophilic or lyophobic.
3) Emulsions are dispersions where both phases are liquids, existing as oil-in-water or water-in-oil forms. Gels have a solid dispersion medium and liquid dispersed phase.
4) Colloids exhibit unique optical, kinetic, and electrical properties due to their intermediate size, including Tyndall effect, Brownian
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- Zeta potential is the electric potential at the boundary between the double layer and bulk solution surrounding charged particles suspended in a colloidal system.
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- Zeta potential is important for predicting particle interactions and stability in colloidal systems based on DLVO theory of electrostatic repulsion and van der Waals attraction.
- Measurement techniques include electrophoresis and electroacoustic methods to determine particle mobility from which zeta potential is calculated.
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This document provides an overview of zeta potential, including:
- Zeta potential is the electric potential at the boundary between the double layer and bulk solution surrounding charged particles suspended in a colloid.
- Factors that affect zeta potential include pH, thickness of the double layer, and concentration of formulation components.
- Zeta potential is important for predicting particle interactions and stability in colloidal systems based on DLVO theory of electrostatic repulsion and van der Waals attraction.
- Measurement techniques include electrophoresis and electroacoustic methods to determine particle mobility from which zeta potential is calculated.
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Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids based on their size and charge. It works by applying an electric field to encourage migration of molecules toward the positive or negative electrode, depending on their charge. There are several types of electrophoresis that use different supporting media like agarose gel, polyacrylamide gel, paper, or capillaries to separate molecules. Factors like voltage, temperature, buffer composition affect separation efficiency during electrophoresis.
Colloids
Colloids are dispersions of particles between 1-1000 nanometers in diameter. Thomas Graham first distinguished colloids from crystalloids based on their ability to diffuse through membranes. Colloids exhibit unique optical, kinetic, and electrical properties due to their intermediate size. They scatter light, undergo Brownian motion, carry surface charges, and more. The behavior and stability of colloidal dispersions can be influenced by electrolytes, protective macromolecules, and coacervation of oppositely charged particles.
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1) Colloidal particles can be stabilized through Brownian motion if particle collisions do not result in sticking.
2) The key forces between colloidal particles include van der Waals attraction, electrostatic repulsion, steric repulsion, and solvation forces.
3) The stability of colloids is determined by factors such as salt concentration, particle charge (zeta potential), particle size, and addition of flocculating agents which can reduce zeta potential leading to aggregation.
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Capillary electrophoresis is a technique that separates molecules based on their charge and size using an electric field applied through a thin capillary tube. It works by electrophoretic flow, where ions migrate under the influence of an electric field, and electro-osmotic flow, where a buffer solution moves due to attraction of ions to the charged capillary wall. It has several advantages over gel electrophoresis, including faster analysis times, requiring only small sample volumes, and higher separation efficiency. Common applications include DNA analysis, pharmaceutical analysis, and protein characterization. However, it also faces challenges including sensitivity issues and lack of standardized methods.
Colloids
This document provides information about colloidal dispersions. It defines a colloid as a substance microscopically dispersed throughout another substance, with particle sizes between 1-1000nm. Colloids can be classified based on their physical state, nature of interactions, size, appearance, or electric charge. Key properties of colloids include Brownian motion, diffusion, sedimentation, viscosity, light scattering, and electrical behaviors like electrophoresis and electrosmosis. Colloids find applications in areas like therapy, absorption, solubility, stability, and drug targeting.
conductometry.pptx
Conductometry involves measuring the electrical conductivity of a solution. It works by applying a potential difference between electrodes in a solution, causing ion migration and electrical conductivity. Conductance is inversely proportional to resistance. Conductometric titrations monitor conductivity changes during titrations to identify the equivalence point. Advantages include simplicity, not requiring indicators, and suitability for turbid or colored solutions. Applications include water purity testing, pharmaceutical analysis, and determining salinity.
SPECTROFLUORIMETRY.pdf
1) Spectrofluorimetry involves measuring the emission of radiation from a sample as electrons undergo transitions from an excited singlet state to a ground singlet state after absorbing UV/visible radiation.
2) Samples can emit radiation through fluorescence or phosphorescence depending on whether the transition is from an excited singlet state or triplet state.
3) A double beam spectrofluorimeter uses excitation and emission monochromators to select wavelengths and a photomultiplier tube detector to measure the emitted radiation from a sample, providing a quantitative analysis of fluorescent compounds.
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This document provides information about the formulation and evaluation of pharmaceutical suspensions. It discusses the objectives of learning about physicochemical properties and coarse particles like emulsions and suspensions. Key topics covered include interfacial properties of suspended particles, theories of emulsification, stability of emulsions, and emulsion formulation. The document then focuses on suspension topics like wetting phenomena, particle-particle interactions, flocculated and deflocculated systems, sedimentation, and factors that affect suspension stability. Common excipients used in suspension formulation like suspending agents, wetting agents, surfactants, preservatives, and sweetening agents are also outlined.
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The differential movement or migration of ions by attraction or repulsion in an electric field. OR it describes migration of charged particle or molecules under the influence of electric field.
To determine number, amount and mobility of components in given sample or to separate them.
Separation of molecules of mixture on the basis of charge or size of molecule.
Capillary tube is placed between two buffer reservoir, and an electric field is applied, separation depends on electrophoretic mobility and electro-osmosis.
Electrophoretic Mobility: define as rate of migration (cm/sec) per unit field strength (V/cm).
Electrophoretic separation is measured by detector.
Electrophoretic System; consists two electrodes of opposite charge (anode, cathode) connected by a conducting medium called an electrolyte.
More efficient than gel electrophoresis.
It is also known as uncoated capillaries.
The capillary tube is made up of fused highly purified
silica (pure).
In silica, silinol group is present.
When at acidic pH (pH =3) all the silinol group are protonated.
At basic pH =9 the silinol group is completely deprotonated.
In this method, separation are carried out inside a capillary tube.
The tube in CE is typically silica, which may be coated or uncoated.
Uncoated silica lead to electroosmosis when run at neutral or basic pH due to de-protonation of silanol groups.
In “normal polarity mode”, a sample with many types of ions can be injected and they then travel in the same direction toward the negative electrode through a detector.
The gel is filled in the capillary tube which is highly purified, gel may be made up of polyacrylamide gel.
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Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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