This document discusses the application of carbon nanotubes in fuel cells to improve performance and lower costs. It first provides background on fuel cells and their advantages over conventional power generation methods. It then discusses how polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) like proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) have attracted attention but are limited by high costs. Carbon nanotubes can be incorporated into fuel cell components to address these limitations. Specifically, carbon nanotubes added to proton exchange membranes can increase strength and durability while maintaining proton conductivity. Carbon nanotubes are also effective catalyst supports and can reinforce bipolar plates, improving electrical conductivity.
Fuel cells, as devices for direct conversion of the chemical energy of a fuel into
electricity by electrochemical reactions, are among the key enabling technologies for the transition
to a hydrogen-based economy. Among the various types of fuel cells, polymer electrolyte
membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are considered to be at the forefront for commercialization for
portable and transportation applications because of their high energy conversion efficiency and low
pollutant emission. Cost and durability of PEMFCs are the two major challenges that need to be
addressed to facilitate their commercialization. The properties of the membrane electrode assembly
(MEA) have a direct impact on both cost and durability of a PEMFC.
An overview is presented on the key components of the PEMFC MEA. The success of the MEA
and thereby PEMFC technology is believed to depend largely on two key materials: the membrane
and the electro-catalyst. These two key materials are directly linked to the major challenges faced in
PEMFC, namely, the performance, and cost. Concerted efforts are conducted globally for the past
couple of decades to address these challenges. This chapter aims to provide the reader an overview
of the major research findings to date on the key components of a PEMFC MEA.
ww.scientific.net/MSF.657.143
All
Maiyalagan, Components of pem fuel cells an overviewkutty79
Fuel cells, as devices for direct conversion of the chemical energy of a fuel into
electricity by electrochemical reactions, are among the key enabling technologies for the transition
to a hydrogen-based economy. Among the various types of fuel cells, polymer electrolyte
membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are considered to be at the forefront for commercialization for
portable and transportation applications because of their high energy conversion efficiency and low
pollutant emission. Cost and durability of PEMFCs are the two major challenges that need to be
addressed to facilitate their commercialization. The properties of the membrane electrode assembly
(MEA) have a direct impact on both cost and durability of a PEMFC.
An overview is presented on the key components of the PEMFC MEA. The success of the MEA
and thereby PEMFC technology is believed to depend largely on two key materials: the membrane
and the electro-catalyst. These two key materials are directly linked to the major challenges faced in
PEMFC, namely, the performance, and cost. Concerted efforts are conducted globally for the past
couple of decades to address these challenges. This chapter aims to provide the reader an overview
of the major research findings to date on the key components of a PEMFC MEA.
STUDY OF 1.26 KW – 24 VDC PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL’S (PEMFC’S) PARA...ecij
The eternally intensifying exigency for electrical energy and the mount in the electricity expenditures due to the recent transience of the oil charges over and above to the desensitizing of the air standard resulting from the ejections of the obtaining energy transmutation devices have amplified exploration into substitute renewable proveniences of electrical energy. In today, there are six antithetical types of fuel cell
technologies attainable – molten carbonate fuel cells; phosphoric acid fuel cells; solid oxide fuel cells; alkaline fuel cells; polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and direct methanol-air fuel cells. Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells – also known proton exchange membrane fuel cells, which are one of the uncomplicated types of fuel cell. PEMFC’s output power is unpredicted on nonlinearly on its output voltage and current. The output current of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack relies on the load located on that particular stack. This paper presents a 1.26 kW -24 Vdc PEMFC system and DC – DC boost converter topology used in 1.26 kW PEM fuel cell to fortify that the zenith obtainable output power
from a PEM membrane fuel cell is distributed to a load during a power outage bridging the start-up time and to optimize the health of the fuel cell membrane stack. A 1.26 kW – 24 Vdc PEMFC system is considered in this study as well as investigate how the output behaves.
STUDY OF 1.26 KW – 24 VDC PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL’S (PEMFC’S) PARA...ecij
The eternally intensifying exigency for electrical energy and the mount in the electricity expenditures due
to the recent transience of the oil charges over and above to the desensitizing of the air standard resulting
from the ejections of the obtaining energy transmutation devices have amplified exploration into substitute
renewable proveniences of electrical energy. In today, there are six antithetical types of fuel cell
technologies attainable – molten carbonate fuel cells; phosphoric acid fuel cells; solid oxide fuel cells;
alkaline fuel cells; polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and direct methanol-air fuel cells. Polymer
electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells – also known proton exchange membrane fuel cells, which are one
of the uncomplicated types of fuel cell. PEMFC’s output power is unpredicted on nonlinearly on its output
voltage and current. The output current of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack relies on the load
located on that particular stack. This paper presents a 1.26 kW -24 Vdc PEMFC system and DC – DC
boost converter topology used in 1.26 kW PEM fuel cell to fortify that the zenith obtainable output power
from a PEM membrane fuel cell is distributed to a load during a power outage bridging the start-up time
and to optimize the health of the fuel cell membrane stack. A 1.26 kW – 24 Vdc PEMFC system is
considered in this study as well as investigate how the output behaves.
Fuel cells, as devices for direct conversion of the chemical energy of a fuel into
electricity by electrochemical reactions, are among the key enabling technologies for the transition
to a hydrogen-based economy. Among the various types of fuel cells, polymer electrolyte
membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are considered to be at the forefront for commercialization for
portable and transportation applications because of their high energy conversion efficiency and low
pollutant emission. Cost and durability of PEMFCs are the two major challenges that need to be
addressed to facilitate their commercialization. The properties of the membrane electrode assembly
(MEA) have a direct impact on both cost and durability of a PEMFC.
An overview is presented on the key components of the PEMFC MEA. The success of the MEA
and thereby PEMFC technology is believed to depend largely on two key materials: the membrane
and the electro-catalyst. These two key materials are directly linked to the major challenges faced in
PEMFC, namely, the performance, and cost. Concerted efforts are conducted globally for the past
couple of decades to address these challenges. This chapter aims to provide the reader an overview
of the major research findings to date on the key components of a PEMFC MEA.
ww.scientific.net/MSF.657.143
All
Maiyalagan, Components of pem fuel cells an overviewkutty79
Fuel cells, as devices for direct conversion of the chemical energy of a fuel into
electricity by electrochemical reactions, are among the key enabling technologies for the transition
to a hydrogen-based economy. Among the various types of fuel cells, polymer electrolyte
membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are considered to be at the forefront for commercialization for
portable and transportation applications because of their high energy conversion efficiency and low
pollutant emission. Cost and durability of PEMFCs are the two major challenges that need to be
addressed to facilitate their commercialization. The properties of the membrane electrode assembly
(MEA) have a direct impact on both cost and durability of a PEMFC.
An overview is presented on the key components of the PEMFC MEA. The success of the MEA
and thereby PEMFC technology is believed to depend largely on two key materials: the membrane
and the electro-catalyst. These two key materials are directly linked to the major challenges faced in
PEMFC, namely, the performance, and cost. Concerted efforts are conducted globally for the past
couple of decades to address these challenges. This chapter aims to provide the reader an overview
of the major research findings to date on the key components of a PEMFC MEA.
STUDY OF 1.26 KW – 24 VDC PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL’S (PEMFC’S) PARA...ecij
The eternally intensifying exigency for electrical energy and the mount in the electricity expenditures due to the recent transience of the oil charges over and above to the desensitizing of the air standard resulting from the ejections of the obtaining energy transmutation devices have amplified exploration into substitute renewable proveniences of electrical energy. In today, there are six antithetical types of fuel cell
technologies attainable – molten carbonate fuel cells; phosphoric acid fuel cells; solid oxide fuel cells; alkaline fuel cells; polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and direct methanol-air fuel cells. Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells – also known proton exchange membrane fuel cells, which are one of the uncomplicated types of fuel cell. PEMFC’s output power is unpredicted on nonlinearly on its output voltage and current. The output current of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack relies on the load located on that particular stack. This paper presents a 1.26 kW -24 Vdc PEMFC system and DC – DC boost converter topology used in 1.26 kW PEM fuel cell to fortify that the zenith obtainable output power
from a PEM membrane fuel cell is distributed to a load during a power outage bridging the start-up time and to optimize the health of the fuel cell membrane stack. A 1.26 kW – 24 Vdc PEMFC system is considered in this study as well as investigate how the output behaves.
STUDY OF 1.26 KW – 24 VDC PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL’S (PEMFC’S) PARA...ecij
The eternally intensifying exigency for electrical energy and the mount in the electricity expenditures due
to the recent transience of the oil charges over and above to the desensitizing of the air standard resulting
from the ejections of the obtaining energy transmutation devices have amplified exploration into substitute
renewable proveniences of electrical energy. In today, there are six antithetical types of fuel cell
technologies attainable – molten carbonate fuel cells; phosphoric acid fuel cells; solid oxide fuel cells;
alkaline fuel cells; polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and direct methanol-air fuel cells. Polymer
electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells – also known proton exchange membrane fuel cells, which are one
of the uncomplicated types of fuel cell. PEMFC’s output power is unpredicted on nonlinearly on its output
voltage and current. The output current of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack relies on the load
located on that particular stack. This paper presents a 1.26 kW -24 Vdc PEMFC system and DC – DC
boost converter topology used in 1.26 kW PEM fuel cell to fortify that the zenith obtainable output power
from a PEM membrane fuel cell is distributed to a load during a power outage bridging the start-up time
and to optimize the health of the fuel cell membrane stack. A 1.26 kW – 24 Vdc PEMFC system is
considered in this study as well as investigate how the output behaves.
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Design and Dynamic Modeling in MATLABIJERA Editor
The alternatives to combustion engines in future will be fuel cells. The dynamic behavior of fuel cells for changing load conditions show poor voltage regulation. For improving the voltage regulation of PEM fuel cell, efficient control system should be designed. If the dynamic behavior of the fuel cell is known, the cost in designing the control system is greatly reduced .The behavior of the fuel cell for various load conditions and for changing pressure and temperature can be found by dynamically modeling the proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
Cost Reduction of Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell by Changing Composition of Ethanol...ijsrd.com
global demand for electrical power is on the rise, while tolerance for pollution and potentially hazardous forms of power generation is on the decline. Traditional forms of power generation - primarily made up of centralized fossil fuel plants - are becoming less favored due to the lack of clean, distributed power generation technologies. The need is well recognized for clean, safe and reliable forms of energy that can provide prescribed levels of power consistently, and on demand. Most forms of non - combustion electric power generation have limitations that impact wide spread use of technology, especially as a power source of electrical power (i.e. baseload power). Fuel cell technology on other hand has advanced to the point where it is viable challenger to combustion - based plants for growing numbers of baseload power application. If the cost is reduced by changing its material, this will be added an advantage to the large production of direct ethanol fuel cell production.
A proton-exchange membrane fuel cell and ultra-capacitor system model for sta...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Energy consumption by sector in Malaysia is rising significantly, especially for residential and commercial sectors, and is expected to continue to increase in the upcoming years. The existing power generated from a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system may be insufficient to sustain peak load demands during peak periods in stationary residential applications. The presence of an ultra-capacitor (UC) bank would be beneficial as a support as it can supply a large burst of power. The integration of PEMFC and UC has the potential to provide an effective way to supply power demands, has better energy efficiency, and is also economically friendly. In this research, we demonstrate a proposed combined PEMFC and UC bank that operates in parallel. A novel design methodology and dynamic model for both PEMFC and UC systems as energy sources have been developed for stand-alone residential applications. The simulation results are shown in Matlab Simulink. These results are based on mathematical and dynamic models of the system being shown.
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) are promising contender as the next generation energy source because of their striking features including high energy density, low operating temperature, easy scale up and zero environmental pollution.
Fuel Cell System and Their Technologies A Reviewijtsrd
Renewable energy generation is quickly rising in the power sector industry and extensively used for two groups grid connected and standalone system. This paper gives the insights about fuel cell process and application of many power electronics systems. The fuel cell voltage drops bit by bit with increase in current because of losses related with fuel cell. It is difficult to control large rated fuel cell based power system without regulating tool. The issue associated with fuel based structural planning and the arrangements are extensively examined for all sorts of applications. In order to increase the reliability of fuel cell based power system, the combination of energy storage system and advanced research methods are focused in this paper. The control algorithms of power architecture for the couple of well-known applications are discussed. Rameez Hassan Pala "Fuel Cell System and Their Technologies: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20316.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/20316/fuel-cell-system-and-their-technologies-a-review/rameez-hassan-pala
Designing Controller for Joined Dynamic Nonlinear PEMFC and Buck Converter Sy...IJPEDS-IAES
Designing controller for a class of dynamical nonlinear model for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is discussed in this paper inwhich the PEMFC system is used for powering a Notebook PC (Processing Computer). The power requirement of a Notebook PC varies significantly under different operational conditions. The proposed feedback controller is applied for the buck dc/dc converter to stabilize the load voltage at a desirable level under various operational conditions. The simulation results show the promising performance of the proposed controller at the different operating conditions.
This was for my college seminar. This will tell you all about different kinds of fuel cells, their advantages, limitations and applications. Hope this was informative.
Experimental study on transient response of fuel celljournalBEEI
This research work discusses a control strategy to enhance the transient response of the fuel cell and boost the real and reactive power flow from grid connected to fuel cell. The current output of the fuel cell depends on the availability of hydrogen in the fuel cell stack, a battery bank is implemented to supply the transient current and to prevent it from hydrogen saturation. The battery should only supply when there is a transient. During steady state the total power is produced by the fuel cell by regulating its hydrogen input. A prototype of the system will be created to study a control scheme which regulates the current from an input source and a battery which is connected to a dc motor. The control philosophy is based on d-q transformation and subsequently generating a reference signal that is tracked by an IGBT based inverter. The speed of the motor is controlled using pulse with modulation. The dynamic modeling of the standalone fuel cell that is connected to a dc motor is carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. The simulation results show that the control scheme works well, although the dynamic response of the system can be improved. The testing carried on the prototype proves that the concept works well, but a hydrogen control scheme should be developed to improve the efficiency of the control scheme.
In this presentation, basics of solar cells, what is piezoelectricity and its application, followed by basics of thermoelectricity and its application would be discussed.
Zone melting is a key technique for single crystal growth fabrication. Zone melting is a group of techniques used to purify an element or compound and control its composition. This presentation will discuss the basics of the zone melting technique and with help of 2-3 research papers, the examples of zone melting would be explained. Single crystal growth is a quite useful technique used in various applications in the field of metallurgy as well as nanomaterials synthesis. The technique is used for the removal of unwanted impurities from the material, control the discontinuities in impurity distribution, and also maintaining uniform doping of the impurity in the material.
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Design and Dynamic Modeling in MATLABIJERA Editor
The alternatives to combustion engines in future will be fuel cells. The dynamic behavior of fuel cells for changing load conditions show poor voltage regulation. For improving the voltage regulation of PEM fuel cell, efficient control system should be designed. If the dynamic behavior of the fuel cell is known, the cost in designing the control system is greatly reduced .The behavior of the fuel cell for various load conditions and for changing pressure and temperature can be found by dynamically modeling the proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
Cost Reduction of Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell by Changing Composition of Ethanol...ijsrd.com
global demand for electrical power is on the rise, while tolerance for pollution and potentially hazardous forms of power generation is on the decline. Traditional forms of power generation - primarily made up of centralized fossil fuel plants - are becoming less favored due to the lack of clean, distributed power generation technologies. The need is well recognized for clean, safe and reliable forms of energy that can provide prescribed levels of power consistently, and on demand. Most forms of non - combustion electric power generation have limitations that impact wide spread use of technology, especially as a power source of electrical power (i.e. baseload power). Fuel cell technology on other hand has advanced to the point where it is viable challenger to combustion - based plants for growing numbers of baseload power application. If the cost is reduced by changing its material, this will be added an advantage to the large production of direct ethanol fuel cell production.
A proton-exchange membrane fuel cell and ultra-capacitor system model for sta...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Energy consumption by sector in Malaysia is rising significantly, especially for residential and commercial sectors, and is expected to continue to increase in the upcoming years. The existing power generated from a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system may be insufficient to sustain peak load demands during peak periods in stationary residential applications. The presence of an ultra-capacitor (UC) bank would be beneficial as a support as it can supply a large burst of power. The integration of PEMFC and UC has the potential to provide an effective way to supply power demands, has better energy efficiency, and is also economically friendly. In this research, we demonstrate a proposed combined PEMFC and UC bank that operates in parallel. A novel design methodology and dynamic model for both PEMFC and UC systems as energy sources have been developed for stand-alone residential applications. The simulation results are shown in Matlab Simulink. These results are based on mathematical and dynamic models of the system being shown.
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) are promising contender as the next generation energy source because of their striking features including high energy density, low operating temperature, easy scale up and zero environmental pollution.
Fuel Cell System and Their Technologies A Reviewijtsrd
Renewable energy generation is quickly rising in the power sector industry and extensively used for two groups grid connected and standalone system. This paper gives the insights about fuel cell process and application of many power electronics systems. The fuel cell voltage drops bit by bit with increase in current because of losses related with fuel cell. It is difficult to control large rated fuel cell based power system without regulating tool. The issue associated with fuel based structural planning and the arrangements are extensively examined for all sorts of applications. In order to increase the reliability of fuel cell based power system, the combination of energy storage system and advanced research methods are focused in this paper. The control algorithms of power architecture for the couple of well-known applications are discussed. Rameez Hassan Pala "Fuel Cell System and Their Technologies: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20316.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/20316/fuel-cell-system-and-their-technologies-a-review/rameez-hassan-pala
Designing Controller for Joined Dynamic Nonlinear PEMFC and Buck Converter Sy...IJPEDS-IAES
Designing controller for a class of dynamical nonlinear model for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is discussed in this paper inwhich the PEMFC system is used for powering a Notebook PC (Processing Computer). The power requirement of a Notebook PC varies significantly under different operational conditions. The proposed feedback controller is applied for the buck dc/dc converter to stabilize the load voltage at a desirable level under various operational conditions. The simulation results show the promising performance of the proposed controller at the different operating conditions.
This was for my college seminar. This will tell you all about different kinds of fuel cells, their advantages, limitations and applications. Hope this was informative.
Experimental study on transient response of fuel celljournalBEEI
This research work discusses a control strategy to enhance the transient response of the fuel cell and boost the real and reactive power flow from grid connected to fuel cell. The current output of the fuel cell depends on the availability of hydrogen in the fuel cell stack, a battery bank is implemented to supply the transient current and to prevent it from hydrogen saturation. The battery should only supply when there is a transient. During steady state the total power is produced by the fuel cell by regulating its hydrogen input. A prototype of the system will be created to study a control scheme which regulates the current from an input source and a battery which is connected to a dc motor. The control philosophy is based on d-q transformation and subsequently generating a reference signal that is tracked by an IGBT based inverter. The speed of the motor is controlled using pulse with modulation. The dynamic modeling of the standalone fuel cell that is connected to a dc motor is carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. The simulation results show that the control scheme works well, although the dynamic response of the system can be improved. The testing carried on the prototype proves that the concept works well, but a hydrogen control scheme should be developed to improve the efficiency of the control scheme.
In this presentation, basics of solar cells, what is piezoelectricity and its application, followed by basics of thermoelectricity and its application would be discussed.
Zone melting is a key technique for single crystal growth fabrication. Zone melting is a group of techniques used to purify an element or compound and control its composition. This presentation will discuss the basics of the zone melting technique and with help of 2-3 research papers, the examples of zone melting would be explained. Single crystal growth is a quite useful technique used in various applications in the field of metallurgy as well as nanomaterials synthesis. The technique is used for the removal of unwanted impurities from the material, control the discontinuities in impurity distribution, and also maintaining uniform doping of the impurity in the material.
A key vacuum deposition technique for making highly homogenous and high-performance solid-state thin films and materials is Chemical vapor deposition. The types of CVD systems and their key applications would also be discussed in this presentation. It is a key bottom-up processing technique, widely used in graphene fabrication, also the fabrication of various oxides, nitrides is possible, with this technique.
the presentation gives brief description about magnetic nanoparticles, types of magnetic nanoparticles, magnetic nanocomposite and application of magnetic nanoparticles.
Nanocomposite materials based on metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles and magnetic nanoparticles have been discussed in this presentation. Hope the presentation is useful, you can request for download if you find the content useful.
An interesting phenomenon of Sub-Bragg diffreaction in 2D photonic crystals would be discussed here.
I would like to acknowledge Dr. R.V Nair, IIT Ropar for providing knowledge about such an interesting topic.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
2. Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert chemical energy in fuels into
electrical energy directly, promising power generation with high efficiency and low
environmental impact. Because the intermediate steps of producing heat and
mechanical work typical of most conventional power generation methods are
avoided, fuel cells are not limited by thermodynamic limitations of heat engines
such as the Carnot efficiency. In addition, because combustion is avoided, fuel cells
produce power with minimal pollutant. However, unlike batteries the reductant and
oxidant in fuel cells must be continuously replenished to allow continuous operation
Most interesting today are those fuel cells that use common fuels (or their derivatives)
or hydrogen as a reductant, and ambient air as the oxidant.
Fuel cells
4. • Polymer electrolyte fuel cells(PEFCs), operated at 100 ͦ C have attracted
considerable attention.
• These include Proton Exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), which use
hydrogen as fuel, Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), which use liquid methanol
as fuel.
• High cost (110 $ per kW) due to high loading of the noble metal catalysts on
the electrodes and the use of perfluorosulfonic acid membrane and durability
hamper the use of PEFCs.
• Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be incorporated into components of fuel cells to
improve performance and lower their cost.
• Due to high mechanical strength and toughness to weight resistance, CNTs are
used as fillers to improve strength of Proton exchange membrane (PEM).
• High surface area and electrical conductivity make them a suitable material for
electrocatalyst supports.
Polymer electrolyte fuel cells and CNTs
5. Schematic of
membrane electrode
assembly
(Iyuke et.al 2003 )[3]
The Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) consists of a sheet of proton conducting
polymer electrolyte membrane with two Pt/C electrodes, which are the anode and
cathode bonded to the opposite sides of the membrane sheet. The arrangement is then
compressed on both sides by grooved bipolar plates or grooved end plates in the case
of single cell, to transport the H2 and O2/air respectively to the electrodes.
Membrane electrode assembly
6. Proton exchange membrane (PEM)
• An ideal PEM must be:
1. Proton conductive (proton transfer from anode to cathode)
2. Electrically insulating
3. Low permeability to feeding fuels
4. High chemical stability
5. Mechanically strong
Nafion membrane commonly used
due to high proton conductivity
and good thermal and mechanical
stability.
7. CNTs in PEM
• High young modulus (1000 GPa), High tensile strength (63 GPa) and
lightness make CNTs to be used as fillers.
• Nafion membrane fail at sufficiently high temperature, swelling and
contraction of Nafion membrane change dimension of membrane, which
affects fuel cells performance and work life.
• Liu et al. reported that the incorporation of 1wt.% CNTs into Nafion could
decrease the dimensional change of membrane, whilst maintain the
proton conductivity. A sandwich structured electrolyte membrane with a
platinum (Pt)/CNT/Nafion layer interpolated between two plain Nafion
layers was fabricated.
• Thomassion et al. also demonstrated that the incorporation of 2 wt.%
carboxyl acid group decorated multi-walled carbon nanotubes
(MWCNTs) into Nafion could increase Young’s modulus by 160%.
• By blending 3 wt.% H2O2/NaOH oxidized MWCNTs into Nafion
membrane, the tensile strength increased from18.5MPa to 28.6MPa and
the elongation at break increased from112%to 142%.
• MWCNTs were functionalized with polysiloxane, which were then
blended with Nafion to form a proton conducting membrane,these were
stable for 130 ͦ C, proton conductivity improved substantially.
8. Mechanical and electrical reinforcement of bipolar plates with CNTs
Table: Tensile strength, electrical conductivity and resistivity of polymer and
CNT-polymer blends (Wu and Shaw 2004b) for PEM fuel cell bipolar plates. [3]
9. CNT as catalyst support
SWCNT based PEM assembly for H2 /O2
fuel cells [5]
Ultra low loading Pt nanoparticles with
MWCNTs in hydrogen PEMFC[6]
Power density – 28-30 mW/cm2 Power density – 613 mW/cm2
11. References
1. Hornyak, Gabor L., et al. Fundamentals of nanotechnology. CRC press, 2008.
2. Zhang, Wei, S. Ravi, and P. Silva. "Application of carbon nanotubes in polymer
electrolyte based fuel cells." Reviews on Advanced Materials Science 29.1 (2011):
1-14.
3. Mahalik, Nitaigour Premchand. Micromanufacturing and nanotechnology. Berlin
[etc.]: Springer, 2006.
4. Akbari, Elnaz, and Zolkafle Buntat. "Benefits of using carbon nanotubes in fuel
cells: a review." International Journal of Energy Research 41.1 (2017): 92-102.
5. Girishkumar, G., et al. "Single-wall carbon nanotube-based proton exchange
membrane assembly for hydrogen fuel cells." Langmuir 21.18 (2005): 8487-8494.
6. Tang, Jason M., et al. "High performance hydrogen fuel cells with ultralow Pt
loading carbon nanotube thin film catalysts." The Journal of Physical Chemistry
C 111.48 (2007): 17901-17904.
7. Li, Wenzhen, et al. "Pt− Ru supported on double-walled carbon nanotubes as high-
performance anode catalysts for direct methanol fuel cells." The Journal of Physical
Chemistry B 110.31 (2006): 15353-15358.