The document discusses cognitivism, a learning theory that focuses on internal mental processes like thinking and memory. Key figures in cognitivism include Allan Paivio, Robert Gagne, Howard Gardner, and Benjamin Bloom. Cognitivism holds that learning involves associating new information with prior knowledge. For teachers, this means helping students assimilate and summarize material in their own words. For students, it means taking responsibility for their own learning through activities like answering questions.