Dr Rie Goto from Cambridge gave a presentation based on the outputs of Survey 7 and she has enhanced the powerpoint used on the basis of feedback from Shiree.
Accumulation by Dispossession and Poverty in BangladeshTareq Salahuddin
The document discusses accumulation by dispossession and its influence on poverty through widening inequality in Bangladesh. It defines accumulation by dispossession as neoliberal capitalist policies that result in a centralization of wealth in the hands of a few by dispossessing the public. These policies include privatization, financialization, managing crises, and state redistribution. The study uses secondary data to analyze how accumulation by dispossession impacts inequality and poverty in Bangladesh through practices like labor exploitation, privatization of land, extraction of natural resources, and the restructuring of rural and urban class structures. Tables show that income inequality has increased in rural areas from 2000 to 2010 while decreasing in urban areas, and poverty has decreased nationally but regional and rural-urban divides
The document discusses a lack of access to safe water, hygiene, and sanitation in India which leads to diseases and economic losses. It notes that conventional approaches to improving WASH have been ineffective and do not address women's needs. The "Pan in the Van" approach is proposed as a women-centric, mobile solution using a van equipped with audiovisual tools, demonstrations, and a resource team. The approach involves a 3-day camp providing planning, capacity building, and follow up to help communities achieve and maintain total sanitation in a cost-effective manner. Evaluation of initial camps showed improved women's participation, demand generation, and addressing supply chain issues.
This document provides information about conducting a community food systems assessment. It defines a community food systems assessment as a collaborative process that examines local food issues and assets to inform actions to make the community more food secure. The document outlines the assessment process, including forming work groups to investigate elements of local food consumption, production, resources, and outreach. It also provides an example of a community profile report and contact information for assistance.
Transitioning from reaching every district to reaching every communityJSI
This presentation focuses on learning acquired from the last 2-3 year effort in 8 districts across both Uganda and Ethiopia and REC-QI potential to add to the arsenal of RI strengthening tools. REC is now the number one approach to reaching hard-to-reach health facilities. Adding Quality improvement to RED/REC will combine the “what” (RED/REC) and “how” (QI) factors to strengthening for sustainable improvement in coverage and brings together all EPI stakeholders. In addition, by working at both national and lower level, REC-QI encourages peer learning and incorporation of innovations into national policies, guidelines, and protocols.
Collective Choice In Community Based Management: Lesson Learnt from PakistanCC BASE
The document summarizes research from Pakistan and Indonesia on collective choice in community-based management. Some key findings from preliminary surveys in Indonesia are:
- Respondents agree forest preservation is important but awareness of deforestation levels varies
- Water shortage is seen as the main problem caused by deforestation
- The community is expected to play a primary role in forest management
- Mutual aid within communities is high, but monitoring of illegal logging by the community is not
- Social trust resides most strongly within communities, declining with greater social distance
Four webinars were held on the Methodological introduction to broad-based rapid assessment of national-level food systems: 21/09/2020 - 09:00 ; 21/09/2020 - 15:00 ; 25/09/2020 - 09:00 ; 25/09/2020 - 15:00
This document presents a research paper that explores how sustainable livelihoods have been achieved at a model rice cooperative in Indonesia called SIMPATIK. The paper develops a novel framework called the Apt-Integrated Sustainable Livelihoods Framework to analyze sustainable livelihood outcomes. Field research was conducted at SIMPATIK, which uses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method. The research finds that through social capital and SRI, sustainable livelihood outcomes have been achieved for farmers. A template is developed showing how SRI can be promoted as a sustainable livelihood strategy in cooperatives.
Accumulation by Dispossession and Poverty in BangladeshTareq Salahuddin
The document discusses accumulation by dispossession and its influence on poverty through widening inequality in Bangladesh. It defines accumulation by dispossession as neoliberal capitalist policies that result in a centralization of wealth in the hands of a few by dispossessing the public. These policies include privatization, financialization, managing crises, and state redistribution. The study uses secondary data to analyze how accumulation by dispossession impacts inequality and poverty in Bangladesh through practices like labor exploitation, privatization of land, extraction of natural resources, and the restructuring of rural and urban class structures. Tables show that income inequality has increased in rural areas from 2000 to 2010 while decreasing in urban areas, and poverty has decreased nationally but regional and rural-urban divides
The document discusses a lack of access to safe water, hygiene, and sanitation in India which leads to diseases and economic losses. It notes that conventional approaches to improving WASH have been ineffective and do not address women's needs. The "Pan in the Van" approach is proposed as a women-centric, mobile solution using a van equipped with audiovisual tools, demonstrations, and a resource team. The approach involves a 3-day camp providing planning, capacity building, and follow up to help communities achieve and maintain total sanitation in a cost-effective manner. Evaluation of initial camps showed improved women's participation, demand generation, and addressing supply chain issues.
This document provides information about conducting a community food systems assessment. It defines a community food systems assessment as a collaborative process that examines local food issues and assets to inform actions to make the community more food secure. The document outlines the assessment process, including forming work groups to investigate elements of local food consumption, production, resources, and outreach. It also provides an example of a community profile report and contact information for assistance.
Transitioning from reaching every district to reaching every communityJSI
This presentation focuses on learning acquired from the last 2-3 year effort in 8 districts across both Uganda and Ethiopia and REC-QI potential to add to the arsenal of RI strengthening tools. REC is now the number one approach to reaching hard-to-reach health facilities. Adding Quality improvement to RED/REC will combine the “what” (RED/REC) and “how” (QI) factors to strengthening for sustainable improvement in coverage and brings together all EPI stakeholders. In addition, by working at both national and lower level, REC-QI encourages peer learning and incorporation of innovations into national policies, guidelines, and protocols.
Collective Choice In Community Based Management: Lesson Learnt from PakistanCC BASE
The document summarizes research from Pakistan and Indonesia on collective choice in community-based management. Some key findings from preliminary surveys in Indonesia are:
- Respondents agree forest preservation is important but awareness of deforestation levels varies
- Water shortage is seen as the main problem caused by deforestation
- The community is expected to play a primary role in forest management
- Mutual aid within communities is high, but monitoring of illegal logging by the community is not
- Social trust resides most strongly within communities, declining with greater social distance
Four webinars were held on the Methodological introduction to broad-based rapid assessment of national-level food systems: 21/09/2020 - 09:00 ; 21/09/2020 - 15:00 ; 25/09/2020 - 09:00 ; 25/09/2020 - 15:00
This document presents a research paper that explores how sustainable livelihoods have been achieved at a model rice cooperative in Indonesia called SIMPATIK. The paper develops a novel framework called the Apt-Integrated Sustainable Livelihoods Framework to analyze sustainable livelihood outcomes. Field research was conducted at SIMPATIK, which uses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method. The research finds that through social capital and SRI, sustainable livelihood outcomes have been achieved for farmers. A template is developed showing how SRI can be promoted as a sustainable livelihood strategy in cooperatives.
The document discusses rural water supply and sanitation in Cambodia. It outlines the country's goals of improving access to water and sanitation for rural populations. Currently, about 47% have access to improved water supply and 29% to improved sanitation. The government aims to reach 75% and 50% access respectively by 2020, and universal coverage by 2025. The Asian Development Bank supports sector development through projects like the Second Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project, which works to expand services, strengthen sector institutions, and promote hygiene practices. Key challenges include increasing investment to meet coverage targets and ensuring community-managed facilities are sustainable.
Marc Schut presents an overview of Flagship Project 5 'Improved livelihoods at scale' of the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB), during the 18th Triennial Symposium of the International Society of Tropical Roots Crops (ISTRC) in October 2018.
Conference of the Sustainable Consumption Research and Action Initiative (SCO...FutureEarthAsiaCentre
This document discusses the establishment of a Future Earth Knowledge-Action Network (KAN) on Systems of Sustainable Consumption and Production (SSCP). It provides an overview of Future Earth and KANs, then outlines a process and timeline for developing an Expression of Interest and Research and Engagement Plan to establish the SSCP KAN. Key activities proposed include drafting an EOI, holding a workshop to develop the Research and Engagement Plan, and submitting final proposals to Future Earth for approval and establishment of the SSCP KAN. Participants are invited to get involved in shaping the KAN by expressing interest and providing input on partners, initiatives, activities, outputs, and potential funding sources.
Final 4th Quarterly Newsletter WASH Pakistan (Oct-Dec-2015)Shazia Sardar
This document summarizes activities conducted by two organizations in Pakistan related to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). It describes:
1) Activities of IRSP Pakistan including establishing a water quality testing laboratory, conducting trainings on social accountability in WASH, and WASH activities in District Bhakar including training community members and exposure visits.
2) Activities of KRDO, Sindh, Pakistan including celebrating Global Hand Washing Day at several schools through demonstration and sessions, and consultation meetings with marginalized groups on water and sanitation issues.
3) Both organizations celebrated World Toilet Day through events at schools and communities to raise awareness on issues around sanitation and hygiene.
The document summarizes the Well-Being In the Nation (WIN) Measurement Framework, which was developed by the National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics to establish a set of common measures for assessing population and community health and well-being across multiple sectors. The framework includes core measures of individual and community well-being and equity, as well as leading indicators and a full set of measures across 12 domains that influence health. It was created through a collaborative process with over 100 organizations and is intended to help communities monitor and improve health, well-being, and equity over time.
The document summarizes ILRI activities in Ethiopia, including developing and promoting science-based practices to improve livestock farming. Some key projects discussed are LIVES (Livestock and Irrigation Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholders), which works to develop livestock and irrigation value chains, and the Ethiopia Livestock Masterplan, which ILRI is assisting the Ethiopian government to develop as a long-term vision and strategy for the livestock sector. The presentation also provides an overview of other projects involving research, capacity building, and influencing policies.
Slides from Damian Maye's Seminar - Using Living Labs to Strengthen Rural-Urban Linkages - Reflections from a multi-actor research project
Footage available at: https://youtu.be/Es1VHe69Mcw
B C Barah- Upscaling Strategy for Agro-Ecological Innovations for Food SecuritySri Lmb
The document discusses strategies for upscaling agro-ecological innovations like the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in India to improve food security. It outlines the formation and mission of the National Consortium of SRI in India (NCS) to promote SRI adoption through research, practice, and policy engagement. NCS has worked to strengthen state networks, validate SRI scientifically, and influence national programs. The document also reviews NCS's activities over the years, including policy dialogues, studies on indigenous varieties and disadoption, and an innovative governance structure proposal to scale agro-ecological practices.
This document provides a report on an action research segment conducted in villages in Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh. The report summarizes the socioeconomic conditions of villagers in Phera village through surveys of 40 households and use of participatory research tools. Key findings include the villagers mainly depend on agriculture for wheat, corn and mustard, and face issues like monkey attacks on crops and lack of drainage. The report also describes outreach activities conducted, including a village meeting on water sanitation and case studies of local institutions like the gram panchayat and primary health center.
Provisión de Servicios para Adolescentes y Jóvenes. Estándares, Calidad y ...derechoalassr
The document discusses quality standards and coverage of health services for adolescents. It outlines models for evaluating quality of care, including the Donabedian and Tanahashi models. Standards are proposed for different levels including the adolescent, health care providers, health facilities, management, and community. Metrics for monitoring coverage and quality include availability of adolescent-friendly services, knowledge and perceptions of services, and utilization rates. Approaches are described for developing tools to measure quality dimensions, conducting situation analyses, disseminating standards, and scaling up services nationally and at the district level.
The document discusses gaps in Myanmar's health system that hinder progress on MDG goals related to child mortality. It identifies gaps in service delivery, program coordination, and human resources. The Health Systems Strengthening goal is to improve essential health services for mothers and children by strengthening coordination, planning, and human resources management. Key activities include expanding service access in remote areas, developing guidelines for coordinated township health plans, researching effective health financing schemes, and ensuring adequate staffing levels according to national standards. Outcomes will be measured by coverage indicators like DTP3 and skilled birth attendance rates.
WASH Debate: Building institutional capacity for behaviour change & sanitati...IRC
The aim of this WASH debate - jointly organised by IRC and IHE Delft - is to bring greater attention to the variety of behaviours that make up good sanitation, and the range of actors involved in keeping a toilet functional and an environment clean. Specifically it will focus on questions such as:
- How can CLTS be best combined with other sanitation approaches?
- And, in situations where CLTS might be mismatched for local contexts, what alternative methods can be applied to effect change?
- How can the capacity for behaviour change and sanitation programming be institutionalised?
Summary of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) work on Linking Knowledge with Action. This research theme aims to identify ways to catalyze action from knowledge about long-term adaptation, climate risk management and low emissions agriculture so that we can achieve this global vision as quickly as possible.
A presentation given at the WLE Ganges Focal Region writeshop in 2014 on the Ecosystem Services and Resilience Framework (ESR). Put together and presented by Sarah Jones of Bioversity International.
Improving evidence on the impact of agricultural research and extension: Refl...africa-rising
Presented by David J. Spielman, Patrick Ward and Simrin Makhija (IFPRI) at the Africa RISING Monitoring and Evaluation Meeting, Arusha, Tanzania, 13-14 November 2014
1. The document discusses using the SenseMaker approach to analyze over 1,000 stories collected from water users and professionals in Ghana to understand water service delivery beyond statistics.
2. Preliminary analysis of the stories showed patterns related to how users view water supply and professionals, their rights and responsibilities, and who should pay for water. It also showed challenges professionals face and opportunities for improvement.
3. Next steps include sharing the findings with stakeholders to identify issues needing attention, and institutionalizing the data collection and analysis into the sector's monitoring and evaluation system.
Formulation process of the regional livestock and pastoralism strategy en-US...ECOWAS Commission
The document summarizes a process undertaken by ECOWAS to build a shared vision for mobile livestock systems in West Africa. It involved:
1) Fundamental studies to understand current systems and key variables affecting future trajectories.
2) Analysis of probable scenarios for the evolution of mobile livestock systems.
3) Formulation of a regional strategy and 5-year action plan to facilitate a controlled transformation of systems, along with revised regulatory frameworks.
4) The strategy aims to promote economic opportunities, improve governance of territories and resources, and develop a supportive environment for investments in livestock.
C1.04: GOOS Biology and Ecosystems Panel - In a complex space can we fit a si...Blue Planet Symposium
There is no single model that describes how marine biodiversity and ecosystems are fairing or predict how they will change in the future under increasing anthropogenic pressures. Thus there is no unique set of Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) for biological components of the ecosystem that will satisfy the scientific understanding needed to support and monitor management actions. Yet there is a need to come to international agreement on a set of variables that can be developed globally to support advanced and advancing countries and international conventions in understanding and managing the marine environment. The DPSIR framework is a commonly accepted framework used to identify the information needs to understand and manage human impacts on the environment and provides one high level model that can guide the process to identify EOVs. It is a complex space with many existing initiatives that we need to integrate with and build on. In this talk we are seeking input and feedback on our early progress in filling in this framework:
D what are the societal questions, sectoral trends, national and international obligations and that Drive the need to monitor marine biodiversity and ecosystem health
P what are the human Pressures affecting the environment that are or will impact marine biodiversity and ecosystem health
S what are the existing initiatives that could be built on to measure the State of the marine environment
I what are the priority Impacts on the marine environment that need to be monitored and how well do existing initiatives address those needs – what are the key gaps
R which monitoring information is most likely to be used to help society Respond to identified impacts
Effectiveness of social and behavior change communication in aquaculture-base...WorldFish
The document discusses the effectiveness of social and behavior change communication (SBCC) in improving nutrition through aquaculture in Bangladesh. It finds that SBCC materials developed by the USAID Aquaculture for Income and Nutrition project, such as posters, food cards, and television commercials, were generally clear and effective in increasing knowledge of aquaculture practices and nutrition among men and women. However, application of knowledge, such as regarding vegetable and fish nutrient values, was still lower among men than women. The study recommends introducing more women-focused nutrition messaging through commonly used and clear media channels, and conducting pre- and post-intervention evaluations to better understand the impact of SBCC tools.
Presentation on stall and logistics at Eradicate Extreme Poverty Day 2014Tareq Salahuddin
This presentation describes about setting up stall and other logistic issues at Eradicate Extreme Poverty Day 2014 to be held on May 31, 2014 at Basundhara Convention Centre-2, Baridhara, Dhaka.
- An estimated 28 million people in Bangladesh, or 17.6% of the population, live in extreme poverty according to a 2010 survey.
- Those living in extreme poverty often have little access to food, water, healthcare, and education. Their monthly household incomes average around 1281 BDT.
- To eradicate extreme poverty in Bangladesh by 2021, large-scale efforts across sectors like public services, economic opportunities, health, and gender equity will be needed at national and local levels. Over 4 million people will need to be lifted out of poverty each year.
The document discusses rural water supply and sanitation in Cambodia. It outlines the country's goals of improving access to water and sanitation for rural populations. Currently, about 47% have access to improved water supply and 29% to improved sanitation. The government aims to reach 75% and 50% access respectively by 2020, and universal coverage by 2025. The Asian Development Bank supports sector development through projects like the Second Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project, which works to expand services, strengthen sector institutions, and promote hygiene practices. Key challenges include increasing investment to meet coverage targets and ensuring community-managed facilities are sustainable.
Marc Schut presents an overview of Flagship Project 5 'Improved livelihoods at scale' of the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB), during the 18th Triennial Symposium of the International Society of Tropical Roots Crops (ISTRC) in October 2018.
Conference of the Sustainable Consumption Research and Action Initiative (SCO...FutureEarthAsiaCentre
This document discusses the establishment of a Future Earth Knowledge-Action Network (KAN) on Systems of Sustainable Consumption and Production (SSCP). It provides an overview of Future Earth and KANs, then outlines a process and timeline for developing an Expression of Interest and Research and Engagement Plan to establish the SSCP KAN. Key activities proposed include drafting an EOI, holding a workshop to develop the Research and Engagement Plan, and submitting final proposals to Future Earth for approval and establishment of the SSCP KAN. Participants are invited to get involved in shaping the KAN by expressing interest and providing input on partners, initiatives, activities, outputs, and potential funding sources.
Final 4th Quarterly Newsletter WASH Pakistan (Oct-Dec-2015)Shazia Sardar
This document summarizes activities conducted by two organizations in Pakistan related to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). It describes:
1) Activities of IRSP Pakistan including establishing a water quality testing laboratory, conducting trainings on social accountability in WASH, and WASH activities in District Bhakar including training community members and exposure visits.
2) Activities of KRDO, Sindh, Pakistan including celebrating Global Hand Washing Day at several schools through demonstration and sessions, and consultation meetings with marginalized groups on water and sanitation issues.
3) Both organizations celebrated World Toilet Day through events at schools and communities to raise awareness on issues around sanitation and hygiene.
The document summarizes the Well-Being In the Nation (WIN) Measurement Framework, which was developed by the National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics to establish a set of common measures for assessing population and community health and well-being across multiple sectors. The framework includes core measures of individual and community well-being and equity, as well as leading indicators and a full set of measures across 12 domains that influence health. It was created through a collaborative process with over 100 organizations and is intended to help communities monitor and improve health, well-being, and equity over time.
The document summarizes ILRI activities in Ethiopia, including developing and promoting science-based practices to improve livestock farming. Some key projects discussed are LIVES (Livestock and Irrigation Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholders), which works to develop livestock and irrigation value chains, and the Ethiopia Livestock Masterplan, which ILRI is assisting the Ethiopian government to develop as a long-term vision and strategy for the livestock sector. The presentation also provides an overview of other projects involving research, capacity building, and influencing policies.
Slides from Damian Maye's Seminar - Using Living Labs to Strengthen Rural-Urban Linkages - Reflections from a multi-actor research project
Footage available at: https://youtu.be/Es1VHe69Mcw
B C Barah- Upscaling Strategy for Agro-Ecological Innovations for Food SecuritySri Lmb
The document discusses strategies for upscaling agro-ecological innovations like the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in India to improve food security. It outlines the formation and mission of the National Consortium of SRI in India (NCS) to promote SRI adoption through research, practice, and policy engagement. NCS has worked to strengthen state networks, validate SRI scientifically, and influence national programs. The document also reviews NCS's activities over the years, including policy dialogues, studies on indigenous varieties and disadoption, and an innovative governance structure proposal to scale agro-ecological practices.
This document provides a report on an action research segment conducted in villages in Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh. The report summarizes the socioeconomic conditions of villagers in Phera village through surveys of 40 households and use of participatory research tools. Key findings include the villagers mainly depend on agriculture for wheat, corn and mustard, and face issues like monkey attacks on crops and lack of drainage. The report also describes outreach activities conducted, including a village meeting on water sanitation and case studies of local institutions like the gram panchayat and primary health center.
Provisión de Servicios para Adolescentes y Jóvenes. Estándares, Calidad y ...derechoalassr
The document discusses quality standards and coverage of health services for adolescents. It outlines models for evaluating quality of care, including the Donabedian and Tanahashi models. Standards are proposed for different levels including the adolescent, health care providers, health facilities, management, and community. Metrics for monitoring coverage and quality include availability of adolescent-friendly services, knowledge and perceptions of services, and utilization rates. Approaches are described for developing tools to measure quality dimensions, conducting situation analyses, disseminating standards, and scaling up services nationally and at the district level.
The document discusses gaps in Myanmar's health system that hinder progress on MDG goals related to child mortality. It identifies gaps in service delivery, program coordination, and human resources. The Health Systems Strengthening goal is to improve essential health services for mothers and children by strengthening coordination, planning, and human resources management. Key activities include expanding service access in remote areas, developing guidelines for coordinated township health plans, researching effective health financing schemes, and ensuring adequate staffing levels according to national standards. Outcomes will be measured by coverage indicators like DTP3 and skilled birth attendance rates.
WASH Debate: Building institutional capacity for behaviour change & sanitati...IRC
The aim of this WASH debate - jointly organised by IRC and IHE Delft - is to bring greater attention to the variety of behaviours that make up good sanitation, and the range of actors involved in keeping a toilet functional and an environment clean. Specifically it will focus on questions such as:
- How can CLTS be best combined with other sanitation approaches?
- And, in situations where CLTS might be mismatched for local contexts, what alternative methods can be applied to effect change?
- How can the capacity for behaviour change and sanitation programming be institutionalised?
Summary of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) work on Linking Knowledge with Action. This research theme aims to identify ways to catalyze action from knowledge about long-term adaptation, climate risk management and low emissions agriculture so that we can achieve this global vision as quickly as possible.
A presentation given at the WLE Ganges Focal Region writeshop in 2014 on the Ecosystem Services and Resilience Framework (ESR). Put together and presented by Sarah Jones of Bioversity International.
Improving evidence on the impact of agricultural research and extension: Refl...africa-rising
Presented by David J. Spielman, Patrick Ward and Simrin Makhija (IFPRI) at the Africa RISING Monitoring and Evaluation Meeting, Arusha, Tanzania, 13-14 November 2014
1. The document discusses using the SenseMaker approach to analyze over 1,000 stories collected from water users and professionals in Ghana to understand water service delivery beyond statistics.
2. Preliminary analysis of the stories showed patterns related to how users view water supply and professionals, their rights and responsibilities, and who should pay for water. It also showed challenges professionals face and opportunities for improvement.
3. Next steps include sharing the findings with stakeholders to identify issues needing attention, and institutionalizing the data collection and analysis into the sector's monitoring and evaluation system.
Formulation process of the regional livestock and pastoralism strategy en-US...ECOWAS Commission
The document summarizes a process undertaken by ECOWAS to build a shared vision for mobile livestock systems in West Africa. It involved:
1) Fundamental studies to understand current systems and key variables affecting future trajectories.
2) Analysis of probable scenarios for the evolution of mobile livestock systems.
3) Formulation of a regional strategy and 5-year action plan to facilitate a controlled transformation of systems, along with revised regulatory frameworks.
4) The strategy aims to promote economic opportunities, improve governance of territories and resources, and develop a supportive environment for investments in livestock.
C1.04: GOOS Biology and Ecosystems Panel - In a complex space can we fit a si...Blue Planet Symposium
There is no single model that describes how marine biodiversity and ecosystems are fairing or predict how they will change in the future under increasing anthropogenic pressures. Thus there is no unique set of Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) for biological components of the ecosystem that will satisfy the scientific understanding needed to support and monitor management actions. Yet there is a need to come to international agreement on a set of variables that can be developed globally to support advanced and advancing countries and international conventions in understanding and managing the marine environment. The DPSIR framework is a commonly accepted framework used to identify the information needs to understand and manage human impacts on the environment and provides one high level model that can guide the process to identify EOVs. It is a complex space with many existing initiatives that we need to integrate with and build on. In this talk we are seeking input and feedback on our early progress in filling in this framework:
D what are the societal questions, sectoral trends, national and international obligations and that Drive the need to monitor marine biodiversity and ecosystem health
P what are the human Pressures affecting the environment that are or will impact marine biodiversity and ecosystem health
S what are the existing initiatives that could be built on to measure the State of the marine environment
I what are the priority Impacts on the marine environment that need to be monitored and how well do existing initiatives address those needs – what are the key gaps
R which monitoring information is most likely to be used to help society Respond to identified impacts
Effectiveness of social and behavior change communication in aquaculture-base...WorldFish
The document discusses the effectiveness of social and behavior change communication (SBCC) in improving nutrition through aquaculture in Bangladesh. It finds that SBCC materials developed by the USAID Aquaculture for Income and Nutrition project, such as posters, food cards, and television commercials, were generally clear and effective in increasing knowledge of aquaculture practices and nutrition among men and women. However, application of knowledge, such as regarding vegetable and fish nutrient values, was still lower among men than women. The study recommends introducing more women-focused nutrition messaging through commonly used and clear media channels, and conducting pre- and post-intervention evaluations to better understand the impact of SBCC tools.
Presentation on stall and logistics at Eradicate Extreme Poverty Day 2014Tareq Salahuddin
This presentation describes about setting up stall and other logistic issues at Eradicate Extreme Poverty Day 2014 to be held on May 31, 2014 at Basundhara Convention Centre-2, Baridhara, Dhaka.
- An estimated 28 million people in Bangladesh, or 17.6% of the population, live in extreme poverty according to a 2010 survey.
- Those living in extreme poverty often have little access to food, water, healthcare, and education. Their monthly household incomes average around 1281 BDT.
- To eradicate extreme poverty in Bangladesh by 2021, large-scale efforts across sectors like public services, economic opportunities, health, and gender equity will be needed at national and local levels. Over 4 million people will need to be lifted out of poverty each year.
Evidently, Bangladesh has seen a reduction in poverty levels over the past decade but the total number of poor people continues to rise. Poverty declined from 48.9% in 2000 to 31.5% in 2010 according to the latest figures, though malnutrition levels have only slightly decreased. The document then outlines government policies and programs for distributing agricultural land to landless and marginal farmers through a lottery system based on priority categories. Data on eligible beneficiaries and land distribution at the upazila level is also presented.
This document summarizes a project called Household Economic and Food Security of Extreme Poor/SHIREE Project that aims to help 37,000 extreme poor households in coastal Bangladesh graduate from extreme poverty by 2015. The project is implemented by local partners CODEC and Prodipan across 9 upazilas in Khulna and Bagerhat districts. It provides households with productive assets, skills training, cash transfers, and links them to social services and safety nets to help them improve livelihoods and food security over time until they can sustain themselves above the extreme poverty line. Major achievements so far include selecting and providing inputs and training to over 37,000 beneficiary households.
1) The document discusses Shiree, a UK aid and Bangladesh government partnership that aims to help 1 million people lift themselves out of extreme poverty through asset transfers provided by partner NGOs.
2) It notes that 17.6% of Bangladesh's population lives in extreme poverty and outlines Shiree's approach of providing assets like livestock, land, and equipment to help the extreme poor graduate out of poverty.
3) The document calls for including safety net programs to help vulnerable groups like the disabled, elderly, and widowed that may not graduate from poverty with assets alone, and for addressing obstacles that prevent the landless poor from accessing government-promised khasland.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
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CMS3 March 2012 presentation
1. Monitoring the changes in
socio-economic & nutritional
status of extreme poor
households
Change Monitoring System
(CMS3) - March 2010 to
March 2012
Professor Nick Mascie-Taylor and Dr Rie Goto
University of Cambridge
2. shiree Change Monitoring System (CMS)
Shiree has robust survey, monitoring and evaluation structure
CMS 1 The Household Profile To provide the baseline from which to monitor change
over time – all beneficiaries
CMS 2 Monthly Snapshot To enable an assessment of trends monthly – all
beneficiaries
CMS 3 Socio-economic and To provide in depth socio-economic and nutritional
Anthropometric data allowing an assessment of longer term change
Surveys and the impact of project interventions
– random sample in Scale Fund NGO beneficiaries
CMS 4 Participatory Review To provide a forum for beneficiaries to explain changes
and Project Analysis in their lives and the reasons for these changes, as
well as creating a platform for Innovation Fund NGOs
to adapt and improve their innovations according to the
needs of beneficiaries – group discussion in Innovation
Fund NGO beneficiaries
CMS 5 Tracking Studies To provide quality longitudinal tracking studies
documenting the dynamics of extreme poverty as it is
experienced and changes in beneficiaries’ lives as a
result of project interventions – small selection of
beneficiaries
+ CMS6
3. shiree Change Monitoring System (CMS)
Shiree has robust survey, monitoring and evaluation structure
CMS 1 The Household Profile To provide the baseline from which to monitor change
over time – all beneficiatries
CMS 2 Monthly Snapshot To enable an assessment of trends monthly – all
beneficiaries
CMS 3 Socio-economic and To provide in depth socio-economic and nutritional
Anthropometric data allowing an assessment of longer term change
Surveys and the impact of project interventions
– random sample in Scale Fund NGO beneficiaries
CMS 4 Participatory Review To provide a forum for beneficiaries to explain changes
and Project Analysis in their lives and the reasons for these changes, as
well as creating a platform for Innovation Fund NGOs
to adapt and improve their innovations according to the
needs of beneficiaries – group discussion in Innovation
Fund NGO beneficiaries
CMS 5 Tracking Studies To provide quality longitudinal tracking studies
documenting the dynamics of extreme poverty as it is
experienced and changes in beneficiaries’ lives as a
result of project interventions – small selection of
beneficiaries
4. 6 NGOs in Round One Phase One Scale Fund
CARE ‘Community Led, Voice and Value Chain’ 20,000
Community-led development, Social economic HHs
empowerment, Increased wider policy-making process
Uttaran ‘Khas Land Transfar and Income Generation’ 12,000
Khas land (public land) transfer to the landless people,
Reduced corruption, Building income and livelihood capacity
NETZ ‘Asset Transfer and Land’ 9,000
Targeting women and ethnic minority (Adibashi), Asset
transfer and increased income, Reduced vulnerability
Practical Action ‘Technology Transfer, Skills Development and Market’ 16,850
Bangladesh Technology and skill development of sandbar cropping in
(PAB) char lands (riverine islands), Secured market access
Save the ‘Social Entitlements, Asset Transfer and Market’ 15,000
Children (SCF) Enhanced capacity to access to safety-net, Assets and
livelihood transfer, Access to health, education water facility
Dushtha ‘Social Mobilisation, Asset Transfer and Small Business’ 10,000
Shasthya Develop technical skill and business capacities, Improve
Kendra (DSK) water and health using common assets and services
Three additional Round 2 Scale Fund NGOs (Concern, Oxfam, Caritas) commenced
work in 2012 and will be analysed in future reports.
6. Design of annual panel nutrition surveys
Cohort 1 - 384 households (64 HHs from Phase One 6 NGOs)
Cohort 2 - additional cohort from urban slum (DSK) and Adivashi (NETZ) in 2011
Cohort 3 - adding 3 NGOs in Phase Two in 2012
(including 10% estimated attrition each year)
Cohort 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
1 384 345 310 279 251 226
2 128 115 104 94 85
3 192 172 154 138
Total 384 473 617 555 499 449
Within subject change Comparing with additional cohort
Testing for recruitment homogeneity Follow-up
CMS3 surveys conducted 3 times a year in March, July and October/November
between March 2010 and 2012 and annual nutrition survey conducted each year
in March.
7. CMS3 Round 7 - Annual
nutrition and socio-
economic surveys in 2012
26 February-16 April 2012 (total 50
days including 12 days training)
It was a combined survey with
Innovation Fund Round 1&2
Endline survey covering 25 Districts
in Bangladesh covering 1472 HHs
CMS3 annual nutrition survey
covered:
Cohorts 1&2 – 512 HHs
Cohort 3 – 128 HHs
8. Total 45 research members
including international nutrition
advisor (Cambridge University),
shiree staff, NGO Research
Assistants, enumerators and
measurers
Training of enumerating and
anthropometric measurement
and performing careful
quality control
10. Socio-economic
questionnaire
Socio-demographic characteristics of the household (including age, marital
status, household/family size, education, disability, and occupation)
Morbidity report
Household and homestead land ownership
House condition (size, structure, source of drinking water, electricity and toilet
facilities)
Cash loans and savings
Assets – animals, working equipment and belongings
Income – cash and in-kind
Expenditure – covering food, household and work related
Food intake and food security
11. Results
Sample attrition for analyses
Number of households which completed information all through surveys from
March 2010
March July October March July November March
2010 2010 2010 2011 2011 2011 2012
Cohort Survey Survey Survey Survey Survey Survey Survey
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 384 376 352 336 329 316 303
2 128 (128) (128) (128)
3 192
Nutrition Yes - - Yes - - Yes
SES Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
12. NGO Attrition (%) Female headed households (%)
CARE 25.0 16.7
DSK (Urban) 45.3 62.9
NETZ 14.1 58.2
PAB 10.9 28.1
SCF 17.2 45.3
UTTARAN 14.1 36.4
Total Rural 16.3 37.3
Total 21.1 40.3
In total 303 households participated in the seven surveys from the initial sample
of 384 households, an attrition rate of 21% between surveys 1 and 7.
There was greater attrition in the urban sample (45%) than in the rural
areas (16%).
In total 303 households, information was collected on 1111 individuals of
whom 634 were adults, 315 children aged between 5 and 15 years and 162
children under 5 years of age.
13. Male and female headed households and family size
In the total sample 40.3% of
households were female headed
(FHHs). Mainly widowed (62.3%)
and divorced/abandoned (23.0%).
Mean family size increased
significantly from 3.35 in survey 1
to 3.67 in survey 7. FHHs were
smaller by, on average, 1.3 family
members (4.2 vs 2.9).
Schooling
Only 25.0% of heads of households had attended school significantly more so
in male (MHHs, 35.3%) than FHHs (12.1%).
Between surveys 1 and 4 school attendance in children increased
significantly from about 76% to 86% and rose to 89% in survey 7.
14. Chronic illness
Chronic illness fell significantly between surveys 1 (15.6%) and 4 (4.2%) but
there was no change between surveys 4 and 7 (4.8%).
% Survey 1 4 7 p (1&4) p (1&7) p (4&7)
Head 27.7 7.6 8.6 <0.001 <0.001 ns
All adults 23.2 7.3 8.0 <0.001 <0.001 ns
Children 5-15 5.1 1.0 1.0 0.004 0.003 ns
<5 children 3.3 0.8 0 ns 0.035 ns
Total 15.6 4.2 4.8 <0.001 <0.001 ns
15. Morbidity status
The health status of family members was determined on the day of the survey and
over the previous 7 and 30 days.
Morbidity status (%) of all family member in
the previous 30 days All adults: fever, cough, eye and skin
infections fell between surveys 1, 4
and 7 while passing of worms fell
1&7 All <0.001 between surveys 1 and 4 only.
In children 5 to 15 years of age: the
prevalence of fever and cough both
fell between surveys 1 and 4 but not
between surveys 4 and 7.
Under 5 year old children: there were
reductions in fever and cough and
passing of worms.
17. The number of days worked fell significantly between surveys 4 and 7
while advanced sale of labour generally fell.
Between surveys 4 and 7 self employment increased by 10% and self
employed worked, on average, significantly more days.
Mean number of days and hours worked by head of household
(days) Overall MHHs Urban Self vs non-self
Survey 4 7 4 7 4 7 4 7
In the last 7 days 4.43 4.32 4.42 4.05 4.97 4.31 4.99 4.90
In the last 14 days 8.84 8.89 8.83 8.58 10.00 8.66 9.80 10.05
In the last 30 days 18.59 18.78 18.55 18.20 20.77 18.37 20.77 21.55
Hours worked in the last 6.36 5.84 6.95 6.49 6.00 6.17 6.20 5.58
7 days
NB: Red shows significant difference (at least <0.01) between survey 4 and 7
18. Land ownership
Households owning land increased significantly from 15.2% in survey 1 to
31.4% in survey 7
MHHs - The increase in ownership occurred between surveys 1 and 4
FHHs - ownership increased across all surveys.
Land ownership by head of household
(%) MHHs FHHs
Survey 1 4 7 1 4 7
Land owned
0 81.2 64.6 65.2 90.2 82.0 73.8
0.1-2.49 7.7 15.5 14.4 4.1 8.2 4.1
2.50-4.99 5.0 8.8 7.2 4.1 5.7 12.3
5.0+ 6.1 11.0 13.3 1.6 4.1 9.8
- yes total 18.8 35.4 34.8 9.8 18.0 26.2
Cultivated – yes 2.2 2.2 7.2 0 0.8 4.1
Share cropped – yes 4.4 9.3 18.2 0 3.3 4.1
Free use – yes 4.4 10.0 16.0 0 4.1 6.6
19. Household ownership, size and structure
Owning house: The percentage of households owning their own house increased
significantly from 72.6% to 80.2% between surveys 1 and 4 and fell slightly to
78.5% in survey 7.
Home ownership Survey
1 4 7
Own 26.7 25.1 26.4
Rent 12.7 11.9 12.2
Live with parent 2.7 1.0 1.7
Live with parent-in-law 1.0 0.7 0.3
Rent free with family 6.0 4.3 5.6
Rent free non-family 5.0 2.0 1.7
Own house on khas land or someone else’s land 46.0 55.1 52.1
Own any house 72.7 80.2 78.5
20. House size: mean reported size of houses increased from 14.0 square metres in
survey 1 to 15.5 square metres in survey 4 and to 16.2 square metres in survey 7,
but the increase was only significant in MHHs.
The smallest dwellings were in the urban slums (mean 10 square metres).
By male and female headed household By NGOs
House material: There was no significant change in materials used in house
construction over this time period; walls were primarily made of grass etc, mud or
tin sheet, roofs of tin sheet and floors of mud.
21. Electricity, water supply and defecation practices
Electricity: There was no significant change in electricity or water supply
between surveys. In rural areas about 95% of households had no electricity
supply whereas 85% of urban dwellers had access to electricity.
Water: Nearly all urban households obtained their water from a piped supply or
tubewell while over 80% of rural households obtained their water from a tubewell.
Defecation: There was a highly significant reduction in open defecation in
rural areas down from 36.9% in survey 1, to 19.8% in survey 4 and 15.3% in
survey 7 and concomitant increase in use of ring/slab/sanitary latrine up from
49.6% in survey 1 to 78.4% in survey 7.
Defecation Urban Rural Total
practice
Survey Survey Survey
1 4 7 1 4 7 1 4 7
Open 2.9 0 0 36.9 19.8 15.3 33.0 17.5 13.5
Hanging 11.4 5.7 8.6 2.2 0.4 1.9 3.3 1.0 2.6
Pit 14.3 2.9 8.6 11.2 9.0 4.5 11.6 8.3 5.0
Ring/slab 31.4 42.9 40.0 48.5 69.0 75.0 46.5 65.7 70.9
Sanitary 40.0 48.6 42.9 1.1 1.9 3.4 5.6 7.3 7.9
22. Loans and cash savings
Loans: There was no consistent pattern to either the number or amount of
loans over the seven surveys.
NB: Five sources of cash loan were identified (i) free informal (ii) informal loans with interest
(iii) interest loans from samity (iv) interest loans from microfinance institutions and (v) interest
loans from a bank or the Government of Bangladesh.
23. Cash savings: In survey 1, 36% of households had some cash savings increasing
to 84% in survey 4 and falling to 81% in survey 7.
The mean amount increased significantly from 489 Taka in survey 1 to 4095
Taka in survey 6 and then fell to 3665 Taka in survey 7.
By male and female headed HH By NGOs
Urban DSK
UTTARAN
after Survey 5
24. Assets
Animal ownership: There was a highly significant increase in animal
ownership between surveys 1 and 4 (up from 28.4% to 63.9%) followed by a
very slight fall in survey 7 (63.4%).
Significant
increases
in 1&4
Survey p (1&4) p (1&7) p (4&7)
Cattle <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Calf 0.022 <0.001 <0.001
Goat <0.001 <0.001 ns
Poultry <0.001 <0.001 0.042
Pig ns ns ns
Total <0.001 <0.001 ns
25. Ownership of any animal by NGO (%)
NGOs Survey 1 4 7 P (1&4) P (1&7) P (4&7)
CARE 39.6 54.2 60.4 ns 0.031 ns
DSK 2.9 2.9 8.6 ns ns ns
NETZ 29.1 94.5 98.2 <0.001 <0.001 ns
PAB 22.8 56.1 64.9 <0.001 <0.001 ns
SCF 30.2 83.0 71.7 <0.001 <0.001 ns
UTTARAN 38.2 65.5 56.4 0.006 <0.001 ns
Total 28.4 63.0 63.4 <0.001 <0.001 ns
26. There were highly significant increases in the amount spent on purchasing
animals between the three surveys in both MHHs and FHHs. Overall there was
an eightfold increase in spending on animals.
The value of animals increased significantly between surveys 1, 4 and 7.
Mean value of animals by head of Mean value of animals by NGO
household
27. Ownership of working equipment: increased from 56.1% in survey 1 to 74.6%
in survey 4 and 84.5% in survey 7.
Increases occurred in both MHHs and FHHs and in all three surveys MHHs
owned more working equipment (over 90% of MHHs owned working
equipment in survey 7 compared with 76% of FHHs).
The value of working equipment only increased significantly between surveys
1 and 4.
Mean value of equipment by head of Mean value of equipment by NGO
household
28. Working equipment 1 4 7 p (1&4) p (1&7) p (4&7)
ownership
Net 9.9 17.8 18.5 <0.001 <0.001 ns
Rickshaw 4.3 15.8 18.5 <0.001 <0.001 ns
Boat 1.0 2.0 2.6 ns ns ns
Sewing Machine 0.3 4.3 4.6 <0.001 <0.001 ns
Cottage industry 0.3 1.3 - ns - -
Agri equipment (more than 1) 49.5 66.7 79.2 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Total ownership 56.1 74.6 84.5 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Ownership of any 1 4 7 p (1&4) p (1&7) p (4&7)
working equipment
CARE 58.3 81.3 87.5 0.013 <0.001 ns
DSK 20.0 37.1 37.1 ns ns ns
NETZ 70.9 76.4 92.7 ns 0.002 0.022
PAB 59.6 73.6 92.9 ns <0.001 ns
SCF 50.9 75.5 86.8 0.004 <0.001 ns
UTTARAN 63.6 90.9 92.7 0.001 <0.001 ns
Total ownership 56.1 74.6 84.5 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
29. Ownership of household belongings: increased significantly (there were
large increases in ownership of a mobile phone, wooden box, mattress and
chair), more so in MHHs
Overall the number of household goods owned increased from 3.2
(maximum 13) in survey 1 to 4.6 in survey 7.
Mean number of household goods Mean number of household goods
owned by head of household owned by NGO
30. The value of household equipment increased significantly between
surveys 1, 4 and 7.
Mean value of household goods by Mean value of household goods by
head of household NGO
31. Total assets: Overall the value of assets rose by, on average, 7000 Taka
between surveys 1 and 4, and by 3000 Taka between surveys 4 and 7 (Taka
2,311, 9,322 and 12,413 in survey 1, 4 and 7 respectively)
MHHs had significantly higher value of assets in surveys 1 and 7 and the gap was
widening.
Average amount spent on 1 4 7 p (1&4) p (1&7) p (4&7)
assets
Animals 1293 6899 9201 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Equipment 263 2045 2086 <0.001 <0.001 ns
Household belongings 1681 3482 4851 <0.001 <0.001 ns
Household belongings + shop* - 4329 6797 - - <0.001
Total assets 2311 9322 12413 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Total assets + shop* - 10166 14360 - - <0.001
*the question conducted only in surveys 4 and 7
32. Mean value of total assets by head Mean value of total assets by NGO
of household
33. Income
The mean income for male and female headed households by survey was
calculated based on HIES criteria which do not include in-kind income.
Overall mean income increased consistently from 1,776 Taka/month in survey 1
to 3,298 Taka/month in survey 7 - there was not consistent improvement within
urban and rural areas. (These increased income does not take into account the
inflation between March 2010 and March 2012)
Mean income in household per month by Mean income in household per month by NGO
MHHs and FHHs
34. MHHs per capita income (27.4 Taka pppd) was significantly higher than
FHHs (21.4 Taka pppd) and the difference was apparent in all seven surveys.
Over the seven surveys the mean per capita income in the urban area was
significantly higher than the rural areas.
Rural MHHs earned on average 5.4 Taka pppd more than FHHs (23.9 versus 18.5
Taka pppd, respectively). Households from CARE and UTTARAN had the highest
mean income pppd (24.2 and 26.9, respectively) and SCF the lowest (17.4 Taka
pppd).
Mean income pppd by MHHs and FHHs Mean income pppd by NGO
36. In-kind income
FHHs had significantly greater in-kind income than MHHs for the first three
surveys but thereafter MHHs had greater in-kind income.
NETZ had the highest in-kind income in surveys 6 and 7.
37. The percentage that in-kind income contributed to total income in the total
sample and it ranged between 18% and 23% in the total sample.
In FHHs the percentage tended to fall from survey 1 to survey 7 and to rise in
MHHs. There was no consistent pattern by NGOs.
39. Total per capita expenditure increased significantly over the seven surveys from a low
in survey 2 of 19.5 Taka pppd to the highest in survey 7 of 26.3 Taka pppd.
There were no significant differences between MHHs and FHHs.
Overall the urban areas had greatest expenditure. The rural analyses indicated no
significant differences in overall means, by head of household or between NGOs
over the seven surveys.
Mean total expenditure pppd by head Mean total expenditure pppd by NGO
of household
40. Food expenditure
Mean food expenditure pppd by MHHs Mean food expenditure pppd by NGO
and FHHs
MHHs spent more on food, on average, than FHHs (17.5 vs 15.5 Taka pppd),
although the difference appeared to be decreasing
UTTARAN moved from having the lowest mean of any rural NGO in survey 1 to
having the highest mean food expenditure of the rural NGOs in survey 7
41. Household expenditure
Mean household expenditure pppd by Mean household expenditure pppd by
MHHs and FHHs NGO
There was no significant difference between MHHs and FHHs
Significantly higher spending in the urban area was found, but there were no
significant differences between the overall rural means by NGOs
42. Work-related expenditure
Mean work-related expenditure pppd by Mean work-related expenditure pppd by
MHHs and FHHs NGO
The amount spent on work-related items increased significantly across the surveys
from 20 Taka to 106 Taka between surveys 1 and 7
Considerably more spent in the urban areas, on average, than in the rural areas
(mean 193 versus 48 Taka, respectively) although the gap appears to be lessening
43. Difference between income and expenditure (net income)
Households went from a debit in surveys 1 to 3 (-437, -33, -52 Taka/month
respectively) to increasing credit in surveys 4 to 7 (+565, +891, +989 and +1076
Taka/month, respectively).
MHHs were significantly more in credit than FHHs over the 7 surveys by, on
average, 400 Taka/month.
When the average of the seven surveys was calculated all NGOs were in credit
ranging from 3 Taka/month to 778 Taka/month.
Mean monthly net income by MHHs and FHHs Mean monthly net income by NGOs
44. Household food intake and security
Rice was eaten by nearly all households in all seven surveys. Comparison of
March 2011 and March 2013 revealed an increase in fresh fish consumption,
pulses, green and other vegetables.
Number of days Survey p
food consumed
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Rice -
0 0 0 0.3 0 0.3 0 0
1 0 0 0.3 0 0.3 0 0
2 0 0.3 0 0 0 0 0
3+ 100 99.7 98.3 100 99.3 100 100
Flour <0.001
0 71.6 63.7 67.0 78.2 68.3 63.4 77.6
1 11.6 17.3 16.2 7.9 10.9 14.5 8.9
2 8.3 11.7 10.9 6.9 10.6 10.2 6.3
3+ 8.6 7.3 5.9 6.9 10.2 11.9 7.3
Pulse <0.001
0 62.0 38.0 36.6 55.4 36.6 46.5 43.6
1 23.8 33.0 26.4 24.1 21.8 15.5 21.5
2 9.2 21.0 23.4 14.2 23.4 21.1 20.5
3+ 5.0 8.0 13.5 6.3 18.2 16.8 14.5
48. Overall food diversity rose from 4.3 in survey 1 to 5.3 in surveys 5 and 6 before
falling slightly to 5.2 in survey 7.
There was no significant difference between MHHs and FHHs.
Mean number of food types consumed Mean number of food types consumed by NGO
by MHHs and FHHs
NB: The extent of household food diversity was determined in two ways (a) based on the mean of the
number of foods eaten (maximum 13) and (b) based on the 7 food groups (grains, roots and tubers, legumes
and nuts, dairy products, flesh foods, eggs, vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables and other fruit and
vegetables) as defined by WHO and UNICEF.
49. The households were asked about the coping strategies they used as a result of
financial hardship in the seven days prior to the survey. There were significant
improvements in all 10 strategies between surveys 1 and 7.
Mean food coping strategy by MHHs and Mean food coping strategy by NGO
FHHs
50. Social empowerment
Overall the responses were quite consistent. More women in survey 7 felt there
were people who could be relied upon to help and less women in surveys 4 and 7
felt frightened of moving alone outside their village.
Male Females
Survey Agree Neither Disagree Agree Neither Disagree
Investing in children’s 1 97.6 2.4 - 97.6 2.4 -
education is the best use of 4 85.7 10.7 3.6 85.7 10.7 3.6
my scarce resources 7 95.2 2.4 2.4 95.2 2.4 2.4
If you earn money or 1 73.8 2.4 23.8 73.8 2.4 23.8
receive a loan, you decide 4 79.5 4.8 15.7 79.5 4.8 15.7
how to use the money 7 66.7 1.2 32.1 66.7 1.2 32.1
You feel confident that you 1 73.8 3.6 22.6 73.8 3.6 22.6
can face whatever the 4 78.6 6.0 15.5 78.6 6.0 15.5
future brings/holds 7 66.7 1.2 17.9 66.7 1.2 17.9
What you say matters in 1 98.8 - 1.2 98.8 - 1.2
decisions in your 4 98.8 - 1.2 98.8 - 1.2
household 7 97.6 - 2.4 97.6 - 2.4
There are people outside 1 54.8 6.0 39.3 54.8 6.0 39.3
your family you can rely on 4 57.1 2.4 40.5 57.1 2.4 40.5
for help 7 57.1 4.8 38.1 57.1 4.8 38.1
51. Adult nutritional status
The mean weights of head of household increased significantly over the three surveys
in both male and female adults and the average weight gain between surveys 1
and 7 was 0.7kg.
Mean BMI also increased significantly across the three surveys by 0.4 kgm-2
and there were concomitant reduction in CED percentages.
Mean haemoglobin did not show any significant change over the surveys but
the percentage who were anaemic fell in males but increased slightly in females.
Weight BMI Haemoglobin
Average Average
+ 0.7kg + 0.4 kgm-2
53. There were no significant changes between surveys although in the total sample
the percentage with CED and anaemia fell by nearly 5%.
Head Survey CED + anaemic CED only Anaemic only Normal
Total 1 32.2 22.4 17.6 27.8
4 27.3 24.9 20.0 27.8
7 27.3 22.0 20.0 30.7
54. Child nutritional status
There was no significant change in mean height-for-age and weight-for-age
across the three surveys.
There was a highly significant improvement in haemoglobin concentration
with an increase in mean of over 8 g/l.
Average
+ 8.0 g/L
55. The percentage of children who were
Anaemia
stunted fell significantly between
-24.8%
surveys 1 and 7 while the percentage of
children who were underweight
increased; the prevalence of wasting
reduced between surveys 1 and 4 but
increased back to baseline level in Stunting
survey 7. -9.3%
The prevalence of childhood anaemia
fell significantly over the surveys.
Mean Survey Prevalence Survey
1 4 7 1 4 7
Height-for-age -1.94 -2.02 -1.81 Stunting 52.0 49.3 42.7
Weight-for-age -1.89 -1.95 -1.90 Underweight 44.6 49.3 50.7
Weight-for-height -0.88 -0.96 -1.14 Wasted 20.5 13.3 20.5
Haemoglobin 106.4 111.1 114.7 Anaemic 60.8 45.3 36.0
56. Summary ✔ ✔= significant improvement, ✔ = trend of improvement
1&4 1&7 4&7
Family size ✔ ✔✔ ✔
Illness - ✔✔ ✔✔
Land ✔✔ ✔✔ ✔
House ownership - ✔ -
House material - - -
Loan - - -
Cash savings ✔✔ ✔ ✔
Assets ✔✔ ✔✔ ✔✔
Income ✔✔ ✔✔ ✔✔
Expenditures - - -
Net income ✔✔ ✔✔ ✔✔
Food ✔✔ ✔✔ ✔✔
Adult weight and BMI ✔✔ ✔✔ ✔✔
Adult anaemia - - -
Child z-scores - - -
Child stunting - ✔✔ -
Child anaemia ✔✔ ✔✔ ✔✔
57. Discussions
(1) Many indicators of economical situation in households (e.g. land, saving,
asset, income, expenditure) showed improvement from 1 year of the
intervention and generally keep to show the upward trend after 2 years.
(2) Number of asset increased from survey 1 to 4 but not in survey 7, but the
value increased in survey 7 – how much the assets generate income?
(3) Amount of cash savings, income/expenditure increased, but no
change of loans
(4) Household food intake and security also improved sharply after 1 year
of intervention. BMI and weight in adults showed significant improvement,
but not hemoglobin - intervention increased energy intake but still do not
improve ‘quality’ of food such as animal protein.
58. Discussions
(5) After 2 years of intervention, child chronic undernutrition (stunting)
showed improvement which may related the reduction of morbidity.
However they also showed a sign of acute undernutrition (wasting and
underweight) at survey 7 – perhaps other factors such as breastfeeding
and weaning practice and poor energy intake may also related.
(6) Child anaemia status improved at surveys 4 and 7 – less than national
average (i.e. 68% of under 5 years of age in rural area).
More opinions?
59. How can we know whether there is improvement in the lifestyle
of the ultra poor?
Areas worth investigating are:-
1. Do households sustain themselves about the poverty line or does churning
poverty occur (which might be seasonal or the result of some health shock or
other life event)?
2. Is there any relationship between an absolute measure of poverty (the
poverty line) and multidimensional poverty in the ultra poor and is this
homogeneous in urban and rural areas?
3. How well does an absolute measure of poverty predict multidimensional
poverty in the ultra poor?
60. How they are close to the above poverty line?
– measurement of improvement
Chronic poverty is commonly defined as ‘a state of poverty where individuals,
households or regions are trapped in severe and multi-dimensional poverty
for an extended period of time, perhaps even across generations’. Duration,
multidimensionality and severity are therefore the key characteristics of chronic
poverty, and these are mutually reinforcing characteristics (Hulme et al., 2001).
61. Three measures of income poverty;
(1) Poor or not poor (yes or no, Headcount index)
All indicators use
(2) Depth of poverty (Poverty Gap Index, PGI)
‘poverty line’
(3) Inequality of poverty (Squared Poverty Gap Index, SPGI)
Poverty Gap
= How much would have to be
transferred to bring their expenditure
(or income) up to the poverty line
Poverty line
Population ranked by consumption
62. Poverty Gap and Poverty Gap Index
e.g. Poverty line is 125
Individual A B C D Sum Poverty
Gap
Index
Income 100 100 150 150
Poverty Gap 25 25 0 0
PG / Poverty line 25 / 125 = 25 / 125 = 0 0 0.20 + 0.40 / 4 =
0.20 0.20 0.20 = 0.10
0.40 (10%)
Income 80 120 150 150
Poverty Gap 45 5 0 0
PG / Poverty line 45 / 125 = 5 / 125 = 0 0 0.36 + 0.40 / 4 =
0.36 0.04 0.04 = 0.10
0.40 (10%)
63. Squared Poverty Gap Index Poverty line is 125
Individual A B C D Sum Poverty
Gap
Index
Income 100 100 150 150
Poverty Gap 25 25 0 0
PG / Poverty line 25 / 125 = 25 / 125 = 0 0
0.20 0.20
Squared Poverty 0.202 0.202 0 0 0.08 0.08 / 4
Gap =0.04 =0.04 =0.02
(2%)
Income 80 120 150 150
Poverty Gap 45 5 0 0
PG / Poverty line 45 / 125 = 5 / 125 = 0 0
0.36 0.04
Squared Poverty 0.362 0.042 0 0 0.1312 0.1312 / 4
Gap =0.1296 =0.0016 =0.0328
(3.28%)
64. Thank you to our beneficiaries and all the staff who
contributed to making these surveys possible!