This document provides an introduction to the COBOL programming language. It discusses the history of COBOL, including its development in 1959 and subsequent standardization efforts. It also describes some of the key features and structure of COBOL programs, including the four main divisions of Identification, Environment, Data, and Procedure. The Data Division describes data items, and the Procedure Division contains the program logic and algorithms. COBOL is well-suited for business applications and allows for readable names and detailed data descriptions.
This document provides an overview of COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language), discussing its continued relevance and use. It notes that while COBOL is over 50 years old, it still runs 70-75% of global business systems and processes over 30 billion transactions daily. Additionally, 5 billion new lines of COBOL code are added yearly, demonstrating its enduring role in powering core banking, financial, and other transactional systems. The document also outlines the basic structure and components of a COBOL program, including its identification, environment, data, and procedure divisions as well as common statements like DISPLAY, ACCEPT, MOVE, and PERFORM.
This document provides an overview of the divisions of a COBOL program. It discusses the Identification Division which identifies the program and is optional. The Environment Division describes the computer environment and has two sections - Configuration and Input-Output. The Configuration Section describes the source and target computers and special names. The Input-Output Section contains the File-Control paragraph defining files. The Data Division defines the data used by the program.
This document provides an overview of the organization of a COBOL program. It discusses the four main divisions - Identification, Environment, Data, and Procedure. It describes the sections and paragraphs within these divisions such as the File Control and I-O Control paragraphs in Environment Division and File, Working Storage, and Linkage sections in Data Division. It also covers various clauses used in Data Division like Picture, Usage, Value etc. and special level numbers. Finally, it gives examples of some common COBOL verbs used in Procedure Division.
A beginner's guide to cobol programmingNirmal Pati
This document provides an introduction and overview of the COBOL programming language. It discusses the four main divisions of a COBOL program: identification, environment, data, and procedure. The identification division provides metadata about the program. The environment division defines any external files or devices. The data division allocates memory space for data. The procedure division contains the main logic of the program broken up into paragraphs. It also provides a simple "Hello World" example program to demonstrate the basic structure of a COBOL program.
Cobol is a robust, English-like programming language used widely in enterprise applications. It turned 50 years old in 2009 and remains heavily used due to the large amount of existing Cobol code and the challenges of migrating data to new systems. Cobol uses a structured programming style with four divisions - identification, environment, data, and procedure. The data and procedure divisions declare variables and contain the program logic. Cobol supports common control structures like conditional statements and loops. Records allow grouping of related data fields.
In this presentation Skillwise provides you the Cobol Programming Basics. COBOL is primarily used in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments.
This document provides an overview of the COBOL programming language. It discusses the history and structure of COBOL, including its divisions such as identification, environment, data, and procedure. It also describes COBOL coding conventions and basics such as literals, constants, variable declaration, and data types. Key points covered include COBOL being the first language for commercial applications, its English-like syntax, and use of four program divisions.
COBOL is a computer programming language initially developed in 1959 to process business data like finance and records. It is structured hierarchically with divisions, sections, paragraphs and statements to organize code. COBOL supports numeric, alphanumeric and alphabetic data types as well as arithmetic, logical and relational operators. Expressions, branching, input/output, iterations and comments are implemented through statements, mnemonic codes and verbs like ADD, BE, PERFORM and *.
This document provides an overview of COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language), discussing its continued relevance and use. It notes that while COBOL is over 50 years old, it still runs 70-75% of global business systems and processes over 30 billion transactions daily. Additionally, 5 billion new lines of COBOL code are added yearly, demonstrating its enduring role in powering core banking, financial, and other transactional systems. The document also outlines the basic structure and components of a COBOL program, including its identification, environment, data, and procedure divisions as well as common statements like DISPLAY, ACCEPT, MOVE, and PERFORM.
This document provides an overview of the divisions of a COBOL program. It discusses the Identification Division which identifies the program and is optional. The Environment Division describes the computer environment and has two sections - Configuration and Input-Output. The Configuration Section describes the source and target computers and special names. The Input-Output Section contains the File-Control paragraph defining files. The Data Division defines the data used by the program.
This document provides an overview of the organization of a COBOL program. It discusses the four main divisions - Identification, Environment, Data, and Procedure. It describes the sections and paragraphs within these divisions such as the File Control and I-O Control paragraphs in Environment Division and File, Working Storage, and Linkage sections in Data Division. It also covers various clauses used in Data Division like Picture, Usage, Value etc. and special level numbers. Finally, it gives examples of some common COBOL verbs used in Procedure Division.
A beginner's guide to cobol programmingNirmal Pati
This document provides an introduction and overview of the COBOL programming language. It discusses the four main divisions of a COBOL program: identification, environment, data, and procedure. The identification division provides metadata about the program. The environment division defines any external files or devices. The data division allocates memory space for data. The procedure division contains the main logic of the program broken up into paragraphs. It also provides a simple "Hello World" example program to demonstrate the basic structure of a COBOL program.
Cobol is a robust, English-like programming language used widely in enterprise applications. It turned 50 years old in 2009 and remains heavily used due to the large amount of existing Cobol code and the challenges of migrating data to new systems. Cobol uses a structured programming style with four divisions - identification, environment, data, and procedure. The data and procedure divisions declare variables and contain the program logic. Cobol supports common control structures like conditional statements and loops. Records allow grouping of related data fields.
In this presentation Skillwise provides you the Cobol Programming Basics. COBOL is primarily used in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments.
This document provides an overview of the COBOL programming language. It discusses the history and structure of COBOL, including its divisions such as identification, environment, data, and procedure. It also describes COBOL coding conventions and basics such as literals, constants, variable declaration, and data types. Key points covered include COBOL being the first language for commercial applications, its English-like syntax, and use of four program divisions.
COBOL is a computer programming language initially developed in 1959 to process business data like finance and records. It is structured hierarchically with divisions, sections, paragraphs and statements to organize code. COBOL supports numeric, alphanumeric and alphabetic data types as well as arithmetic, logical and relational operators. Expressions, branching, input/output, iterations and comments are implemented through statements, mnemonic codes and verbs like ADD, BE, PERFORM and *.
COBOL programming language.
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The document provides background information on COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language). It describes how COBOL was developed in 1959 to solve business problems in an English-like manner. It also discusses the structure and organization of COBOL programs, which include four main divisions - identification, environment, data, and procedure. The divisions provide information about the program, equipment, files, data, and instructions respectively.
Introduction to COBOL Programming LanguageJessieBenson1
COBOL is a high-level programming language like C, C#, Java, Pascal, or BASIC, but it is one with a particular focus and a long history. COBOL is an acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language. It is a programming language that is mainly focused on solving a business problem.
The document discusses the structure and components of COBOL programs. It describes the four main divisions - identification, environment, data, and procedure divisions. It explains the hierarchical structure within each division using sections, paragraphs, and statements. Key components discussed include files, working storage, data declarations, and the logic within the procedure division.
When COBOL was designed, today’s tools were not available.
Programs were written on coding forms passed to punch-card operators for transfer onto punch cards and then submitted to the computer operator to be loaded into the computer using a punch-card reader.
The phases of a compiler are:
1. Lexical analysis breaks the source code into tokens
2. Syntax analysis checks the token order and builds a parse tree
3. Semantic analysis checks for type errors and builds symbol tables
4. Code generation converts the parse tree into target code
This document provides information about the CS416 Compiler Design course, including the instructor details, prerequisites, textbook, grading breakdown, course outline, and an overview of the major parts and phases of a compiler. The course will cover topics such as lexical analysis, syntax analysis using top-down and bottom-up parsing, semantic analysis using attribute grammars, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Why Should You Upgrade to Delphi 2009? You can build applications that handle global data with ease using new Unicode support throughout the IDE and VCL. And now get more insight into your database structures with data modeling and visualization in the all new Delphi Architect Edition.
Group 2 presented their project on compiler design to their lecturer. Their objectives included lexical analysis, syntax analysis, symbol tables, and parse trees. They explained that a compiler converts high-level language code to machine code while preserving the original code's purpose. They also discussed the need for compilers to allow programmers to write code independently of hardware. Their presentation covered the functions of lexical and syntax analysis, token patterns and lexemes, parse trees, and symbol tables.
The document discusses the process of compiler design, including how a compiler translates source code from a programming language into machine code by performing analysis and synthesis. It describes the main components of a compiler as the scanner, parser, semantic routines, code generator, and optimizer. Additionally, it provides definitions and examples of nondeterministic finite automata (NFA) and deterministic finite automata (DFA) which are used in lexical analysis.
The document discusses the various phases of a compiler:
1. Lexical analysis groups characters into tokens like identifiers and operators.
2. Syntax analysis parses tokens into a parse tree representing the program's grammatical structure.
3. Semantic analysis checks for semantic errors and collects type information by analyzing the parse tree.
There are two types of compiler passes: multi-pass compilers perform multiple traversals of the source code to perform different stages of compilation like scanning, parsing, semantic analysis, etc. One-pass compilers only traverse the source code once, performing all compilation stages on each line before moving to the next.
Bootstrapping is the process of using a compiler written in a language to compile itself, allowing the creation of a self-hosting compiler for that language. It involves first creating a simple bootstrap compiler for a language subset, then using that to compile a full compiler for the language which can then compile future versions.
A compiler is a program that translates a program written in one language (the source language) into an equivalent program in another language (the target language). Compilers perform several phases of analysis and translation: lexical analysis converts characters into tokens; syntax analysis groups tokens into a parse tree; semantic analysis checks for errors and collects type information; intermediate code generation produces an abstract representation; code optimization improves the intermediate code; and code generation outputs the target code. Compilers translate source code, detect errors, and produce optimized machine-readable code.
The document provides an introduction to compiler construction including:
1. The objectives of understanding how to build a compiler, use compiler construction tools, understand assembly code and virtual machines, and define grammars.
2. An overview of compilers and interpreters including the analysis-synthesis model of compilation where analysis determines operations from the source program and synthesis translates those operations into the target program.
3. An outline of the phases of compilation including preprocessing, compiling, assembling, and linking source code into absolute machine code using tools like scanners, parsers, syntax-directed translation, and code generators.
The valid data-names are:
1. Date-Of-Birth
2. -First-Name
The invalid data-names are:
2. Amount$Out (contains special character $)
3. 98-6 (begins with a digit)
4. Time out (contains a space)
5. 6 (does not contain an alphabetic character)
A data-name must:
- Be at most 30 characters
- Contain at least one alphabetic character
- Only contain alphabets, digits and hyphen
- Not begin or end with a hyphen
- Not be a COBOL reserved word
The document provides background information on COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language). It discusses that COBOL was developed in 1959 to solve business problems and be English-like and portable. It also summarizes the structure and organization of a COBOL program, including the four main divisions: identification, environment, data, and procedure. The divisions and their sections/paragraphs are described. Finally, it provides a simple "Hello World" COBOL program as an example.
Cobol performance tuning paper lessons learned - s8833 trPedro Barros
The document summarizes updates made to IBM's COBOL Performance Tuning Paper, including:
1) New compiler options like BLOCK0 and XMLPARSE that can significantly impact performance, as well as runtime options like INTERRUPT.
2) Performance improvements to COBOL code generation that have occurred over many releases, allowing code to better exploit modern hardware.
3) Specific examples where performance optimizations like dynamic CALL under CICS provided orders of magnitude faster execution versus other approaches.
This document provides an overview of the C programming language course including the course code, name, and units covered. Unit 1 covers an introduction to C including its history, importance, constants, variables, data types, input/output operations, and expressions. The document also discusses why C is widely used, facts about C, the basic structure of C programs, and the importance of C as a structured, high-level, machine-independent language suitable for both systems and business applications.
A Checklist for Migrating Big Iron Cobol ApplicationsCognizant
A guide to migrating Cobol applications from HP NonStop Tandem systems to IBM z/OS mainframes, covering commonalities and divergences, program structuring, variable declaration and keywords.
The security professional's guide to programming - Eric VanderburgEric Vanderburg
The document discusses various computer programming concepts including branching, looping, testing, documentation, C programming language fundamentals, HTML, Perl, and object-oriented programming. It explains that writing clear comments, adopting good programming practices like pseudocode, and understanding different programming paradigms are important for developing secure and maintainable code. The C programming language and scripting languages like Perl and HTML are highlighted as particularly relevant for security work.
COBOL programming language.
Watch my videos on snack here: --> --> http://sck.io/x-B1f0Iy
@ Kindly Follow my Instagram Page to discuss about your mental health problems-
-----> https://instagram.com/mentality_streak?utm_medium=copy_link
@ Appreciate my work:
-----> behance.net/burhanahmed1
Thank-you !
The document provides background information on COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language). It describes how COBOL was developed in 1959 to solve business problems in an English-like manner. It also discusses the structure and organization of COBOL programs, which include four main divisions - identification, environment, data, and procedure. The divisions provide information about the program, equipment, files, data, and instructions respectively.
Introduction to COBOL Programming LanguageJessieBenson1
COBOL is a high-level programming language like C, C#, Java, Pascal, or BASIC, but it is one with a particular focus and a long history. COBOL is an acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language. It is a programming language that is mainly focused on solving a business problem.
The document discusses the structure and components of COBOL programs. It describes the four main divisions - identification, environment, data, and procedure divisions. It explains the hierarchical structure within each division using sections, paragraphs, and statements. Key components discussed include files, working storage, data declarations, and the logic within the procedure division.
When COBOL was designed, today’s tools were not available.
Programs were written on coding forms passed to punch-card operators for transfer onto punch cards and then submitted to the computer operator to be loaded into the computer using a punch-card reader.
The phases of a compiler are:
1. Lexical analysis breaks the source code into tokens
2. Syntax analysis checks the token order and builds a parse tree
3. Semantic analysis checks for type errors and builds symbol tables
4. Code generation converts the parse tree into target code
This document provides information about the CS416 Compiler Design course, including the instructor details, prerequisites, textbook, grading breakdown, course outline, and an overview of the major parts and phases of a compiler. The course will cover topics such as lexical analysis, syntax analysis using top-down and bottom-up parsing, semantic analysis using attribute grammars, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Why Should You Upgrade to Delphi 2009? You can build applications that handle global data with ease using new Unicode support throughout the IDE and VCL. And now get more insight into your database structures with data modeling and visualization in the all new Delphi Architect Edition.
Group 2 presented their project on compiler design to their lecturer. Their objectives included lexical analysis, syntax analysis, symbol tables, and parse trees. They explained that a compiler converts high-level language code to machine code while preserving the original code's purpose. They also discussed the need for compilers to allow programmers to write code independently of hardware. Their presentation covered the functions of lexical and syntax analysis, token patterns and lexemes, parse trees, and symbol tables.
The document discusses the process of compiler design, including how a compiler translates source code from a programming language into machine code by performing analysis and synthesis. It describes the main components of a compiler as the scanner, parser, semantic routines, code generator, and optimizer. Additionally, it provides definitions and examples of nondeterministic finite automata (NFA) and deterministic finite automata (DFA) which are used in lexical analysis.
The document discusses the various phases of a compiler:
1. Lexical analysis groups characters into tokens like identifiers and operators.
2. Syntax analysis parses tokens into a parse tree representing the program's grammatical structure.
3. Semantic analysis checks for semantic errors and collects type information by analyzing the parse tree.
There are two types of compiler passes: multi-pass compilers perform multiple traversals of the source code to perform different stages of compilation like scanning, parsing, semantic analysis, etc. One-pass compilers only traverse the source code once, performing all compilation stages on each line before moving to the next.
Bootstrapping is the process of using a compiler written in a language to compile itself, allowing the creation of a self-hosting compiler for that language. It involves first creating a simple bootstrap compiler for a language subset, then using that to compile a full compiler for the language which can then compile future versions.
A compiler is a program that translates a program written in one language (the source language) into an equivalent program in another language (the target language). Compilers perform several phases of analysis and translation: lexical analysis converts characters into tokens; syntax analysis groups tokens into a parse tree; semantic analysis checks for errors and collects type information; intermediate code generation produces an abstract representation; code optimization improves the intermediate code; and code generation outputs the target code. Compilers translate source code, detect errors, and produce optimized machine-readable code.
The document provides an introduction to compiler construction including:
1. The objectives of understanding how to build a compiler, use compiler construction tools, understand assembly code and virtual machines, and define grammars.
2. An overview of compilers and interpreters including the analysis-synthesis model of compilation where analysis determines operations from the source program and synthesis translates those operations into the target program.
3. An outline of the phases of compilation including preprocessing, compiling, assembling, and linking source code into absolute machine code using tools like scanners, parsers, syntax-directed translation, and code generators.
The valid data-names are:
1. Date-Of-Birth
2. -First-Name
The invalid data-names are:
2. Amount$Out (contains special character $)
3. 98-6 (begins with a digit)
4. Time out (contains a space)
5. 6 (does not contain an alphabetic character)
A data-name must:
- Be at most 30 characters
- Contain at least one alphabetic character
- Only contain alphabets, digits and hyphen
- Not begin or end with a hyphen
- Not be a COBOL reserved word
The document provides background information on COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language). It discusses that COBOL was developed in 1959 to solve business problems and be English-like and portable. It also summarizes the structure and organization of a COBOL program, including the four main divisions: identification, environment, data, and procedure. The divisions and their sections/paragraphs are described. Finally, it provides a simple "Hello World" COBOL program as an example.
Cobol performance tuning paper lessons learned - s8833 trPedro Barros
The document summarizes updates made to IBM's COBOL Performance Tuning Paper, including:
1) New compiler options like BLOCK0 and XMLPARSE that can significantly impact performance, as well as runtime options like INTERRUPT.
2) Performance improvements to COBOL code generation that have occurred over many releases, allowing code to better exploit modern hardware.
3) Specific examples where performance optimizations like dynamic CALL under CICS provided orders of magnitude faster execution versus other approaches.
This document provides an overview of the C programming language course including the course code, name, and units covered. Unit 1 covers an introduction to C including its history, importance, constants, variables, data types, input/output operations, and expressions. The document also discusses why C is widely used, facts about C, the basic structure of C programs, and the importance of C as a structured, high-level, machine-independent language suitable for both systems and business applications.
A Checklist for Migrating Big Iron Cobol ApplicationsCognizant
A guide to migrating Cobol applications from HP NonStop Tandem systems to IBM z/OS mainframes, covering commonalities and divergences, program structuring, variable declaration and keywords.
The security professional's guide to programming - Eric VanderburgEric Vanderburg
The document discusses various computer programming concepts including branching, looping, testing, documentation, C programming language fundamentals, HTML, Perl, and object-oriented programming. It explains that writing clear comments, adopting good programming practices like pseudocode, and understanding different programming paradigms are important for developing secure and maintainable code. The C programming language and scripting languages like Perl and HTML are highlighted as particularly relevant for security work.
This document introduces C programming and provides an overview of programming languages. It discusses that programming languages can be categorized into machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages. C programming is then introduced, including that it was developed in 1970, standardized in 1989, and used to develop UNIX. The basic structure of a C program is outlined including the documentation, link, definition, main, and subprogram sections.
C is a general-purpose programming language developed in the 1970s. It combines high-level language features with low-level language efficiency and flexibility. C programs are portable, meaning they can run on many different computer systems. C laid the foundation for many other popular languages by providing core functionality like functions, arrays, structures, and pointers in a simple syntax that is efficient for systems programming tasks.
The document discusses assembly language programming and tools used in the assembly language development process. It provides information on assembly language instructions like LOOP, HLT, WAIT, ESC, and NOP. It also discusses assembler directives such as ASSUME, DB, DW, DD, DQ, DT, END, ENDP, ENDM, ENDS, EQU, EVEN, INCLUDE, MACRO and their usage. Additionally, it covers machine language, assembly language, high-level languages and advantages/disadvantages of each. Finally, it lists common assembly language development tools like editors, assemblers, linkers, locators, loaders and debuggers.
This document discusses the evolution of programming languages from machine languages (1GL) to natural languages (5GL). It begins by defining a programming language as a formal notation system that describes computation in a readable and machine-readable form. It then categorizes generations of programming languages based on their level of abstraction, from low-level machine codes (1GL) to high-level languages (3GL) to domain-specific languages (DSL). The document provides examples and characteristics of languages from each generation.
C is a general-purpose programming language developed in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs. It evolved from an earlier language called B and incorporated features from languages like ALGOL and BCPL. C is a procedural language that is highly portable and supports structured programming. It remains widely used today for developing system software like operating systems and as a common language for writing applications on many platforms.
This lecture covers creating and structuring C# projects and applications in Visual Studio 2010. It discusses creating solutions and projects, the structure of a C# application including namespaces and classes, writing and running code, using variables and data types, commenting code, and debugging applications using breakpoints, stepping through code, and inspecting variables. The lecture emphasizes the importance of commenting code for future understanding and maintenance.
C was developed in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs. It was created based on earlier languages like ALGOL and BCPL and was strongly integrated with the UNIX operating system. In 1983, the ANSI committee standardized C, creating ANSI C, and in 1990 the ISO standardized C, creating ANSI/ISO C. C is an important systems programming language due to its efficiency, portability, and ability to interface with assembly language. A basic C program structure includes header files, a main function, and statements between curly braces.
This document discusses the history and evolution of the C programming language from its origins in the 1970s through the development of the ANSI C standard in 1989. It covers key topics including the original K&R C style, the standardization of C by ANSI and ISO in 1989, differences between older K&R C and ANSI C, new features introduced in C99, and the importance of understanding older C styles when maintaining legacy code.
1. FORTRAN was influential for science and engineering, COBOL for business data processing, LISP for logic and AI, and BASIC as a simple language.
2. Programming languages have code/source code, syntax, output, and a console. Compiling translates source code into machine code, while interpreting runs source code directly.
3. C was developed in 1973 for UNIX and is now widely used. It has a simple core and uses pointers for low-level memory access. Python allows multiple paradigms and uses dynamic typing and garbage collection.
IBM's latest COBOL offerings, Enterprise COBOL for z/OS V6.1 and Automatic Binary Optimizer for z/OS V1.1, provide improved performance, scalability, and new features to modernize business critical COBOL applications. Enterprise COBOL V6.1 enhances scalability to compile and optimize very large COBOL programs and delivers release-to-release performance improvements of up to 5% through full support for the latest z13 and z13S hardware. The Automatic Binary Optimizer provides optimization of existing COBOL binaries without requiring source changes. Migrating from older compilers requires more work than previous migrations due to changes in system setup and syntax.
Modular programming involves breaking large programs into smaller modules or blocks. Each module performs a single, well-defined task and has defined inputs and outputs. Modules can be reused across multiple programs, making programs easier to debug. Languages like Modula-2 were designed to support modular programming, which later evolved into object-oriented programming. The document then discusses the basic attributes and control relationships of modular programming, as well as module design requirements and types of communication between modules.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
2. COBOL歷史
• In an attempt to overcome the problem of
incompatibility between different versions of
COBOL, the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) developed a standard form of
the language in 1968. This version was known
as ANSI COBOL.
• COBOL is self-documenting
3
COBOL歷史
• In 1974, ANSI published a revised version of
ANSI COBOL, containing a number of features
that were not in the 1968 version. In 1985,
ANSI published still another revised version
that had new features not in the 1974 standard.
4
2
3. COBOL歷史
• The language continues to evolve today.
Object-oriented COBOL is a subset of COBOL
97, which is the fourth edition in the continuing
evolution of ANSI/ISO standard COBOL.
• COBOL 97 includes conventional
improvements as well as object-oriented
features. Like the C++ programming language,
object-oriented COBOL compilers are available
even as the language moves toward
standardization.
5
COBOL語言特性
• The first language that automated business
• Allows names to be truly connotative permits both long names (up to 30 characters)
and word-connector characters (dashes)
• Every variable is defined in detail - this
includes number of decimal digits and the
location of the implied decimal point
• File records are also described with great
detail, as are lines to be output to a printer ideal for printing accounting reports
6
3
4. COBOL語言特性
• Offers object, visual programming
environments
• Class Libraries
• Rapid Application Capabilities
• Integration with the World Wide Web
7
COBOL語言特性
• The hierarchy consists of Divisions, Sections,
Paragraphs, Sentences and Statements.
• A Division may contain one or more Sections, a
Section one or more Paragraphs, a Paragraph
one or more Sentences and a Sentence one or
more Statements
8
4
5. COBOL語言特性
9
COBOL語言特性
• The actual program text starts in column 8.
The four positions from 8 to 11 are known as
Area A, and positions from 12 to 72 are Area
B.
• Although many COBOL compilers ignore
some of these formatting restrictions, most
still retain the distinction between Area A
and Area B.
10
5
6. COBOL語言特性
• When a COBOL compiler recognizes the two
areas, all division names, section names,
paragraph names, FD entries and 01 level
numbers must start in Area A. All other
sentences must start in Area B.
• Divisions
A division is a block of code, usually containing
one or more sections, that starts where the
division name is encountered and ends with the
beginning of the next division or with the end of
the program text.
11
COBOL語言特性
• Sections
A section is a block of code usually containing
one or more paragraphs. A section begins with
the section name and ends where the next
section name is encountered or where the
program text ends.
• Section names are devised by the programmer,
or defined by the language. A section name is
followed by the word SECTION and a period.
SelectUnpaidBills SECTION.
FILE SECTION.
12
6
7. COBOL語言特性
• Paragraphs
A paragraph is a block of code made up of one
or more sentences. A paragraph begins with the
paragraph name and ends with the next
paragraph or section name or the end of the
program text.
• A paragraph name is devised by the
programmer or defined by the language, and is
followed by a period.
PrintFinalTotals.
PROGRAM-ID.
13
COBOL語言特性
• Sentences and statements
A sentence consists of one or more statements
and is terminated by a period.
For example:
MOVE .21 TO VatRate
MOVE 1235.76 TO ProductCost
COMPUTE VatAmount = ProductCost *
VatRate.
SUBTRACT Tax FROM GrossPay GIVING
NetPay
14
7
8. COBOL之4大DIVISION
• IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
Contains program information
• ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
Contains environment information
• DATA DIVISION.
Contains data descriptions
• PROCEDURE DIVISION.
Contains the program algorithms
15
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION
• Supplies information about the program to the
programmer and the compiler. Most entries in
the IDENTIFICATION DIVISION are
directed at the programmer. The compiler
treats them as comments.
16
8
9. IDENTIFICATION DIVISION
• The PROGRAM-ID clause is an exception to this rule.
Every COBOL program must have a PROGRAM-ID
because the name specified after this clause is used by
the linker when linking a number of subprograms into
one run unit, and by the CALL statement when
transferring control to a subprogram.
• The IDENTIFICATION DIVISION has the
following structure:
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION
PROGRAM-ID. NameOfProgram.
[AUTHOR. YourName.]
other entries here
17
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
• Describe the environment in which the program will
run. The purpose of the ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
is to isolate in one place all aspects of the program
that are dependant upon a specific computer, device
or encoding sequence.
• The idea behind this is to make it easy to change the
program when it has to run on a different computer or
one with different peripheral devices.
• In the ENVIRONMENT DIVISION, aliases are
assigned to external devices, files or command
sequences. Other environment details, such as the
collating sequence, the currency symbol and the
decimal point symbol may also be defined here.
18
9
10. DATA DIVISION
• Provides descriptions of the data-items
processed by the program.
• The DATA DIVISION has two main sections:
the FILE SECTION and the WORKINGSTORAGE SECTION. Additional sections,
such as the LINKAGE SECTION (used in
subprograms) and the REPORT SECTION
(used in Report Writer based programs) may
also be required.
19
DATA DIVISION
• The FILE SECTION is used to describe most
of the data that is sent to, or comes from, the
computer's peripherals.
• The WORKING-STORAGE SECTION is
used to describe the general variables used in
the program.
20
10
11. DATA DIVISION
21
COBOL變數宣告
• All user-defined names, such as data names,
paragraph names, section names condition
names and mnemonic names, must adhere to the
following rules:
• They must contain at least one character, but not
more than 30 characters.
• They must contain at least one alphabetic
character.
22
11
12. COBOL變數宣告
• They must not begin or end with a hyphen.
• They must be constructed from the characters A
to Z, the numbers 0 to 9, and the hyphen.
• They must not contain spaces.
• Names are not case-sensitive: TotalPay is the
same as totalpay, Totalpay or TOTALPAY.
23
DATA DIVISION - Sample
• IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. SequenceProgram.
AUTHOR. Michael Coughlan.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 Num1 PIC 9 VALUE ZEROS.
01 Num2 PIC 9 VALUE ZEROS.
01 Result PIC 99 VALUE ZEROS.
24
12
13. PROCEDURE DIVISION
• Contains the code used to manipulate the data
described in the DATA DIVISION. It is here that the
programmer describes his algorithm.
• The PROCEDURE DIVISION is hierarchical in
structure and consists of sections, paragraphs,
sentences and statements.
• Only the section is optional. There must be at least
one paragraph, sentence and statement in the
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
• Paragraph and section names in the PROCEDURE
DIVISION are chosen by the programmer and must
conform to the rules for user-defined names.
25
PROCEDURE DIVISION - Sample
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. SequenceProgram.
AUTHOR. Michael Coughlan.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 Num1 PIC 9 VALUE ZEROS.
01 Num2 PIC 9 VALUE ZEROS.
01 Result PIC 99 VALUE ZEROS.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
CalculateResult.
ACCEPT Num1.
ACCEPT Num2.
MULTIPLY Num1 BY Num2 GIVING Result.
DISPLAY "Result is = ", Result.
STOP RUN.
26
13
15. Program Statements
• Num1乘以 Num2 結果放於 Result
MULTIPLY Num1 BY Num2 GIVING Result.
• 顯示Result於螢幕
DISPLAY "Result is = ", Result.
29
COBOL syntax
• Words in uppercase are reserved words. When
underlined they are mandatory. When not
underlined they are "noise" words, used for
readability only, and are optional. Because
COBOL statements are supposed to read like
English sentences there are a lot of these
"noise" words.
• Words in mixed case represent names that
must be devised by the programmer (like data
item names).
30
15
16. COBOL syntax
• When material is enclosed in curly braces { },
a choice must be made from the options within
the braces. If there is only one option then that
item in mandatory.
• Material enclosed in square brackets [ ],
indicates that the material is optional, and may
be included or omitted as required.
31
COBOL syntax
• In COBOL, evaluating an arithmetic
expression and assigning the result to a data
item is achieved by means of the COMPUTE
statement. The syntax diagram for the
COMPUTE is shown below.
32
16
17. COBOL開關檔
• 開檔
OPEN INPUT IN-FILE OUTPUT OUT-FILE.
• 讀檔
READ IN-FILE AT END MOVE "Y" TO EOF.
• 關檔
CLOSE IN-FILE OUT-FILE.
33
資料檔輸入螢幕輸出SIN.dat
0104A018550
0104A018580
0104A018595
0104A026580
0104A026545
0105A018555
0105A018580
0105A026590
0105A028590
0201A018580
0202A026576
0203A026569
0203A026540
0204A026590
0204A036890
0205A036790
0205A045690
0205A056710
0205A057820
34
17
19. COBOL讀檔不只一筆資料
• PERFORM 200-MAIN-RTN UNTIL EOF = "Y".
• 語法:
PERFORM 段名 ?? TIMES
PERFORM 段名1 THROUGH 段名2 ?? TIMES
PERFORM 段名1 VARING 變數 FROM ??
BY ?? UNTIL 變數 > ??
37
19