Poverty remains a problem. There is an overall reduction in national poverty over the last 3 decades, but this masks the persistent spatial concentration of poverty and high inequality.
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The health status of Ghanaians has evolved over time, from predominant inflictions from infectious diseases and negative maternal and child health outcomes that prevailed at the time of independence in the late 1950s, to the addition of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension, stroke, diabetes, cancers, etc. that prevail in present times.
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• enhance learning and action → co-creation of knowledge
• promote peoples’ participation and direct involvement in the design of coping strategies
• bridge the “glocal information divide” between global environmental systems and local communities improving linkages among research, extension, advisory services and farmers.
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Over the last three decades, Ghana has invested large amounts of effort in implementing various strategies to reduce maternal and child mortality in the country.
Patti Kristjanson, leader of the CGIAR Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security theme on Linking Knowledge with Action, presented CCAFS' Intermediate Development Outcome on gender at an International Fund for Agricultural Development East and Southern Africa regional Knowledge Management and Capacity Building Forum, 16-18 October 2013 in Nairobi, Kenya.
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The health status of Ghanaians has evolved over time, from predominant inflictions from infectious diseases and negative maternal and child health outcomes that prevailed at the time of independence in the late 1950s, to the addition of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension, stroke, diabetes, cancers, etc. that prevail in present times.
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During FAO’s Preparatory Meeting for The State of Food and Agriculture 2015 (SOFA) held in Rome on June 30-July 1, IPC-IG presented the draft of the background paper “The role of targeting in Social Protection programmes: what have we learned so far?” The paper focused on the rationale for targeting Social Protection programmes and the different types of targeting, reviewing the evidence of the performance of different targeting strategies, and highlighting the strength and weaknesses of different mechanisms in rural areas.
Collaborative Change: approaches and experiences in ComDev applied to CBAFAO
4th International Conference on Community-Based Adaptation
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CBA approaches emphasize the need to empower rural communities and identify, through participatory learning methodologies, suitable adaptation options. Planned knowledge and communication activities have to be acknowledged as strategic assets to improve information sharing, people’s participation and concerted action towards social learning for livelihood adaptation.
As recommended by participants to the 3rd CBA conference, communication processes and strategies are essential to enhance rural institutions’ capacity to assist small farmers and reduce communities’ vulnerability. These should be fully integrated and mainstreamed within the CBA approach, in order to:
• facilitate equitable access to knowledge and information
• enhance learning and action → co-creation of knowledge
• promote peoples’ participation and direct involvement in the design of coping strategies
• bridge the “glocal information divide” between global environmental systems and local communities improving linkages among research, extension, advisory services and farmers.
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The contribution will also introduce a CSDI initiative in response to the need for enhanced communication capacities among development practitioners, field agents and decision-makers. It aims to establish a cross-regional and cross-institutional community of practice, for sharing information and knowledge on communication applied to climate adaptation, through networking and partnerships with development programmes, institutions, NGOs, universities and research centres.
Unplanned pregnancies, including teenage pregnancy, perpetuated by low demand for, and lack of access to family planning are linked with higher risks of birth complications such as maternal deaths and early child deaths, and malnutrition in children under-five.
TB is responsible for around 5 percent of total deaths in Ghana annually, and the decline in TB burden is markedly slow, with an average 2.5 percent reduction in TB incidence year on year (GTB 2018).
Over the last three decades, Ghana has invested large amounts of effort in implementing various strategies to reduce maternal and child mortality in the country.
Patti Kristjanson, leader of the CGIAR Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security theme on Linking Knowledge with Action, presented CCAFS' Intermediate Development Outcome on gender at an International Fund for Agricultural Development East and Southern Africa regional Knowledge Management and Capacity Building Forum, 16-18 October 2013 in Nairobi, Kenya.
Guush Berhane, Daniel Gilligan, Fikirte Girmachew, John Hoddinott, Neha Kumar, Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse
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Co-organized by IFPRI, USAID, CARE, ORDA, and World Vision
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BRACC Impact Evaluation Design_Dan Gilligan_BRACC resilience learning event_11 Feb 2020
1. BRACC Impact Evaluation Design
Dan Gilligan
Poverty, Health and Nutrition Division
International Food Policy Research Institute
Lilongwe | 11 February 2020
2. PROSPER Interventions
Nutrition: social and behavior change communication (SBCC) for nutrition;
awareness campaigns on diets and WASH
Agricultural production: train lead farmers; farmer field schools; goats
Agricultural processing and markets: processing training; financial services;
develop business skills; link farmers to markets
Natural resource management and risk reduction: food-for-assets provides
cash transfers and community assets (e.g., soil and water conservation; nurseries)
Insurance products: weather index insurance; area yield insurance
Transfers: targeted humanitarian assistance; lean season top-ups
3. A reduction in extreme poverty and an end to the recurrent
cycle of crises and humanitarian assistance in Malawi
Strengthened resilience of poor and vulnerable households to withstand current and future weather and climate
related shocks and stresses
Participationofwomen,youthandothermarginalisedgroupssupported
POLITICAL,ECONOMIC,ENVIRONMENTALFACTORS/ACTIVITIESOFOTHERACTORS
IMPACTOUTCOMEINPUTS&ACTIVITIES
Investment in capacity-building, targeting, accountability, evidence-based programming, lessons learning, partnership working and policy influence
Government commitment and capacity to link resilience
and social support programmes (medium)
Other actors committed to implementation of shock
sensitive social protection (medium}
Pilots generate evidence and taken to scale (medium)
TA maximises the value of public works and encourages
catchment management (weak)
Contingency fund allows
predictable and early action
and protection of
development gains (medium)
Cash transfers protect people
from negative coping
strategies (good)
Interventions result in diversified
livelihoods, asset protection, increased
crop production and sustainable
businesses (mixed)
Community level DRR and catchment
management reduces flood and drought
risk (medium)
Assumptions (strength of evidence)
Increased investment in basic services,
including health and education
Conducive agriculture and
economic reforms for growth
Learning and evidence generated
informs policies and other donor
investments (good)
Research and evidence improves
quality of programming and
targeting (medium)
TA support will result in stronger
government capacity to
implement policy (medium)
OUTPUTS
Social protection systems better
able to meet the needs of chronic
poor
Component 1: Climate resilient livelihoods:
Climate smart agriculture, irrigation and
marketing, skills training, businesses, VSLs,
links to MFIs, micro insurance, catchment
management, DRR/EWS
Component 2: Contingency
funding for shock response:
Conditional and
unconditional cash transfers
Component 3: Strengthening national social
protection systems: District capacity building,
pilots, e-payments, data management,
improving targeting, accountability
mechanisms, linkages and referral, graduation
Programme interventions result in improved food security, income, targeting; and more coherent delivery
of SP, DRR and CCA programming
Component 4: Evidence, knowledge
management and policy influence:
Programme M&E, research, policy
advocacy, innovation fund, TA for policy
implementation, DFID advisory time
Climate and economic shocks do
not go beyond country’s capacity
to cope
1. HH accumulate assets, access more diverse
income streams, and have improved
capacity to adapt to long-term climate
changes
2. Reduced exposure of HH and communities
exposure to drought and floods
3. Increased capacity of local
authorities, communities and
individuals to prepare and
respond to shocks
4. A strengthened and more
shock sensitive national
social protection system
5. More effective,
coordinated and targeted
Government and Donor
sectoral investments
Humanitarian assistance not influenced
by politics ahead of elections
4. Overview of the BRACC Impact Evaluation Design
Goal: identify the causal impact of access to the BRACC programme on
poverty, resilience, and household food security
Design: cluster randomized controlled trial (cRCT) with village clusters
Treatment
Component 1 interventions to promote climate resilient livelihoods, market access
and business skills, access to financial services, and investment in NRM
“business-as-usual” targeted humanitarian aid funding in response to shocks
Control
“business-as-usual” targeted humanitarian aid funding in response to shocks
Treatment details:
Intervention packages in T villages will depend on the village context
Household classification into hanging in, stepping up, or stepping out groups
5. Overview of the BRACC Impact Evaluation Design (2)
Why use an RCT design?
most reliable approach to estimating the causal impact of a programme
observational studies suffer from selection bias
randomly assigning units to Treatment and Control assures that households and
villages are comparable on average at baseline
creates a valid counterfactual
Randomized assignment
more villages were assigned to T (n=149) than to C (n=75)
include more villages in the BRACC programme
allow for additional learning/experimentation through sub-treatments within T
randomize at the village level rather than GVH level to assure we had the number of
clusters needed for statistical power
6. Overview of the BRACC Impact Evaluation Design (3)
Quantitative survey structure
Baseline survey (August 27 – October 9, 2019)
set the sample for the entire evaluation
document that randomization for the RCT was effective (low sampling error)
obtain baseline measures of outcome variables
measure contextual variables for descriptive and analysis purposes
Midline survey (August-September 2021); Endline survey (August-September 2023)
Qualitative research
complementary qualitative assessments are proposed between the quantitative survey
rounds (September-October 2020 and 2022)
Focus Group Discussions and Key Informant Interviews
provides information on beneficiaries’ perceptions about access to the program,
satisfaction with the program and potential pathways of impact
• The evaluation sequence will have five phases:
quant(baseline) – qual – quant(midline) – qual – quant(endline)
7. Impact Evaluation Sample
Village sampling
73 Group Village Headmen (GVHs) under 5 TAs
contain 401 villages and 67,093 households according to 2018 census
sampled 224 villages: assigned 149 to Treatment and 75 to Control
1 Control village was replaced with a randomly drawn alternate village
Randomization
stratified at the TA level
Districts
BRACC districts: Balaka, Chikhwawa, Mangochi and
Phalombe
Impact evaluation districts: Balaka and Phalombe
8. BRACC Baseline Sample Location
Villages sampled in Balaka Villages sampled in Phalombe
9. Target groups
Following the National Resilience Strategy (2018), BRACC tailors
interventions to 3 groups of beneficiary households (Dorward et al. 2009)
based on poverty status
hanging in: maintaining asset levels; lowest socio-economic status
stepping up: invest in assets and activities to improve livelihoods, increase income
stepping out: accumulate assets to foster new livelihood activities with higher returns
Households in BRACC communities are targeted to using these 3 groups
community targeting exercise was not completed before the baseline survey
baseline sample is a random sample of village households – representative of the 3
groups but does not reflect targeting
caution: our preferred sample design would have included households in each targeted
group proportional to their share as program beneficiaries BUT we may have too few
hanging in households in the sample
10. Sample Size Calculations for the Baseline Survey
sample size calculations were conducted before the baseline
number of villages and households needed to be able to identify impacts on primary
outcome variables of expected size for an accepted level of statistical power (0.8) and
significance (α=0.05)
outcomes for sample size estimates
log of total monthly expenditure per capita (MPCE)
household food consumption score (FCS)
MPCE minimum effect size of 12% is smaller (more conservative) than the 15% effect
of a multisectoral graduation program in Ethiopia (Banerjee et al. 2015)
Outcome Baseline Obs
per cluster
Endline Obs
per cluster
(rounded)
Intervention
Clusters
Control
Clusters
Baseline Obs
Total
Endline Obs
Total
(rounded)
Detectable
Effect Size
(% Increase)
MPCE 14 13 149 75 3,136 2,823 12
FCS 14 13 134 68 2,828 2,546 7
11. Baseline Survey Data Collection
Ethics approval
Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval received from two sources
National Committee for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (NCRSH)
IFPRI’s internal IRB
approach guided by OECD (2010) DAC Quality Standards for Development
Evaluation and DFID’s (2011) Ethics Principles for Research and Evaluation
Survey instruments, enumeration team and trainings
questionnaire based on Fourth Integrated Household Survey (IHS4) and others
questionnaire translated from English to Chichewa and back translated
instruments were programmed into Open Data Kit (ODK) software; enumerators used
tablets to record responses during the interviews
enumeration teams: 8 teams of 5 enumerators and 1 supervisor each
baseline training on August 5-8, 2019
12. Baseline Survey Fieldwork
Sampling
A Community Listing Exercise (CLE) was conducted to obtain
a complete list of all households in the 224 sample villages
14 households per village were randomly sampled from the
CLE
final target sample of 3,136 households
Baseline survey data collection
August 27 – October 9, 2019
Challenges
difficulty getting satellite signal for GPS coordinates
most households in TA Mbera were involved in FFA/R4 and
MASAF programs; only available for interviews between 11am
and 2pm
language barriers in TA Kalembo in Balaka, where Chichewa is
not the first language