Alcoholic drink preferences in college students have made an interesting shift recently, with
trends in consumption leaning toward caffeinated alcohol in various forms (e.g., Red Bull and vodka or caffeinated beers such as Anheuser-Busch’s B-to-the-E). Despite the dramatic rise in popularity of these beverages, little research has examined the combined effects of alcohol and caffeine, which is problematic for adequately informing the public about the risk or lack thereof of these drinks. The purpose of this study was to directly investigate the acute effects of alcohol and caffeine, alone and in combination, on well-validated measures of cognitive performance and subjective intoxication in social drinkers. Participants (N 12) performed a psychological refractory period task that measured dual-task interference as the prolonged reaction time to complete the 2nd of 2 tasks performed in close temporal sequence. Performance was tested under 2 active doses and 1 placebo dose of caffeine (0.0 mg/kg, 2.0 mg/kg, and 4.0 mg/kg) in combination with 1 active dose and 1 placebo dose of alcohol (0.0 g/kg and 0.65 g/kg). As expected, alcohol impaired task performance by increasing dual-task interference and increasing errors. The coadministration of caffeine counteracted the effects of alcohol on interference but had no effect on the degree to which alcohol increased errors.
Subjective measures of intoxication showed that coadministration of caffeine with alcohol
reduced participants’ perceptions of alcohol intoxication compared with administration of
alcohol alone. The results highlight the complexity of drug interactions between alcohol and
caffeine
(1) Dr. James R. Coughlin, a food toxicologist with over 35 years of experience, testified before the U.S. Senate Committee on concerns about marketing energy drinks to youth.
(2) He stated that restrictions cannot be supported scientifically because caffeine from energy drinks is a small source of caffeine compared to coffee, tea, and soda, and that the caffeine content in mainstream energy drinks is comparable or less than that in coffee.
(3) The best available clinical evidence shows that caffeine consumption at current levels in the U.S. population, including in children and teens, presents no safety concerns.
This document is a research proposal that aims to investigate whether the intensity of alcohol hangover symptoms can serve as a marker for future development of alcohol use disorders. The proposal provides background on alcohol hangover and alcohol use disorder. It reviews previous research that has found associations between family history of alcohol use disorder and increased hangover symptoms. The proposed study aims to build on this by investigating how hangover symptoms influence near-term drinking behaviors and whether personal traits like guilt are associated with hangover and alcohol use disorder. The study will use an online naturalistic design to compare university and MTurk samples.
The effects of the consumption of alcoholic beverages on students in southern...Chulie
This document discusses the effects of alcohol consumption. It begins by explaining that alcohol is a depressant that slows vital functions and impairs thinking and judgment. It then describes different types of alcoholic beverages and their alcohol content ranges. Next, it lists some immediate physiological effects of alcohol on the body. It also discusses global alcohol consumption statistics and health impacts. Finally, it provides findings from surveys on alcohol consumption patterns among Filipinos.
Selected Psychological and Social Factors Contributing to Relapse among Relap...inventionjournals
Drug abuse is a major global problem and in Kenya there has been increasing drug and alcohol abuse with serious negative effects. Treatment and rehabilitation of alcoholism is expensive and non-conclusive due to consequent relapse. This study sought to find out selected psychological and social factors contributing to relapse among recovering alcoholics of Asumbi and Jorgs Ark rehabilitation centres in Kenya. This study adopted the descriptive survey design. The population of the study comprised of all relapsed alcoholics and rehabilitation counsellors in Asumbi and Jorgs Ark rehabilitation centres in Kenya. A sample of 67 recovering alcoholics and 13 counsellors was drawn from the two purposively selected rehabilitation centres and used in the study. The study used two sets of questionnaires, one for relapsed alcoholics and another for rehabilitation counsellors. The questionnaires were piloted to validate and establish its reliability before the actual data collection. Data was collected through administration of two sets of questionnaires to the selected respondents. The data was then processed and analyzed using descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 for windows. The key findings of this study indicated that the selected psychological factor that mostly contributed to relapse was dwelling on resentment that causes anger and frustration due to unresolved conflict. The social factor that mostly contributed to relapse was hanging around old drinking friends. The key conclusion was that in view of selected factors dwelling on resentment that causes anger and frustration due to unresolved conflict was the major contributor to relapse. The research findings may benefit NACADA, Ministry of Public Health, mental health agencies, psychologists, counsellors, Non-Governmental organizations, policy makers, researchers, drug abusers and alcoholics in Kenya to better understand factors contributing to relapse and devise ways and means of reducing relapse. Based on the major findings of this study, it is recommended that all stakeholders undertake measures aimed at providing a solution to continued relapse of alcoholics by improvement of rehabilitation and follow-up programmes.
The Importance of Identifying Characteristics Underlyingthe .docxrtodd33
This article analyzes how participants in various addiction recovery groups describe addiction as an "illness of the emotions." The recovery groups, which follow the Alcoholics Anonymous model, understand addiction on deeper emotional levels rather than just behavioral. Participants discover ways to deal with their emotional illness through the recovery process, rather than actively engaging in addiction. The article examines metaphors used in personal writings to describe patterns of emotional illness and recovery, providing insight into how recovery groups address both the symptoms and deeper emotional roots of addiction.
Fitness/Substance Abuse
Do Alcohol Consumers Exercise More? Findings
From a National Survey
Michael T. French, PhD; Ioana Popovici, PhD; Johanna Catherine Maclean, MA
Abstract
Purpose. Investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and physical activity
because understanding whether there are common determinants of health behaviors is critical in
designing programs to change risky activities.
Design. Cross-sectional analysis.
Setting. United States.
Subjects. A sample of adults representative of the U.S. population (N 5 230,856) from the
2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.
Measures. Several measures of drinking and exercise were analyzed. Specifications included
numerous health, health behavior, socioeconomic, and demographic control variables.
Results. For women, current drinkers exercise 7.2 more minutes per week than abstainers.
Ten extra drinks per month are associated with 2.2 extra minutes per week of physical activity.
When compared with current abstainers, light, moderate, and heavy drinkers exercise 5.7,
10.1, and 19.9 more minutes per week. Drinking is associated with a 10.1 percentage point
increase in the probability of exercising vigorously. Ten extra drinks per month are associated
with a 2.0 percentage point increase in the probability of engaging in vigorous physical activity.
Light, moderate, and heavy drinking are associated with 9.0, 14.3, and 13.7 percentage point
increases in the probability of exercising vigorously. The estimation results for men are similar to
those for women.
Conclusions. Our results strongly suggest that alcohol consumption and physical activity are
positively correlated. The association persists at heavy drinking levels. (Am J Health Promot
2009;24[1]:2–10.)
Key Words: Health Behavior, Lifestyle, Alcohol, Exercise, Health
Consciousness, Sensation Seeking, Prevention Research. Manuscript format:
research, Research purpose: modeling/relationship testing, Study design:
nonexperimental, Outcome measure: physical activity, behavioral, Setting: state/
national, Health focus: fitness/physical activity, Strategy: skill building/behavior
change, Target population age: adult, Target population circumstances:
education/income level and race/ethnicity
PURPOSE
The epidemiologic literature has
firmly established that certain lifestyle
health-related choices are associated
with an elevated risk of morbidity and
mortality.1–3 Excessive alcohol con-
sumption, physical inactivity, smoking,
and unhealthy dietary practices ac-
count for a large proportion of pre-
ventable chronic diseases and deaths in
the United States. However, the precise
association between these behaviors is
still the subject of longstanding debate.
There are reasons to believe that
health behaviors may not be indepen-
dent of each other. One view purports
that individuals’ motivation to prevent
disease or improve health could cause
the clustering of health behaviors.4 In
other words, health consciousness
could l.
- A randomized controlled trial was conducted to test whether delivering personalized social norms feedback via Facebook could reduce problematic alcohol use among university students.
- Students who screened positive for hazardous drinking were randomly assigned to a control group or intervention group that received messages with norms data and their own drinking behaviors.
- Results found the intervention group significantly reduced their monthly alcohol consumption and frequency at one and three month follow-ups compared to baseline and the control group.
- Perceptions of drinking norms also became significantly more accurate for the intervention group after receiving feedback.
Moderate alcohol consumption as risk factor for adverse brain outcomes and co...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Recent longitudinal study. No mention of fasd or prenatal / pre conceptual alcohol consumption.
If the conclusions are correct how much more do they apply to the fetus, newborn and adolescent/
(1) Dr. James R. Coughlin, a food toxicologist with over 35 years of experience, testified before the U.S. Senate Committee on concerns about marketing energy drinks to youth.
(2) He stated that restrictions cannot be supported scientifically because caffeine from energy drinks is a small source of caffeine compared to coffee, tea, and soda, and that the caffeine content in mainstream energy drinks is comparable or less than that in coffee.
(3) The best available clinical evidence shows that caffeine consumption at current levels in the U.S. population, including in children and teens, presents no safety concerns.
This document is a research proposal that aims to investigate whether the intensity of alcohol hangover symptoms can serve as a marker for future development of alcohol use disorders. The proposal provides background on alcohol hangover and alcohol use disorder. It reviews previous research that has found associations between family history of alcohol use disorder and increased hangover symptoms. The proposed study aims to build on this by investigating how hangover symptoms influence near-term drinking behaviors and whether personal traits like guilt are associated with hangover and alcohol use disorder. The study will use an online naturalistic design to compare university and MTurk samples.
The effects of the consumption of alcoholic beverages on students in southern...Chulie
This document discusses the effects of alcohol consumption. It begins by explaining that alcohol is a depressant that slows vital functions and impairs thinking and judgment. It then describes different types of alcoholic beverages and their alcohol content ranges. Next, it lists some immediate physiological effects of alcohol on the body. It also discusses global alcohol consumption statistics and health impacts. Finally, it provides findings from surveys on alcohol consumption patterns among Filipinos.
Selected Psychological and Social Factors Contributing to Relapse among Relap...inventionjournals
Drug abuse is a major global problem and in Kenya there has been increasing drug and alcohol abuse with serious negative effects. Treatment and rehabilitation of alcoholism is expensive and non-conclusive due to consequent relapse. This study sought to find out selected psychological and social factors contributing to relapse among recovering alcoholics of Asumbi and Jorgs Ark rehabilitation centres in Kenya. This study adopted the descriptive survey design. The population of the study comprised of all relapsed alcoholics and rehabilitation counsellors in Asumbi and Jorgs Ark rehabilitation centres in Kenya. A sample of 67 recovering alcoholics and 13 counsellors was drawn from the two purposively selected rehabilitation centres and used in the study. The study used two sets of questionnaires, one for relapsed alcoholics and another for rehabilitation counsellors. The questionnaires were piloted to validate and establish its reliability before the actual data collection. Data was collected through administration of two sets of questionnaires to the selected respondents. The data was then processed and analyzed using descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 for windows. The key findings of this study indicated that the selected psychological factor that mostly contributed to relapse was dwelling on resentment that causes anger and frustration due to unresolved conflict. The social factor that mostly contributed to relapse was hanging around old drinking friends. The key conclusion was that in view of selected factors dwelling on resentment that causes anger and frustration due to unresolved conflict was the major contributor to relapse. The research findings may benefit NACADA, Ministry of Public Health, mental health agencies, psychologists, counsellors, Non-Governmental organizations, policy makers, researchers, drug abusers and alcoholics in Kenya to better understand factors contributing to relapse and devise ways and means of reducing relapse. Based on the major findings of this study, it is recommended that all stakeholders undertake measures aimed at providing a solution to continued relapse of alcoholics by improvement of rehabilitation and follow-up programmes.
The Importance of Identifying Characteristics Underlyingthe .docxrtodd33
This article analyzes how participants in various addiction recovery groups describe addiction as an "illness of the emotions." The recovery groups, which follow the Alcoholics Anonymous model, understand addiction on deeper emotional levels rather than just behavioral. Participants discover ways to deal with their emotional illness through the recovery process, rather than actively engaging in addiction. The article examines metaphors used in personal writings to describe patterns of emotional illness and recovery, providing insight into how recovery groups address both the symptoms and deeper emotional roots of addiction.
Fitness/Substance Abuse
Do Alcohol Consumers Exercise More? Findings
From a National Survey
Michael T. French, PhD; Ioana Popovici, PhD; Johanna Catherine Maclean, MA
Abstract
Purpose. Investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and physical activity
because understanding whether there are common determinants of health behaviors is critical in
designing programs to change risky activities.
Design. Cross-sectional analysis.
Setting. United States.
Subjects. A sample of adults representative of the U.S. population (N 5 230,856) from the
2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.
Measures. Several measures of drinking and exercise were analyzed. Specifications included
numerous health, health behavior, socioeconomic, and demographic control variables.
Results. For women, current drinkers exercise 7.2 more minutes per week than abstainers.
Ten extra drinks per month are associated with 2.2 extra minutes per week of physical activity.
When compared with current abstainers, light, moderate, and heavy drinkers exercise 5.7,
10.1, and 19.9 more minutes per week. Drinking is associated with a 10.1 percentage point
increase in the probability of exercising vigorously. Ten extra drinks per month are associated
with a 2.0 percentage point increase in the probability of engaging in vigorous physical activity.
Light, moderate, and heavy drinking are associated with 9.0, 14.3, and 13.7 percentage point
increases in the probability of exercising vigorously. The estimation results for men are similar to
those for women.
Conclusions. Our results strongly suggest that alcohol consumption and physical activity are
positively correlated. The association persists at heavy drinking levels. (Am J Health Promot
2009;24[1]:2–10.)
Key Words: Health Behavior, Lifestyle, Alcohol, Exercise, Health
Consciousness, Sensation Seeking, Prevention Research. Manuscript format:
research, Research purpose: modeling/relationship testing, Study design:
nonexperimental, Outcome measure: physical activity, behavioral, Setting: state/
national, Health focus: fitness/physical activity, Strategy: skill building/behavior
change, Target population age: adult, Target population circumstances:
education/income level and race/ethnicity
PURPOSE
The epidemiologic literature has
firmly established that certain lifestyle
health-related choices are associated
with an elevated risk of morbidity and
mortality.1–3 Excessive alcohol con-
sumption, physical inactivity, smoking,
and unhealthy dietary practices ac-
count for a large proportion of pre-
ventable chronic diseases and deaths in
the United States. However, the precise
association between these behaviors is
still the subject of longstanding debate.
There are reasons to believe that
health behaviors may not be indepen-
dent of each other. One view purports
that individuals’ motivation to prevent
disease or improve health could cause
the clustering of health behaviors.4 In
other words, health consciousness
could l.
- A randomized controlled trial was conducted to test whether delivering personalized social norms feedback via Facebook could reduce problematic alcohol use among university students.
- Students who screened positive for hazardous drinking were randomly assigned to a control group or intervention group that received messages with norms data and their own drinking behaviors.
- Results found the intervention group significantly reduced their monthly alcohol consumption and frequency at one and three month follow-ups compared to baseline and the control group.
- Perceptions of drinking norms also became significantly more accurate for the intervention group after receiving feedback.
Moderate alcohol consumption as risk factor for adverse brain outcomes and co...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Recent longitudinal study. No mention of fasd or prenatal / pre conceptual alcohol consumption.
If the conclusions are correct how much more do they apply to the fetus, newborn and adolescent/
Personality and Social SciencesDo men with excessive alcoh.docxherbertwilson5999
Personality and Social Sciences
Do men with excessive alcohol consumption and social stability have an
addictive personality?
KRISTINA BERGLUND,1 ERIKA ROMAN,2 JAN BALLDIN,3 ULF BERGGREN,3 MATTS ERIKSSON,3
PETTER GUSTAVSSON4 and CLAUDIA FAHLKE1
1Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
2Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Sweden
3Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry
Sweden
4Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
Berglund, K., Roman, E., Balldin, J., Berggren, U., Eriksson, M., Gustavsson, P. & Fahlke, C. (2011). Do men with excessive alcohol consumption and
social stability have an addictive personality? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52, 257–260.
The existence of an ‘‘addictive’’ personality has been extensively debated. The current study investigated personality in male individuals with excessive
alcohol consumption (n = 100) in comparison to a population-based control group (n = 131). The individuals with excessive alcohol consumption were
recruited by advertisements in a regional daily newspaper and controls from a population based Swedish Twin Registry. Personality was assessed by the
Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP). Comparisons were made with normative data. Furthermore, by using a multivariate projection-based approach
(Principal Component Analysis; PCA), hidden structures of traits and possible relationships among the individuals with excessive consumption and the
controls was investigated. The individuals with excessive alcohol consumption as well as the controls had mean values within the normative range in all
scales of the KSP. Moreover, the PCA analysis revealed no systematic between-group separation. Taken together, this result demonstrates that male individ-
uals with excessive alcohol consumption do not have a personality different from that of a general population, which supports the notion of no ‘‘addictive
personality’’.
Key words: Personality, men, excessive alcohol consumption.
Kristina Berglund, Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 500, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. Tel: 46-31-786 18 78; fax: 46-31-
786 46 28; e-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
There have been several attempts to describe individuals with
excessive alcohol consumption according to personality and other
characteristics and then classify them into cluster groups or multi-
dimensional typologies. Besides the typologies of alcoholism by
Babor (1996) and Lesch and Walter (1996), one of the most com-
monly used typology is the type 1 and type 2 alcoholism devel-
oped by Cloninger, Bohman and Sigvardsson (1981). According
to this classification individuals with type 1 alcoholism are charac-
terized by social stability with late onset of alcoholism, few psy-
chopathological symptoms and soc.
This document discusses a study that investigated the role of the basolateral amygdala in the extinction of cocaine-conditioned place preference in rats. The study found no significant difference in extinction between rats that received temporary inactivation of the basolateral amygdala during extinction trials and control rats. This suggests that while the basolateral amygdala is involved in initial cue-reward associations, it may not be involved in re-associating such links during extinction of cocaine-conditioned place preference. The document provides background on addiction, models of addiction like incentive sensitization theory, and the role of the mesolimbic dopamine system in reward processing and motivation.
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationships between perceived stress, craving, negative exposure, and alcohol consumption in a non-clinical sample. The study hypothesized that higher stress and craving would be related to greater alcohol use, and that negative exposure would also predict higher consumption. The results found no significant relationships between the variables, though some interaction effects approached significance. This suggests the relationships between these factors may be more complicated than expected. The study had some methodological limitations but provides a basis for further experimental research.
This document summarizes a report on the health risks of mixing alcohol and energy drinks, especially for youth. It discusses how the popularity of non-alcoholic energy drinks among youth is driving the emergence of alcoholic energy drinks. Alcohol companies are marketing alcoholic energy drinks using similar "grassroots" strategies aimed at youth as non-alcoholic energy drink companies. While research is limited, preliminary studies suggest combining alcohol and caffeine can mask intoxication and increase risk-taking, especially for young people. The report calls on alcohol companies and governments to take action to address health and safety concerns regarding alcoholic energy drinks.
1) The document examines differences in alcohol use and consequences between undergraduate women living in different on-campus residential environments, including single-sex and mixed-sex residential learning communities (RLCs) and non-RLCs.
2) The results found that women living in single-sex RLCs had the lowest rates of alcohol use, heavy episodic drinking, and alcohol-related consequences compared to those living in other environments.
3) RLCs, particularly single-sex ones, appear to provide an environment that supports lower rates of alcohol use and abuse among undergraduate women.
1) The document summarizes a study that tested the efficacy of a brief CBT program to reduce excessive drinking among naval recruits in Ireland.
2) 26 recruits participated in the randomized controlled study, with the treatment group receiving a 4-week 1.5 hour CBT intervention.
3) Results showed that compared to controls, those receiving the intervention reported increased readiness to change drinking and reduced binge drinking at follow-ups.
This study examined the long-term effects of individual alcoholism on social migration and neighborhood characteristics over 12 years using data from 206 men in the Michigan Longitudinal Study. The results showed that after controlling for relevant factors, men with more severe alcohol problems from baseline to 12-year follow-up were more likely to remain in or migrate to more disadvantaged neighborhoods at follow-up, as indicated by higher rates of divorce, unemployment, public assistance, residential mobility, and poverty. In contrast, men who recovered from alcoholism tended to live in neighborhoods that were not distinguishable from non-alcoholics. The findings suggest that alcoholism has negative long-term effects on place of residence by increasing the likelihood of living in disadv
Prenatal alcohol exposure and offspring mental health: A systematic reviewBARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
A B S T R A C T
Background: High levels of alcohol use in pregnancy have been shown to be associated with negative physical health consequences in offspring. However, the literature is less clear on the association of alcohol use in pregnancy and offspring mental health, specifically for low levels of prenatal alcohol exposure. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate studies examining this association.
Methods: Studies were identified by searching PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science, and were included if they examined alcohol use during pregnancy as an exposure and offspring mental health at age 3 or older as an outcome. We excluded non-English language publications and studies of fetal alcohol syndrome.
Results: Thirty-three studies were included and were categorized by mental health outcomes: anxiety/depression, emotional problems, total internalizing problems, total problem score, and conduct disorder. Over half of the analyses reported a positive association of prenatal alcohol exposure and offspring mental health problems.
Conclusions: Our review suggests that maternal alcohol use during pregnancy is associated with offspring mental health problems, even at low to moderate levels of alcohol use. Future investigation using methods that allow stronger causal inference is needed to further investigate if these associations shown are causal.
This study examined the relationship between drinking habits and GPA among SDSU students. An online survey was distributed to collect data on students' alcohol consumption, activities, and GPAs. The survey found that most respondents drank alcohol and were involved in Greek life or had jobs. While previous research linked higher drinking to lower GPAs, this study found a positive correlation, contradicting expectations. As the sample was small and non-random, further research is recommended to better understand how drinking impacts academic performance at SDSU.
Article Review Sheet and Mystery of the WeekName _______________.docxssusera34210
Article Review Sheet and Mystery of the Week
Name ____________________________
Date ________________
Article Title: _______________________________________________________
Author: _________________________________________________________
Source and Date: ________________________________________________
Article # ___________________
1. Briefly summarize the article in your own words. (No quotes please!)
2. List three key points from the article:
a.
b.
c.
3. Do you agree or disagree with the premise and conclusions in the article? Yes No
4. What were the weak parts of the argument or missing information in the article that may lead
to a different conclusion?
‘Beauty is in the eye of the beer holder’: People
who think they are drunk also think
they are attractive
Laurent Bègue1∗, Brad J. Bushman2,3, Oulmann Zerhouni1,
Baptiste Subra4 and Medhi Ourabah5
1University of Grenoble 2, France
2The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
3VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
4University of Paris Descartes, France
5University of Paris 8, Saint-Denis, France
This research examines the role of alcohol consumption on self-perceived attractiveness.
Study 1, carried out in a barroom (N = 19), showed that the more alcoholic drinks
customers consumed, the more attractive they thought they were. In Study 2, 94 non-
student participants in a bogus taste-test study were given either an alcoholic beverage
(target BAL [blood alcohol level] = 0.10 g/100 ml) or a non-alcoholic beverage, with
half of each group believing they had consumed alcohol and half believing they had
not (balanced placebo design). After consuming beverages, they delivered a speech and
rated how attractive, bright, original, and funny they thought they were. The speeches
were videotaped and rated by 22 independent judges. Results showed that participants
who thought they had consumed alcohol gave themselves more positive self-evaluations.
However, ratings from independent judges showed that this boost in self-evaluation was
unrelated to actual performance.
‘Beauty is in the eye of the beer holder’
—Kinky Friedman
Alcohol has many consequences on social perception and relationships. After a drink,
intoxicated people see members of the opposite sex through ‘beer goggles’, which makes
them look especially attractive (Jones, Jones, Thomas, & Piper, 2003; Lyvers, Cholakians,
Puorro, & Sundram, 2011; Neave, Tsang, & Heather, 2008). But alcohol can also influence
self-perceptions. Previous research on alcohol and self-awareness has found that alcohol
reduces self-awareness by inhibiting self-relevant encoding processes (Hull, Levenson,
Young, & Sher, 1983). The purpose of the present research is to test the hypothesis
∗Correspondence should be addressed to Laurent Bègue, University of Grenoble 2, LIP, 1251, Av. Centrale, BP47, 38040
Grenoble, France (e-mail: [email protected]).
DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2012.02114.x
British Journal of Psychology (2013), 104.
Alcohol And The Adolescent Brain Human StudiesGina Rizzo
Several studies have shown that heavy drinking during adolescence and young adulthood can negatively impact brain structure and function. Heavy drinking has been associated with poorer performance on neuropsychological tests, especially those involving memory and attention. The number of alcohol withdrawal symptoms experienced appears to predict the degree of later cognitive impairment. While neuropsychological impairments have been found in youth with alcohol use disorders, the effects are generally mild. However, even mild impairments during critical developmental periods could significantly influence life outcomes. Certain factors like a family history of alcoholism or earlier age of drinking onset may increase susceptibility to alcohol's harmful brain effects.
Intrauterine alcohol exposure and offspring mental health: A systematic reviewBARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
2
Abstract
Background: High levels of alcohol use in pregnancy have been shown to be associated with negative physical health consequences in offspring. However, the literature is less clear
on the association of alcohol use in pregnancy and offspring mental health disorders. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate studies examining this association.
Methods: Studies were identified by searching PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science, and were included if they examined alcohol use during pregnancy as an exposure and
offspring mental health at age 3 or older as an outcome. We excluded non-English language publications, and studies of foetal alcohol syndrome.
Results: Thirty-three studies were included and were categorised by mental health outcomes: anxiety/depression, emotional problems, total internalising problems, total
problem score, and conduct disorder. Over half of the analyses reported a positive association of intrauterine alcohol exposure and negative offspring mental health outcomes.
Conclusions: Our review suggests that maternal alcohol use during pregnancy is associated with negative offspring mental health outcomes, even at low to moderate levels of alcohol use. Future investigation using methods that allow stronger causal inference are needed to further investigate if these associations shown are causal.
Vol.(0123456789)1 3 aging clin exp res (2017) 291149–1155JASS44
This needs assessment study examined alcohol and substance use among 249 older adults participating in a senior center program. The key findings were:
1) Nearly 20% of participants reported problematic alcohol or substance use, with 3.4% engaging in hazardous drinking according to their AUDIT scores.
2) Higher AUDIT scores, indicating more alcohol use, were associated with greater depression, psychological distress, lower well-being and self-control.
3) The study reinforces previous research on substance use issues among older adults and highlights the need to address this problem in urban, low-income populations.
The mediating role of impulsivity and drinking motives on alcohol useAlyssa Nicholas
This document discusses a dissertation that examines the role of impulsivity and drinking motives on alcohol use. The dissertation aims to investigate whether an impulsive personality leads to increased alcohol consumption, and whether drinking motives mediate the relationship between impulsivity and alcohol use. The dissertation includes an introduction reviewing literature on alcohol use, impulsivity, drinking motives, and their relationships. It then describes the study's method, results, and discussion sections. The dissertation was submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for a psychology degree.
This document summarizes recent research on the health effects of coffee and caffeine in the United States. It discusses a systematic review by the International Life Sciences Institute that reconfirmed recommendations on safe caffeine intake levels. Several US studies examined caffeine exposure from all sources. The US Dietary Guidelines committee concluded that moderate coffee consumption can be part of a healthy diet. Recent research has studied the effects of coffee and caffeine on cardiovascular health, reproduction, behavior, bone health, and acute toxicity. The document also describes the newly founded UC Davis Coffee Center for research.
This document summarizes a study analyzing the relationship between fraternity membership and binge drinking. The study uses survey data from the 2001 Harvard College Alcohol Study to examine whether fraternity membership leads to increased binge drinking. Logistic regressions are used to control for self-selection bias and social norms. The results show that even after controlling for these factors, fraternity membership has a statistically significant impact on binge drinking and related behaviors like unprotected sex.
Alcohol May Act as Gateway Drug for Cocaine, Says Studysovarizona
Alcohol can be harmful in many ways than one might perceive. People may know enough about the direct implications of alcohol on physical and mental health, but its role as a gateway substance is not known commonly.
The document discusses a recent Saturday Night Live sketch titled "Winter Formal" that portrayed a character with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) in a derisive manner. The author, as a parent, shares the hurt that those with FASD will feel upon viewing the sketch. They question the knowledge and motivations of those involved in its production, as well as the positions of NBC and its parent company Comcast regarding prenatal alcohol exposure and FASD given advertising revenue from the alcohol industry. The production was seen as contributing to further marginalization of those with FASD rather than comedy or satire.
Personality and Social SciencesDo men with excessive alcoh.docxherbertwilson5999
Personality and Social Sciences
Do men with excessive alcohol consumption and social stability have an
addictive personality?
KRISTINA BERGLUND,1 ERIKA ROMAN,2 JAN BALLDIN,3 ULF BERGGREN,3 MATTS ERIKSSON,3
PETTER GUSTAVSSON4 and CLAUDIA FAHLKE1
1Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
2Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Sweden
3Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry
Sweden
4Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
Berglund, K., Roman, E., Balldin, J., Berggren, U., Eriksson, M., Gustavsson, P. & Fahlke, C. (2011). Do men with excessive alcohol consumption and
social stability have an addictive personality? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52, 257–260.
The existence of an ‘‘addictive’’ personality has been extensively debated. The current study investigated personality in male individuals with excessive
alcohol consumption (n = 100) in comparison to a population-based control group (n = 131). The individuals with excessive alcohol consumption were
recruited by advertisements in a regional daily newspaper and controls from a population based Swedish Twin Registry. Personality was assessed by the
Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP). Comparisons were made with normative data. Furthermore, by using a multivariate projection-based approach
(Principal Component Analysis; PCA), hidden structures of traits and possible relationships among the individuals with excessive consumption and the
controls was investigated. The individuals with excessive alcohol consumption as well as the controls had mean values within the normative range in all
scales of the KSP. Moreover, the PCA analysis revealed no systematic between-group separation. Taken together, this result demonstrates that male individ-
uals with excessive alcohol consumption do not have a personality different from that of a general population, which supports the notion of no ‘‘addictive
personality’’.
Key words: Personality, men, excessive alcohol consumption.
Kristina Berglund, Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 500, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. Tel: 46-31-786 18 78; fax: 46-31-
786 46 28; e-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
There have been several attempts to describe individuals with
excessive alcohol consumption according to personality and other
characteristics and then classify them into cluster groups or multi-
dimensional typologies. Besides the typologies of alcoholism by
Babor (1996) and Lesch and Walter (1996), one of the most com-
monly used typology is the type 1 and type 2 alcoholism devel-
oped by Cloninger, Bohman and Sigvardsson (1981). According
to this classification individuals with type 1 alcoholism are charac-
terized by social stability with late onset of alcoholism, few psy-
chopathological symptoms and soc.
This document discusses a study that investigated the role of the basolateral amygdala in the extinction of cocaine-conditioned place preference in rats. The study found no significant difference in extinction between rats that received temporary inactivation of the basolateral amygdala during extinction trials and control rats. This suggests that while the basolateral amygdala is involved in initial cue-reward associations, it may not be involved in re-associating such links during extinction of cocaine-conditioned place preference. The document provides background on addiction, models of addiction like incentive sensitization theory, and the role of the mesolimbic dopamine system in reward processing and motivation.
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationships between perceived stress, craving, negative exposure, and alcohol consumption in a non-clinical sample. The study hypothesized that higher stress and craving would be related to greater alcohol use, and that negative exposure would also predict higher consumption. The results found no significant relationships between the variables, though some interaction effects approached significance. This suggests the relationships between these factors may be more complicated than expected. The study had some methodological limitations but provides a basis for further experimental research.
This document summarizes a report on the health risks of mixing alcohol and energy drinks, especially for youth. It discusses how the popularity of non-alcoholic energy drinks among youth is driving the emergence of alcoholic energy drinks. Alcohol companies are marketing alcoholic energy drinks using similar "grassroots" strategies aimed at youth as non-alcoholic energy drink companies. While research is limited, preliminary studies suggest combining alcohol and caffeine can mask intoxication and increase risk-taking, especially for young people. The report calls on alcohol companies and governments to take action to address health and safety concerns regarding alcoholic energy drinks.
1) The document examines differences in alcohol use and consequences between undergraduate women living in different on-campus residential environments, including single-sex and mixed-sex residential learning communities (RLCs) and non-RLCs.
2) The results found that women living in single-sex RLCs had the lowest rates of alcohol use, heavy episodic drinking, and alcohol-related consequences compared to those living in other environments.
3) RLCs, particularly single-sex ones, appear to provide an environment that supports lower rates of alcohol use and abuse among undergraduate women.
1) The document summarizes a study that tested the efficacy of a brief CBT program to reduce excessive drinking among naval recruits in Ireland.
2) 26 recruits participated in the randomized controlled study, with the treatment group receiving a 4-week 1.5 hour CBT intervention.
3) Results showed that compared to controls, those receiving the intervention reported increased readiness to change drinking and reduced binge drinking at follow-ups.
This study examined the long-term effects of individual alcoholism on social migration and neighborhood characteristics over 12 years using data from 206 men in the Michigan Longitudinal Study. The results showed that after controlling for relevant factors, men with more severe alcohol problems from baseline to 12-year follow-up were more likely to remain in or migrate to more disadvantaged neighborhoods at follow-up, as indicated by higher rates of divorce, unemployment, public assistance, residential mobility, and poverty. In contrast, men who recovered from alcoholism tended to live in neighborhoods that were not distinguishable from non-alcoholics. The findings suggest that alcoholism has negative long-term effects on place of residence by increasing the likelihood of living in disadv
Prenatal alcohol exposure and offspring mental health: A systematic reviewBARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
A B S T R A C T
Background: High levels of alcohol use in pregnancy have been shown to be associated with negative physical health consequences in offspring. However, the literature is less clear on the association of alcohol use in pregnancy and offspring mental health, specifically for low levels of prenatal alcohol exposure. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate studies examining this association.
Methods: Studies were identified by searching PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science, and were included if they examined alcohol use during pregnancy as an exposure and offspring mental health at age 3 or older as an outcome. We excluded non-English language publications and studies of fetal alcohol syndrome.
Results: Thirty-three studies were included and were categorized by mental health outcomes: anxiety/depression, emotional problems, total internalizing problems, total problem score, and conduct disorder. Over half of the analyses reported a positive association of prenatal alcohol exposure and offspring mental health problems.
Conclusions: Our review suggests that maternal alcohol use during pregnancy is associated with offspring mental health problems, even at low to moderate levels of alcohol use. Future investigation using methods that allow stronger causal inference is needed to further investigate if these associations shown are causal.
This study examined the relationship between drinking habits and GPA among SDSU students. An online survey was distributed to collect data on students' alcohol consumption, activities, and GPAs. The survey found that most respondents drank alcohol and were involved in Greek life or had jobs. While previous research linked higher drinking to lower GPAs, this study found a positive correlation, contradicting expectations. As the sample was small and non-random, further research is recommended to better understand how drinking impacts academic performance at SDSU.
Article Review Sheet and Mystery of the WeekName _______________.docxssusera34210
Article Review Sheet and Mystery of the Week
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Date ________________
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Article # ___________________
1. Briefly summarize the article in your own words. (No quotes please!)
2. List three key points from the article:
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b.
c.
3. Do you agree or disagree with the premise and conclusions in the article? Yes No
4. What were the weak parts of the argument or missing information in the article that may lead
to a different conclusion?
‘Beauty is in the eye of the beer holder’: People
who think they are drunk also think
they are attractive
Laurent Bègue1∗, Brad J. Bushman2,3, Oulmann Zerhouni1,
Baptiste Subra4 and Medhi Ourabah5
1University of Grenoble 2, France
2The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
3VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
4University of Paris Descartes, France
5University of Paris 8, Saint-Denis, France
This research examines the role of alcohol consumption on self-perceived attractiveness.
Study 1, carried out in a barroom (N = 19), showed that the more alcoholic drinks
customers consumed, the more attractive they thought they were. In Study 2, 94 non-
student participants in a bogus taste-test study were given either an alcoholic beverage
(target BAL [blood alcohol level] = 0.10 g/100 ml) or a non-alcoholic beverage, with
half of each group believing they had consumed alcohol and half believing they had
not (balanced placebo design). After consuming beverages, they delivered a speech and
rated how attractive, bright, original, and funny they thought they were. The speeches
were videotaped and rated by 22 independent judges. Results showed that participants
who thought they had consumed alcohol gave themselves more positive self-evaluations.
However, ratings from independent judges showed that this boost in self-evaluation was
unrelated to actual performance.
‘Beauty is in the eye of the beer holder’
—Kinky Friedman
Alcohol has many consequences on social perception and relationships. After a drink,
intoxicated people see members of the opposite sex through ‘beer goggles’, which makes
them look especially attractive (Jones, Jones, Thomas, & Piper, 2003; Lyvers, Cholakians,
Puorro, & Sundram, 2011; Neave, Tsang, & Heather, 2008). But alcohol can also influence
self-perceptions. Previous research on alcohol and self-awareness has found that alcohol
reduces self-awareness by inhibiting self-relevant encoding processes (Hull, Levenson,
Young, & Sher, 1983). The purpose of the present research is to test the hypothesis
∗Correspondence should be addressed to Laurent Bègue, University of Grenoble 2, LIP, 1251, Av. Centrale, BP47, 38040
Grenoble, France (e-mail: [email protected]).
DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2012.02114.x
British Journal of Psychology (2013), 104.
Alcohol And The Adolescent Brain Human StudiesGina Rizzo
Several studies have shown that heavy drinking during adolescence and young adulthood can negatively impact brain structure and function. Heavy drinking has been associated with poorer performance on neuropsychological tests, especially those involving memory and attention. The number of alcohol withdrawal symptoms experienced appears to predict the degree of later cognitive impairment. While neuropsychological impairments have been found in youth with alcohol use disorders, the effects are generally mild. However, even mild impairments during critical developmental periods could significantly influence life outcomes. Certain factors like a family history of alcoholism or earlier age of drinking onset may increase susceptibility to alcohol's harmful brain effects.
Intrauterine alcohol exposure and offspring mental health: A systematic reviewBARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
2
Abstract
Background: High levels of alcohol use in pregnancy have been shown to be associated with negative physical health consequences in offspring. However, the literature is less clear
on the association of alcohol use in pregnancy and offspring mental health disorders. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate studies examining this association.
Methods: Studies were identified by searching PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science, and were included if they examined alcohol use during pregnancy as an exposure and
offspring mental health at age 3 or older as an outcome. We excluded non-English language publications, and studies of foetal alcohol syndrome.
Results: Thirty-three studies were included and were categorised by mental health outcomes: anxiety/depression, emotional problems, total internalising problems, total
problem score, and conduct disorder. Over half of the analyses reported a positive association of intrauterine alcohol exposure and negative offspring mental health outcomes.
Conclusions: Our review suggests that maternal alcohol use during pregnancy is associated with negative offspring mental health outcomes, even at low to moderate levels of alcohol use. Future investigation using methods that allow stronger causal inference are needed to further investigate if these associations shown are causal.
Vol.(0123456789)1 3 aging clin exp res (2017) 291149–1155JASS44
This needs assessment study examined alcohol and substance use among 249 older adults participating in a senior center program. The key findings were:
1) Nearly 20% of participants reported problematic alcohol or substance use, with 3.4% engaging in hazardous drinking according to their AUDIT scores.
2) Higher AUDIT scores, indicating more alcohol use, were associated with greater depression, psychological distress, lower well-being and self-control.
3) The study reinforces previous research on substance use issues among older adults and highlights the need to address this problem in urban, low-income populations.
The mediating role of impulsivity and drinking motives on alcohol useAlyssa Nicholas
This document discusses a dissertation that examines the role of impulsivity and drinking motives on alcohol use. The dissertation aims to investigate whether an impulsive personality leads to increased alcohol consumption, and whether drinking motives mediate the relationship between impulsivity and alcohol use. The dissertation includes an introduction reviewing literature on alcohol use, impulsivity, drinking motives, and their relationships. It then describes the study's method, results, and discussion sections. The dissertation was submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for a psychology degree.
This document summarizes recent research on the health effects of coffee and caffeine in the United States. It discusses a systematic review by the International Life Sciences Institute that reconfirmed recommendations on safe caffeine intake levels. Several US studies examined caffeine exposure from all sources. The US Dietary Guidelines committee concluded that moderate coffee consumption can be part of a healthy diet. Recent research has studied the effects of coffee and caffeine on cardiovascular health, reproduction, behavior, bone health, and acute toxicity. The document also describes the newly founded UC Davis Coffee Center for research.
This document summarizes a study analyzing the relationship between fraternity membership and binge drinking. The study uses survey data from the 2001 Harvard College Alcohol Study to examine whether fraternity membership leads to increased binge drinking. Logistic regressions are used to control for self-selection bias and social norms. The results show that even after controlling for these factors, fraternity membership has a statistically significant impact on binge drinking and related behaviors like unprotected sex.
Alcohol May Act as Gateway Drug for Cocaine, Says Studysovarizona
Alcohol can be harmful in many ways than one might perceive. People may know enough about the direct implications of alcohol on physical and mental health, but its role as a gateway substance is not known commonly.
Similar to Clubgoers and their_trendy_cocktails_imp (20)
The document discusses a recent Saturday Night Live sketch titled "Winter Formal" that portrayed a character with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) in a derisive manner. The author, as a parent, shares the hurt that those with FASD will feel upon viewing the sketch. They question the knowledge and motivations of those involved in its production, as well as the positions of NBC and its parent company Comcast regarding prenatal alcohol exposure and FASD given advertising revenue from the alcohol industry. The production was seen as contributing to further marginalization of those with FASD rather than comedy or satire.
Conclusions reached from my involvement with the Canadian criminal justice system. 2011.
amd- 2021
References of papers published by Dr Mansfield Mela, and others regarding FASD, PAE, Mental Health, and the Justice System.
Dr Mela is one of the very few Forensic Psychiatrists who understands and advocates for those with FASD.
The Nomenclature of the Consequences of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: PAE, and t...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
An historical account of the nomenclature relating to the effects of alcohol on the developing fetus.
The significance of facial features; the dose/threshold question; epigenetics, transgenerational consequences, and adult health issues, are raised.
The inadequacy of the present nomenclature is detailed
The AQUA study involved almost 1600 Victorian women who provided information during pregnancy about alcohol consumption, diet, supplements and lifestyle. Samples were collected from placentas, cord blood and cheek swabs to test for genetic markers and over 500 babies had 3D photos of their faces at age 1 to look for signs of prenatal alcohol exposure. At ages 1 and 2, children received developmental assessments and mothers reported on development. Researchers are examining outcomes like facial shape and child development and how genes and metabolism may impact alcohol's effects. The study found over half took supplements before pregnancy and most took them during pregnancy. However, 70% of women did not meet recommended iron intake by the third trimester despite many increasing intake. Researchers will further
Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Brain Perfusion, Cognition and Behavi...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Abstract
A 15-year-old girl diagnosed with FASD underwent 100 courses of hyperbasic oxygen therapy (HBOT). Prior to HBOT, single motion emission compute tomographic begin imaging (SPECT)
revealed areas of hypo-perfusion bilaterally in the orbitofrontal region, temporal lobes and right dorsolateral—frontal, as well the medial aspect of the left cerebellum. Following two sets of HBOT treatments (60 plus 40), over 6 months, there was improvement in perfusion to the left cerebellum as well as the right frontal lobe. This was paralleled by improvement in immediate cognitive tests and an increase in functional brain volume. A follow-up 18 months after HBOT showed sustained
improvement in attention with no need for methylphenidate, as well as in math skills and writing.
This year as a priority of Proof Alliance’s legislative platform, major legislation that requires all children entering foster care be screened for prenatal exposure to alcohol in Minnesota was passed and signed into law. It is believed Minnesota is the first state in the nation to pass this legislation.
Four year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of choline for neurodeve...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Abstract
Background
Despite the high prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), there are few interventions targeting its core neurocognitive and behavioral deficits. FASD is often conceptualized as static and permanent, but interventions that capitalize on brain plasticity and critical developmental windows are emerging. We present a long-term follow-up study evaluating the neurodevelopmental effects of choline supplementation in children with FASD 4 years after an initial efficacy trial
Abstract
This presentation includes a brief review of research into boredom, normal brain resting state and corresponding default mode[s].
The possible equivalence to the brain activity of those with FASD in relation to “being bored” is explored, with reference to brain anatomy and function.
Actual FASD clinical cases are presented to illustrate what individuals with FASD mean by “boredom”: describing the role of perseveration as a relief process.
Finally, the manner in which these processes are misinterpreted is explored, with implications for Psychiatry and the Justice System.
Mandatory pregnancy warning labels on alcohol could save Canada significant costs associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). While producers argue labels would cost $400 million to implement, the economic burden of FASD in Canada is much greater. Estimates show the cost of FASD diagnoses is $3.6-5.2 million annually, and the total national cost of FASD is $1.3-2.3 billion including lost productivity and child welfare costs. Warning labels could help reduce FASD incidence and its substantial economic impacts.
Work requirements for individuals with fasd, in the time of covid 19BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
This document discusses work challenges for individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) during the COVID-19 pandemic. It outlines principles for job requirements based on the author's son's experiences, including avoiding unexpected changes, only reporting to one supervisor who can communicate visually, and finding an environment with minimal sensory overload. The son was able to find stable work as a tow truck driver and Uber driver when his positions met these principles, but circumstances like injury and the pandemic intervened. Currently, he runs a web business printing logos that allows him to work independently. The author hopes these principles can help others with FASD find appropriate jobs during this difficult time.
This editorial discusses the risks of increased alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that alcohol sales increased significantly when lockdowns began. Two groups are especially at risk - those already struggling with alcohol dependence who may lose access to support services, and those at risk of developing dependence due to job losses or relationship issues during the pandemic. The article calls for addressing alcohol harms to be part of recovery efforts from COVID-19.
Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol and Tobacco and Neonatal Bra...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
IMPORTANCE Research to date has not determined a safe level of alcohol or tobacco use during pregnancy. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a noninvasive measure of cortical function that has previously been used to examine effects of in utero exposures and associations with
neurodevelopment.
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of prenatal exposure to alcohol (PAE) and tobacco smoking (PTE) with brain activity in newborns.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that even low levels of PAE or PTE are
associated with changes in offspring brain development.
New insight on maternal infections and neurodevelopmental disorders: mouse st...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
The immune responses of female mice before pregnancy can predict how likely their offspring will be to have behavioral deficits if the mother's immune system is activated during pregnancy, according to a new mouse study. Researchers found that measuring a mouse's inflammatory response to a viral mimic before pregnancy allowed them to determine if the offspring would develop problems if the mother was exposed to the mimic during gestation. This could help identify pregnancies that are more at risk from maternal infections and lead to ways to prevent neurodevelopmental disorders in children.
Submitted to –
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Consultation on draft quality standard – deadline for comments 5pm on 03/04/20
Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with covid...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Interpretation The potential risk factors of older age, high SOFA score, and d-dimer greater than 1 μg/mL could help
clinicians to identify patients with poor prognosis at an early stage. Prolonged viral shedding provides the rationale
for a strategy of isolation of infected patients and optimal antiviral interventions in the future.
Preconceptual alcohol and the need for a diagnostic classification of alcoho...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
The document discusses the need for a new diagnostic classification to address disabilities related to preconceptual and prenatal alcohol exposure. It notes that existing definitions of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) do not account for preconceptual alcohol exposure. A wider definition, such as Alcohol Related Developmental Disabilities, is proposed to include subgroups for neurological and immunological impairments caused by prenatal and preconceptual alcohol, with or without additional environmental factors. This would help facilitate understanding of the long-term impacts of preconceptual and prenatal alcohol in combination with other modern environmental toxins.
The importance and significance of the diagnosis the personal testimony of r...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
R.J. Formanek shares their personal experience receiving an FASD diagnosis at age 47 after a lifetime of struggles. They felt like an "alien" and could get by but never truly understood social norms or why they struggled in certain areas. The diagnosis provided an explanation for their experiences and differences, allowing them to forgive themselves and accept themselves as uniquely wired rather than "broken". It named an invisible "monster" they had feared their whole life, reducing its power over them and allowing them to fully live their own life.
Outcomes of Online Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Patients With Residual Depressive SymptomsA Randomized Clinical Trial
Zindel V. Segal, PhD1; Sona Dimidjian, PhD2; Arne Beck, PhD3; et alJennifer M. Boggs, PhD3; Rachel Vanderkruik, MA2; Christina A. Metcalf, MA2; Robert Gallop, PhD4; Jennifer N. Felder, PhD5; Joseph Levy, BA2
Author Affiliations
JAMA Psychiatry. Published online January 29, 2020. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4693
Significance for fasd
This document discusses the need to expand the definition of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) to include preconceptual alcohol exposure from both parents. Currently, the definition of FASD only considers prenatal alcohol exposure from the mother during pregnancy. However, recent research suggests paternal preconception alcohol use and other environmental toxins can also impact fetal development and increase vulnerability to stress and alcohol drinking behaviors later in life through epigenetic mechanisms. The document lists several relevant research papers that studied the effects of preconceptual exposures from both parents on offspring development, behavior, and health outcomes. There is a call to raise more awareness about how preconception lifestyle factors can influence fetal and child development.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
1. Clubgoers and Their Trendy Cocktails: Implications of Mixing
Caffeine Into Alcohol on Information Processing and Subjective
Reports of Intoxication
Cecile A. Marczinski and Mark T. Fillmore
University of Kentucky
Alcoholic drink preferences in college students have made an interesting shift recently, with
trends in consumption leaning toward caffeinated alcohol in various forms (e.g., Red Bull and
vodka or caffeinated beers such as Anheuser-Busch’s B-to-the-E). Despite the dramatic rise
in popularity of these beverages, little research has examined the combined effects of alcohol
and caffeine, which is problematic for adequately informing the public about the risk or lack
thereof of these drinks. The purpose of this study was to directly investigate the acute effects
of alcohol and caffeine, alone and in combination, on well-validated measures of cognitive
performance and subjective intoxication in social drinkers. Participants (N ϭ 12) performed
a psychological refractory period task that measured dual-task interference as the prolonged
reaction time to complete the 2nd of 2 tasks performed in close temporal sequence. Perfor-
mance was tested under 2 active doses and 1 placebo dose of caffeine (0.0 mg/kg, 2.0 mg/kg,
and 4.0 mg/kg) in combination with 1 active dose and 1 placebo dose of alcohol (0.0 g/kg
and 0.65 g/kg). As expected, alcohol impaired task performance by increasing dual-task
interference and increasing errors. The coadministration of caffeine counteracted the effects
of alcohol on interference but had no effect on the degree to which alcohol increased errors.
Subjective measures of intoxication showed that coadministration of caffeine with alcohol
reduced participants’ perceptions of alcohol intoxication compared with administration of
alcohol alone. The results highlight the complexity of drug interactions between alcohol and
caffeine.
Keywords: alcohol, caffeine, information processing, intoxication, college students
Alcoholic drink preferences in college students have
made an interesting shift in the last decade, with clubgoers
increasingly drawn to caffeinated alcoholic drinks in vari-
ous forms. With the national introduction of Red Bull to the
United States in 2001, young partygoers became enamored
with using the beverage as a mixer for their alcoholic drinks,
presumably for the purpose of reducing the depressant ef-
fects of alcohol and thus allowing them to party longer. This
increased popularity of caffeinated alcoholic beverages
among college students was quickly identified by the bev-
erage industry in North America. In 2005, several “energy”
beers and malt beverages were introduced, including An-
heuser-Busch’s B-to-the-E (54 mg caffeine in 6.6% alcohol
by volume), New Century Brewing’s Moon Shot (45 mg
caffeine in 4.8% alcohol by volume), Labatt’s Shok (60 mg
caffeine in 6.9% alcohol by volume), and Molson’s Kick
(55 mg caffeine in 5% alcohol by volume).
Some physicians have warned of the potential health
implications of mixing caffeine and alcohol, such as in-
creased risk of dehydration (American Medical Association,
2003). Although the various energy drinks and beers also
contain other stimulant compounds, such as taurine, theoph-
ylline, theobromine, and ginseng, the health concerns of
these drinks have been in relation to the high caffeine
content. Caffeine is the common stimulatory compound in
all of these beverages. Of interest, the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) does not regulate the caffeine content
of energy drinks, and recent analyses have determined that
the caffeine content of these drinks can contain 150%–
300% of the amount of caffeine that the FDA allows for
cola beverages (McCusker, Goldberger, & Cone, 2006).
However, there have been surprisingly few investigations
into the presumption that these caffeinated alcohol drinks
allow drinkers to consume greater amounts of alcohol be-
cause the sedation and behaviorally impairing effects nor-
mally associated with the drug are offset by the coconsump-
tion of caffeine (Ferreira, de Mello, Pompeia, & de Souza-
Formigoni, 2006). Although to date there has been no
published study of North American drinkers’ motivations
Cecile A. Marczinski and Mark T. Fillmore, Department of
Psychology, University of Kentucky.
This research was supported by a grant from the Alcoholic
Beverage Medical Research Foundation, awarded to Cecile A.
Marczinski; National Institutes of Health National Research Ser-
vice Award DA07304 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse,
awarded to Cecile A. Marczinski; and National Institute on Alco-
hol Abuse and Alcoholism Grant R01 AA12895, awarded to Mark
T. Fillmore.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
Mark T. Fillmore, Department of Psychology, University of Ken-
tucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044. E-mail: fillmore@uky.edu
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology Copyright 2006 by the American Psychological Association
2006, Vol. 14, No. 4, 450–458 1064-1297/06/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/1064-1297.14.4.450
450
2. for using caffeinated alcoholic drinks, a small survey of
college students in Brazil (N ϭ 136) examined their moti-
vations for using these drinks (Ferreira, de Mello, & For-
migoni, 2004). The authors reported that 76% of the sample
indicated regular use of energy drinks in combination with
alcohol (mainly whiskey, vodka, or beer). Of those who
reported use of caffeinated alcohol, 38% reported that the
combination drinks increased happiness, 30% reported eu-
phoria from these drinks, 27% reported uninhibited behav-
ior from these drinks, and 24% reported increased physical
vigor. Other reports from Ireland and Germany have impli-
cated these drinks in assaults and automobile accidents,
respectively, suggesting that the combination of caffeine
and alcohol impairs the ability to correctly assess level of
intoxication and the ability to drive more greatly than alco-
hol intoxication alone (Riesselmann, Rosenbaum, &
Schneider, 1996; Tormey & Bruzzi, 2001). Correspond-
ingly, Denmark, France, and Norway have placed bans on
the sale of Red Bull, citing health concerns.
Caffeine acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist, with
the central nervous system (CNS) stimulatory effects of
caffeine largely due to blockage of adenosine A2A recep-
tors that stimulate GABAergic neurons of inhibitory path-
ways to the dopaminergic reward system of the striatum
(Cauli & Morelli, 2005; Mandel, 2002; Nehlig, Daval, &
Debry, 1992). In addition, caffeine also acts as a CNS
stimulant as it is an indirect agonist of noradrenaline (Lader
& Bruce, 1989). Laboratory studies of the behavioral effects
of caffeine show that the drug can generally enhance skilled
performance by allaying fatigue, increasing vigilance,
speeding reaction time (RT), and prolonging effort (for
reviews, see Nehlig et al., 1992; Weiss & Laties, 1962). The
extent to which the coadministration of caffeine can coun-
teract or functionally antagonize alcohol-induced behavioral
impairment also has been studied in the laboratory; how-
ever, the findings have been mixed. Some studies have
shown that caffeine coadministration can reduce the impair-
ing effects of alcohol on some global performance tasks
(Burns & Moskowitz, 1990; Fillmore & Vogel-Sprott,
1999; Franks, Hagedorn, Hensley, Hensley, & Starmer,
1975; Kerr, Sherwood, & Hindmarch, 1991; Martin & Gar-
field, 2006; Rush, Higgins, Hughes, Bickel, & Wiegner,
1993). However, other studies have failed to demonstrate
consistent counteracting effects of caffeine (Fillmore &
Vogel-Sprott, 1995; Liguori & Robinson, 2001). Research
reviews also have noted these discrepancies with regard to
alcohol–caffeine interactions, leading to conclusions that
evidence for caffeine antagonism is equivocal (e.g., Fudin &
Nicastro, 1988).
Reasons for these inconsistencies are not clear. However,
the tasks used in these studies varied widely in their com-
plexity and in the specific behavioral and cognitive mech-
anisms involved in their performance (e.g., memory, motor
coordination, RT). We recently argued that the equivocal
evidence for caffeine antagonism of alcohol-induced im-
pairment might reflect the fact that not all cognitive and
behavioral impairments from alcohol can be offset by the
coadministration of caffeine. For example, in a study of the
separate and combined effects of moderate doses of alcohol
(0.65 g/kg) and caffeine (2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg), we showed
caffeine could counteract alcohol-induced slowing of re-
sponse time but not the disinhibiting effects of the drug
(Marczinski & Fillmore, 2003). Thus, it appears that the
ability of caffeine to counteract alcohol-induced impairment
could depend greatly on the specific nature of the cognitive
and behavioral processes involved.
Another important consideration concerns the degree of
behavioral demands imposed by the particular activity being
performed. It is well known from studies of divided atten-
tion that alcohol impairment can be intensified in situations
of high behavioral demand (Holloway, 1995; Linnoila,
1974). A divided attention task essentially requires an indi-
vidual to perform two tasks simultaneously—for example,
manually tracking a moving object (e.g., a pursuit task)
while performing an auditory discrimination task (e.g., de-
tecting differences among tones). Related are dual-task sit-
uations. Typically, dual-task performance is measured by
requiring an individual to respond to each of two stimuli
(Tasks 1 and 2) presented in very close temporal proximity
(for a review, see Pashler, 1994). These situations often
illustrate the limits of human information processing. Char-
acteristically, an interference effect is observed as a slowing
of response time to the second stimulus (Task 2). The
delayed response time to the second stimulus is attributed to
the psychological refractory period (PRP) and is assumed to
reflect a limitation of information processing in which the
response to Task 2 must be delayed until processing of
Task 1 is complete (Johnston & Heinz, 1978). Performance
in dual-task situations is highly sensitive to the disruptive
effects of alcohol. Studies of alcohol effects in dual-task
situations show that moderate doses of alcohol dramatically
increase task impairment, even in simple tasks that show no
impairment from alcohol when performed in isolation (Fill-
more & Van Selst, 2002; Schweizer, Jolicoeur, Vogel-
Sprott, & Dixon, 2004).
Outside the laboratory, the disruptive effects of alcohol
often occur in complex, behaviorally demanding environ-
ments that require the simultaneous performance of multiple
activities (i.e., the operation of a motor vehicle). Laboratory
assessment of dual-task performance may hold greater eco-
logical validity as models of day-to-day performance of
activities outside the laboratory. As yet, no research has
applied the dual-task PRP model to the investigation of
alcohol–caffeine interactions. In the present study, we ex-
amined healthy adults and tested the separate and combined
effects of alcohol and caffeine on their ability to process
information in a dual-task situation. Performance was tested
under two active doses and one placebo dose of caffeine
(0.0 mg/kg, 2.0 mg/kg, and 4.0 mg/kg) in combination with
one active dose and one placebo dose of alcohol (0.0 g/kg
and 0.65 g/kg). The active alcohol dose (0.65 g/kg) used in
the study has been shown to impair information processing
in the dual-task situation (Fillmore & Van Selst, 2002). The
active caffeine doses (2.0 mg/kg and 4.0 mg/kg) were
selected to approximate the caffeine content found in the
various caffeinated beers and mixed alcoholic energy drinks
451ALCOHOL AND CAFFEINE
3. currently on the market and typically consumed by college
students. In addition to examining effects on information
processing, the study also examined how this drug combi-
nation affects drinkers’ subjective reports of intoxication.
Method
Participants
Twelve adults (6 women and 6 men) between the ages of 21
and 28 years (M ϭ 23.5, SD ϭ 2.7) participated in this study.
Determination of the appropriate sample size was based on power
analyses of data from a previous study that examined alcohol
effects on dual-task performance (Fillmore & Van Selst, 2002).
The racial makeup of the sample included 1 Asian and 11 Cauca-
sian participants. Participants had a mean weight of 69.6 kg
(SD ϭ 15.9). Volunteers completed questionnaires that provided
demographic information, drinking habits, and physical and men-
tal health status. Individuals with a self-reported psychiatric dis-
order, substance abuse disorder, head trauma, or other CNS injury
were excluded from the study. Volunteers with a score on the Short
Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (Selzer, Vinokur, & Van
Rooijen, 1975) of 5 or higher were also excluded from the study.
Recent use of amphetamine, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, co-
caine, opiates, and tetrahydrocannabinol was assessed by means of
urine analysis. Any volunteer who tested positive for the presence
of any of these drugs was excluded from participation. No female
volunteers who were pregnant or breast-feeding participated in the
research, as determined by self-report and urine human chorionic
gonadotropin levels. Participants were recruited via notices posted
on community bulletin boards and by local newspaper advertise-
ments. All volunteers provided informed consent prior to partici-
pating. The University of Kentucky Medical Institutional Review
Board approved the study, and volunteers received $100 for their
participation in the entire seven-session study. Participants com-
pleted all of the sessions in 18.8 days on average (SD ϭ 4.0).
Apparatus and Materials
PRP task. Participants performed a dual task that required
them to respond to two different stimuli (for Tasks 1 and 2)
presented in close succession. Task 1 was a go/no-go task. The go
stimulus was a 1, and the no-go stimulus was an X. The stimuli
were presented in black against a white background. Participants
were required to press the 1 key on the keyboard with their right
hand when the go stimulus was presented. No response was
required when the no-go stimulus was presented. The go/no-go
stimuli remained visible for 2,000 ms or were terminated once the
response to Task 2 occurred.
Task 2 was an auditory discrimination task. On each trial, the
auditory stimulus was either a high tone (1000 Hz) or a low tone
(125 Hz). The tone was presented for 500 ms. Using their left
hand, participants were required to press the a key when the high
tone was presented and to press the z key when the low tone was
presented. Participants had 2,000 ms from the onset of the tone to
respond; otherwise, no response was recorded as an error.
Each trial consisted of the following sequence of events: (a) the
presentation of a fixation point (an asterisk) for 250 ms; (b) a
randomly varying foreperiod of 120, 180, or 240 ms; (c) a Task 1
stimulus (1 or X); and (d) a Task 2 stimulus presented after a
stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of 50, 200, 600, or 800 ms
following the onset of the Task 1 stimulus. Each trial was sepa-
rated by an intertrial interval of 2,200 ms. To encourage accurate
responding, we displayed a feedback message (the word INCOR-
RECT) during the intertrial interval following any incorrect
response.
Each test consisted of 192 trials. A test presented an equal
number of go and no-go stimuli for Task 1 (i.e., 96) and an equal
number of high- and low-tone stimuli for Task 2 (i.e., 96). The four
SOAs were presented equally often (48 times). There were 16
possible combinations of these variables for a trial (one possible
combination: Task 1 ϭ go stimulus, SOA ϭ 50 ms, Task 2 ϭ low
tone). Each combination was presented 12 times during a test in a
random order. A test required approximately 10 min to complete.
The task was operated using E-Prime experiment generation soft-
ware (Schneider, Eschman, & Zuccolotto, 2002) and was run on a
PC.
Simple auditory discrimination. This task was an abbreviated
version of the Task 2 component of the PRP task. A test consisted
of 40 trials (20 high tone and 20 low tone) in random order. Tone
presentation and response requirements were identical to those
described in Task 2. A test required approximately 2 min. Unlike
the Task 2 component of the PRP task, the simple auditory
discrimination task was performed separately as a single task. This
task was a control task condition used to evaluate the effect of
alcohol and caffeine on simple tone discrimination when no inter-
ference from Task 1 was present. The task was also operated using
E-Prime.
Personal Drinking Habits Questionnaire (Vogel-Sprott, 1992).
This questionnaire yielded three measures of a drinker’s current,
typical drinking habits: (a) frequency (number of drinking occa-
sions per week), (b) dose (milliliters of absolute alcohol per
kilogram of body weight typically consumed during a single
drinking occasion), and (c) duration (time span, in hours, of a
typical drinking occasion).
Caffeine use questionnaire. This questionnaire yielded a mea-
sure of a participant’s typical daily caffeine consumption in mil-
ligrams per kilogram of body weight. The questionnaire required
participants to report their typical daily consumption of beverages
(e.g., coffee, tea, soft drinks) and foods (e.g., chocolate) containing
caffeine. Estimates of the caffeine content of foods and beverages
were taken from Barone and Roberts (1996).
Beverage rating scale. Participants also completed a beverage
rating scale to report their perceived intoxication in each dose
condition. Participants estimated the alcohol content of the dose
they had received in terms of bottles of beer containing 5%
alcohol. The scale ranged from 0 to 10 bottles of beer, in 0.5-bottle
increments. Previous studies have noted that this beverage rating
scale provides a sensitive real-world measure of participants’ sub-
jective level of intoxication (Fillmore & Vogel-Sprott, 2000). In
previous studies, individuals gave estimates of the amount of
alcohol they thought they had consumed that closely corresponded
with the actual dose administered (Marczinski & Fillmore, 2005).
Blood alcohol concentrations (BACs). BACs were determined
from breath samples measured by an Intoxilyzer, Model 400 (CMI,
Owensboro, KY).
Procedure
Individuals who responded to the advertisements called the
laboratory and participated in a telephone-screen interview con-
ducted by a research assistant. Volunteers were told that the
purpose of the experiment was to study the effects of alcohol and
caffeine on performance. All sessions were conducted in the Hu-
man Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory of the Department of
Psychology at the University of Kentucky and began between
452 MARCZINSKI AND FILLMORE
4. 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. Before each test session, participants were
instructed to fast for 4 hr, abstain from alcohol for 24 hr, and
abstain from caffeine for 8 hr. Participants abstained from caffeine
for 9.8 hr on average (SD ϭ 3.2). Before each session, urine
samples were tested for the presence of drug metabolites (On Trak
TesTstiks; Roche Diagnostics Corporation, Indianapolis, IN) and
pregnancy in the female participants (Mainline Confirms HGL;
Mainline Technology, Ann Arbor, MI). In addition, a zero BAC
was verified for each participant at the start of each session.
Participants were tested individually by a research assistant who
was unaware of the research hypotheses. All testing was conducted
in a small room that consisted of a chair and a desk with a
computer that operated the tasks.
Familiarization session. During familiarization, participants
provided informed consent, were weighed, and completed ques-
tionnaires. They also practiced the PRP and simple auditory dis-
crimination tasks.
Test sessions. PRP and simple auditory discrimination task
performance was tested under a 2 (alcohol dose) ϫ 3 (caffeine
dose) factorial within-subject design that crossed two doses of
alcohol (0.0 g/kg and 0.65 g/kg) with three doses of caffeine (0.0
mg/kg, 2.0 mg/kg, and 4.0 mg/kg). Thus, the design examined the
extent to which the behaviorally impairing effects of a single
active alcohol dose (0.65 g/kg) could be counteracted by two
active doses of caffeine (2.0 mg/kg and 4.0 mg/kg). Performance
under the resulting six dose conditions was tested on individual
sessions that were separated by a minimum period of 24 hr and
maximum period of 7 days. Dose administrations were double
blind, and dose order across the six sessions was randomized
across participants.
Alcohol and caffeine administration. Participants were told
that they might receive alcohol, caffeine, or both drugs during
some or all of the sessions. However, the exact contents of the
beverages were never disclosed to participants during the study.
Carbonated, lemon-flavored soda was used as the vehicle for
alcohol and caffeine administration. Participants consumed the
drink within 6 min in all dose conditions. Alcohol and caffeine
doses were calculated on the basis of body weight. The 0.65 g/kg
alcohol doses were administered as one part absolute alcohol and
three parts vehicle. The mean total volume of the drink that the
participants consumed was 230 ml. This 0.65 g/kg dose produces
an average peak BAC of 80 mg/100 ml approximately 60 min after
drinking. The alcohol dose was chosen on the basis of prior
research that showed that 0.65 g/kg of alcohol reliably impairs
PRP task performance (Fillmore & Van Selst, 2002). The placebo
alcohol dose (0.0 g/kg) consisted of the vehicle matched to the
total volume of the 0.65 g/kg alcohol dose beverage. A small
amount (3 ml) of alcohol was floated on the surface of the vehicle,
and the glass was sprayed with an alcohol mist that resembled
condensation and provided a strong alcoholic scent as the beverage
was consumed. Previous research has shown that individuals re-
port that this beverage contains alcohol (e.g., Fillmore, Carscad-
den, & Vogel-Sprott, 1998).
The caffeine doses were administered by adding 0.0 mg/kg, 2.0
mg/kg, and 4.0 mg/kg of tasteless, anhydrous caffeine powder to
the vehicle, either alone or in combination with the alcohol dose.
When mixed in an aqueous solution, this form of caffeine is
absorbed rapidly, within 60 min (Bonati et al., 1982). The caffeine
doses were chosen because they have been shown to counteract
alcohol impairment in other research and also were typical of the
caffeine content of the caffeinated, alcoholic beverages currently
popular among college students (e.g., Burns & Moskowitz, 1990;
Fillmore, 2003; Fillmore & Vogel-Sprott, 1995; Marczinski &
Fillmore, 2003). After dose administration, participants relaxed
and read magazines.
PRP and simple auditory discrimination testing. Participants’
PRP task performance followed by simple auditory discrimination
task performance was tested starting 35 min after drinking began,
a time corresponding with the ascending period of the blood
alcohol curve in the active alcohol dose conditions. Participants
completed the PRP task from 35 to 45 min after drinking. From 50
to 55 min, participants completed the simple auditory discrimina-
tion task, which was immediately followed by the completion of
the beverage rating scale. BACs were measured at 30, 45, 60,
and 90 min after drinking in each session, regardless of whether
doses contained alcohol. At 90 min postdrinking, the testing por-
tion of the session concluded, and participants relaxed in a waiting
room within the laboratory. They received a meal and remained at
leisure to read magazines or watch television until their BAC fell
below 20 mg/100 ml. Upon completing the final session, partici-
pants were paid and debriefed.
Criterion Measures and Data Analyses
The primary measures in this study concerned the degree to
which performance of Task 1 interfered with performance of
Task 2. Thus, the primary measure of interest was the PRP inter-
ference score, which quantified the level of interference from
Task 1 on Task 2 RT. In addition, Task 2 RT (RT2) and errors
were analyzed. All of these measures and the associated analyses
are described in detail below. In addition, manipulation checks
included analyses of Task 1 RT (RT1) and simple auditory dis-
crimination RTs. Dose effects on these basic performance mea-
sures were not predicted.
Task 2 Effects
RT2. In a dual-task context, RT2 increases as a function of
decreasing SOA. The least interference on RT2 should be evident
when Task 2 is presented at the longest period of time (SOA) after
Task 1. Therefore, RT2 should be shortest at the longest (i.e.,
800-ms) SOA. By contrast, interference on RT2 should be greatest
when Task 2 occurs at the shortest period of time after Task 1.
Thus, RT2 should be longest at the shortest (i.e., 50-ms) SOA.
Dose and gender effects on interference were examined by RT2
scores in each dose condition using a 2 (gender: male or fe-
male) ϫ 2 (alcohol dose: 0.0 or 0.65 g/kg) ϫ 3 (caffeine dose:
0.0, 2.0, or 4.0 mg/kg) ϫ 4 (SOA: 50, 200, 600, or 800 ms)
mixed-design analysis of variance (ANOVA), where gender was a
between-subjects factor and alcohol dose, caffeine dose, and SOA
were within-subject factors.
PRP interference score. Typically, dual-task interference is
quantified by a PRP interference score whereby the magnitude of
the interference is calculated as the difference between RT2 at the
shortest SOA (maximal interference) and RT2 at the longest SOA
(minimal interference). Thus, a PRP interference score can be
expressed as a single value: RT2shortest SOA – RT2longest SOA (e.g.,
Fillmore & Van Selst, 2002; Van Selst, Ruthruff, & Johnston,
1999). Larger PRP scores indicate greater interference. These PRP
interference scores were submitted to a 2 (gender) ϫ 2 (alcohol
dose) ϫ 3 (caffeine dose) mixed-design ANOVA, where gender
was a between-subjects factor and alcohol dose and caffeine dose
were within-subject factors. Subsequent post hoc analyses used
simple effects t tests.
Prior to all analyses, the RT2 data were filtered to eliminate
trials with an incorrect response to either Task 1 or Task 2 or an
453ALCOHOL AND CAFFEINE
5. RT of less than 100 ms or greater than 2,000 ms. The outlier
elimination procedures resulted in removal of less than 1% of
trials.
Task 2 errors. Response errors for Task 2 were submitted to
a 2 (gender) ϫ 2 (alcohol dose) ϫ 3 (caffeine dose) ϫ 4 (SOA)
mixed-design ANOVA.
Task 1 Effects
RT1. Dose and gender effects on participants’ RT1 to the go
targets were analyzed by a 2 (gender) ϫ 2 (alcohol dose) ϫ 3
(caffeine dose) mixed-design ANOVA.
Task 1 errors. The number of errors for Task 1 in the present
study was less than one per test, and this low level of errors
precluded any meaningful analysis.
Simple auditory discrimination. Dose and gender effects on
participants’ simple auditory discrimination RT scores were ana-
lyzed by a 2 (gender) ϫ 2 (alcohol dose) ϫ 3 (caffeine dose)
mixed-design ANOVA. Overall errors were less than one per test
on all simple auditory discrimination tests, regardless of dose and
gender, thus precluding statistical analyses.
Results
Drinking Habits and Caffeine Use
No gender differences were revealed by t tests on any
drinking habit measure or caffeine use measure (ps Ͼ .09).
From the Personal Drinking Habits Questionnaire data, the
sample reported a mean drinking frequency of 1.6
(SD ϭ 0.9) times per week, with a mean dose per occasion
of 1.3 (SD ϭ 0.5) g/kg. For a person weighing 70 kg, this
alcohol dose would approximate five bottles of beer con-
taining 5% alcohol by volume. The mean duration of drink-
ing was 4.3 (SD ϭ 1.1) hr. The sample reported a mean
daily caffeine use of 6.8 (SD ϭ 7.7) mg/kg, which approx-
imates a mean level of daily caffeine exposure of 476 mg.
For a person weighing 70 kg, this caffeine dose would
approximate two 16-ounce (473 ml “grande” size) cups of
Starbucks breakfast blend coffee or about nine 355-ml cans
of soft drink, such as Pepsi (McCusker, Goldberger, &
Cone, 2003; McCusker et al., 2006).
BAC
BACs obtained in the three active alcohol dose conditions
were examined by a 2 (gender) ϫ 3 (caffeine dose) ϫ 4
(time) mixed-design ANOVA. There was no significant
main effect involving gender (p Ͼ .34), caffeine dose (p Ͼ
.40), or any significant interactions (ps Ͼ .12). Thus, BAC
was not affected by gender or by the coadministration of
caffeine. A main effect of time, F(3, 30) ϭ 15.03, p Ͻ .001,
was obtained, attributable to the rise and decline of BACs
during the course of a session. The 0.65-g/kg dose produced
a mean BAC of 70.8 mg/100 ml (SD ϭ 19.9) at 30 min, just
before the test, and rose to 84.1 mg/100 ml (SD ϭ 18.2)
at 45 min, in the middle of testing. The mean BAC declined
to 80.4 mg/100 ml (SD ϭ 14.7) at 60 min, at the conclusion
of testing, and continued to decline to 64.8 mg/100 ml
(SD ϭ 12.4) at 90 min after drinking, when the session
concluded.
PRP Task Performance
PRP interference scores. PRP interference scores were
calculated for each dose condition (PRP interference ϭ
RT2shortest SOA – RT2longest SOA). A 2 (gender) ϫ 2 (alcohol
dose) ϫ 3 (caffeine dose) mixed-design ANOVA of the
PRP interference scores revealed a significant Alcohol
Dose ϫ Caffeine Dose interaction, F(2, 20) ϭ 4.19, p ϭ
.03. Figure 1 illustrates this interaction. This figure reveals
that PRP interference increased under alcohol alone. This
observation was confirmed by a simple effects t test that
found significantly greater PRP interference under alcohol
alone as compared with vehicle, t(11) ϭ 3.91, p Ͻ .01. In
addition, the figure shows that the coadministration of both
active caffeine doses counteracted the alcohol-induced in-
crease in interference. It was revealed through t tests that the
coadministration of both active caffeine doses with alcohol
significantly reduced the PRP interference as compared with
alcohol alone (ps Ͻ .02). Finally, the figure illustrates that
the administration of caffeine alone did not alter PRP inter-
ference as compared with vehicle. This observation was
confirmed, as PRP interference scores did not differ from
the vehicle in either caffeine dose condition (ps Ͼ .23).
There was no significant main effect or interaction involv-
ing gender (ps Ͼ .39).
RT2. A 2 (gender) ϫ 2 (alcohol dose) ϫ 3 (caffeine
dose) ϫ 4 (SOA) mixed-design ANOVA revealed a signif-
icant Alcohol Dose ϫ SOA interaction, F(3, 30) ϭ 4.72,
p Ͻ .01. Figure 2 plots the alcohol-alone and vehicle con-
dition to illustrate the interaction. The figure shows the
typical dual-task interference (PRP) effect as an increase in
RT2 as a function of decreasing SOA. The figure also shows
how alcohol affects PRP differently as a function of the
SOA. Alcohol had the most pronounced slowing effect at
the shortest SOAs, when interference from Task 1 was the
greatest. There was no significant main effect or interaction
involving gender (ps Ͼ .36).
Task 2 errors. A 2 (gender) ϫ 2 (alcohol dose) ϫ 3
(caffeine dose) ϫ 4 (SOA) repeated measures ANOVA
revealed a main effect of alcohol, F(1, 10) ϭ 19.22, p Ͻ .01.
Overall, the mean accuracy was very high but was reduced
by alcohol. Participants made an average of 9.1 errors per
test when alcohol was administered compared with an av-
erage of 5.5 errors per test when alcohol was not adminis-
tered. Caffeine administration, alone or in combination with
alcohol, did not alter error rates (ps Ͼ .15). In addition, no
significant main effect or interaction involving gender was
found for Task 2 errors (ps Ͼ .10).
Effects on Task 1 and Simple Auditory
Discrimination
A 2 (gender) ϫ 2 (alcohol dose) ϫ 3 (caffeine dose)
repeated measures ANOVA of participants’ RT to the go
targets in Task 1 revealed no significant effects (ps Ͼ .06).
Thus, alcohol and caffeine, alone or in combination, had no
effect on RT1 performance. The overall mean RT to go
targets on Task 1 was 493.3 (SD ϭ 135.5) ms.
454 MARCZINSKI AND FILLMORE
6. A 2 (gender) ϫ 2 (alcohol dose) ϫ 3 (caffeine dose)
repeated measures ANOVA of participants’ RT for simple
auditory discrimination revealed no significant effects
(ps Ͼ .09). Thus, alcohol and caffeine, alone or in combi-
nation, had no effect on simple auditory discrimination
performance. The overall mean RT on the simple discrim-
ination task was 349.2 (SD ϭ 62.4) ms.
Beverage Ratings
Dose and gender effects on the beverage ratings were
analyzed by a 2 (gender) ϫ 2 (alcohol) ϫ 3 (caffeine)
mixed-design ANOVA, which revealed a significant Alco-
hol ϫ Caffeine interaction, F(2, 20) ϭ 3.62, p Ͻ .05. Table
1 illustrates this interaction. Participants reported greater
perceived alcohol effects under all active alcohol dose con-
ditions, and simple effects t tests revealed that beverage
ratings were greater under alcohol alone as compared with
vehicle, t(11) ϭ 8.64, p Ͻ .001. Furthermore, coadminis-
tration of both caffeine doses reduced the alcohol-induced
increase in beverage ratings. Simple effects revealed that
coadministration of 2.0 mg/kg of caffeine with alcohol
significantly lowered beverage ratings as compared with
alcohol alone, t(11) ϭ 1.77, p ϭ .05, but coadministration
Figure 1. Psychological refractory period (PRP) interference effect scores under the six dose
conditions. The graph on the left illustrates alcohol effects in combination with caffeine. The graph
on the right illustrates the effects of caffeine administration alone. The vehicle condition, 0.0 g/kg
alcohol (alc) ϩ 0.0 mg/kg caffeine (caf), is presented in each graph to facilitate active dose
comparison to vehicle. Error bars show standard errors of the mean. *
p Ͻ .05 for difference from
vehicle. ૺ
p Ͻ .05 for difference from the 0.65 g/kg alc ϩ 0.0 mg/kg caf dose.
Figure 2. Mean reaction time (RT) to Task 2 following the four
stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) when 0.65 g/kg alcohol was
administered alone compared with vehicle.
455ALCOHOL AND CAFFEINE
7. of 4.0 mg/kg of caffeine did not (p ϭ .10). Finally, caffeine
alone did not significantly alter beverage ratings as com-
pared with vehicle (ps Ͼ .08). There was no significant
main effect or interaction involving gender (ps Ͼ .18).
Discussion
This research investigated the separate and combined
effects of alcohol and caffeine on constraints on information
processing in a dual-task context. The results showed that
alcohol impaired information processing in a dual-task con-
text, as measured by the increased PRP to complete a
second task performed in close proximity to a first task.
Response accuracy to the second task was also impaired by
alcohol in the dual-task context. Moreover, alcohol impair-
ment was specific to the dual-task situation, because no
alcohol impairment was evident when Task 2 was per-
formed as a single, individual task. The results also showed
that the coadministration of caffeine had a nonuniform
counteracting effect on the various aspects of performance
that were impaired by alcohol. Caffeine doses completely
antagonized the alcohol-induced impairment of the PRP
interference effect as measured by RT. However, caffeine
had no antagonizing effect on the alcohol-induced impair-
ment of accuracy. Thus, the speed of reactions was restored
by caffeine, but not the accuracy of these actions. The
coadministration of caffeine also attenuated subjective re-
ports of intoxication, as measured by the beverage ratings,
as the participants reported feeling less intoxicated when
caffeine was coadministered with alcohol as compared with
the same dose of alcohol alone. Thus, participants reported
reduced intoxication in response to caffeine coadministra-
tion despite the fact that aspects of their performance re-
mained impaired (i.e., accuracy).
In this study, we focused on the unique situation of
dual-task information processing, as dual-task demands af-
ford a unique and valuable model for understanding the
pharmacological effects of alcohol and caffeine, alone and
in combination. Although laboratory studies often use sin-
gle tasks to study the pharmacological effects of various
drugs on behavior, single tasks often place only modest
demands on participants’ cognitive functioning and thus
might limit the ability to observe drug-induced impair-
ments. By contrast, dual-task performance affords a more
complex and possibly more naturalistic model of typical
human information processing. People’s attention is rou-
tinely divided among multiple task demands, and the dual-
task model captures the complexity of this type of informa-
tion processing. For example, common tasks performed
outside the laboratory, such as driving, are inherently mul-
titask natured and can be further complicated by voluntarily
adding other tasks, such as talking on a cellular phone.
Moreover, such dual-task activities may be the norm rather
than the exception outside the laboratory. The recent appli-
cation of dual-task models in studies of alcohol effects on
behavior shows that performance in dual-task situations is
highly sensitive to the disruptive effects of alcohol. Perfor-
mance in dual-task contexts can be impaired by moderate
doses of alcohol that do not impair the individual compo-
nent tasks (Fillmore & Van Selst, 2002; Schweizer et al.,
2004). Accordingly, such single-task analyses may under-
estimate the magnitude of alcohol impairment associated
with moderate doses that might be observed outside the
laboratory.
To our knowledge, no prior studies have used dual-task
models to examine any drug interactions, such as caffeine-
induced antagonism of alcohol impairment. Previous re-
views of single-task studies and numerous individual single-
task studies have noted mixed findings with regard to caf-
feine-induced antagonism of alcohol impairment of
cognitive and behavioral functions (Gratton-Miscio & Vo-
gel-Sprott, 2005; Hasenfratz, Bunge, Dal Pra, & Battig,
1993; Martin & Garfield, 2006; Nehlig et al., 1992). How-
ever, we have recently argued that the equivocal evidence
for caffeine antagonism of alcohol-induced impairment
might reflect the fact that not all cognitive impairments from
alcohol can be offset by the coadministration of caffeine
(Marczinski & Fillmore, 2003). In the current study, we also
observed a dissociation in caffeine-induced antagonism of
alcohol-induced impairment. The moderate doses of caf-
feine resulted in complete counteraction of alcohol-induced
increase in PRP interference, as measured by RT2s. How-
ever, these doses of caffeine did not counteract the alcohol-
induced impairments on Task 2 response accuracy. Consid-
ering that individuals felt less intoxicated when caffeine was
coadministered with alcohol, a potentially worrisome out-
come may exist when one cognitive function recovers yet
another does not. Subjective perceptions of intoxication
level may function as feedback for an individual to termi-
nate the drinking episode or to avoid potentially hazardous
activities (e.g., driving). However, an individual who per-
ceives less behavioral impairment or feels less intoxicated
because of caffeine coadministration with alcohol may de-
cide to continue drinking and/or engage in risky behaviors
such as driving.
There are several other factors that might mediate alco-
hol–caffeine interactions that were not examined in this
study. First, the study does not address the role of expect-
ancies, which may be a potentially critical variable in the
motivation to consume caffeinated alcoholic drinks. In the
current study, dose administration was blind so as to allow
determination of the pharmacological effects of these drug
Table 1
Mean Beverage Rating Scale Scores
Dose condition
Beverage rating
M SD
Vehicle 1.4 1.2
0.0 g/kg alcohol ϩ 2.0 mg/kg caffeine 2.2 1.4
0.0 g/kg alcohol ϩ 4.0 mg/kg caffeine 1.3 1.2
0.65 g/kg alcohol ϩ 0.0 mg/kg caffeine 5.4 2.3
0.65 g/kg alcohol ϩ 2.0 mg/kg caffeine 4.6 2.4
0.65 g/kg alcohol ϩ 4.0 mg/kg caffeine 4.8 1.7
Note. Scores represent participants’ estimated amount of alcohol
consumed during a session, expressed in terms of standard drinks.
456 MARCZINSKI AND FILLMORE
8. combinations. However, individuals who drink caffeinated
alcohol in various forms are fully cognizant of the drug
combinations they are consuming. Expectation may play a
critical role in the level of impairment observed and con-
tribute to subjective perceptions of intoxication. Indeed,
previous studies have noted that individual expectations
regarding the counteracting effects of caffeine on alcohol-
induced impairment of performance play a large role in the
actual performance impairments observed (for a review, see
Fillmore, 1999). In illustrating the ironic effects of expect-
ancy, one study led individuals to expect that caffeine would
counteract the impairing effects of alcohol. Those individ-
uals displayed much greater impairment on a psychomotor
task as compared with individuals who held no such expec-
tation (Fillmore, Roach, & Rice, 2002). One explanation for
this finding is that individuals who expect caffeine to coun-
teract some of their behavioral impairment might be less
motivated to compensate and resist the impairing effects of
alcohol. Given the evidence for the role of drug expectan-
cies as motivators for drug use (Goldman, Del Boca, &
Darkes, 1999) and as mediators of the drugged response
(Vogel-Sprott & Fillmore, 1999), more information on the
role of expectancies in alcohol–caffeine interactions is
needed.
The findings of the current study may also be limited to
college-age moderate alcohol drinkers who typically con-
sume moderate doses of caffeine on a regular basis. Thus, it
is unclear how individuals who do not regularly use caffeine
might respond to these drug combinations. With regard to
alcohol use, heavier drinkers and binge drinkers might also
respond differently to these drug combinations. Time of
testing under a dose might also be an important factor. The
current study measured behavioral effects during the as-
cending limb of the blood alcohol curve. Previous work has
revealed that various cognitive processes differentially re-
cover over the course of the blood alcohol curve within one
drinking episode. For example, subjects who performed a
cued go/no-go task demonstrated some recovery in RT, but
not in response accuracy, on the descending limb as com-
pared with performance on the ascending limb (Fillmore,
Marczinski, & Bowman, 2005). As such, both timing and
caffeine coadministration may exacerbate the differential
recovery of cognitive processes on the descending limb as
compared with the ascending limb of the blood alcohol
curve. This scenario has practical implications for potential
risky behavior, as individuals are more likely to make
decisions about whether to drive on the descending limb,
once drinking has concluded.
In summary, the dual-task model appears to be a highly
sensitive cognitive measure of the pharmacological effects
of moderate doses of alcohol and caffeine, alone and in
combination. The results of the current study suggest that
the new alcoholic drink preferences for caffeinated alcohol
in various forms warrant further investigation. It appears
that caffeine coadministration does counteract some aspects
of performance that are impaired by alcohol (i.e., response
speed) but not others (response accuracy). This finding
raises important new questions about the coadministration
of caffeine with alcohol. It is important to determine the
extent to which such counteraction of alcohol impairment
by caffeine might contribute to alcohol abuse by increasing
risk of binge use or other harmful patterns of alcohol con-
sumption. Also, it is unknown what brain mechanisms
might be responsible for the lack of uniform counteracting
effects of caffeine on impairments of speed and accuracy
under alcohol. Functional magnetic resonance imaging
analyses of regional brain activity during dual-task perfor-
mance under these drug combinations could provide some
explanation for why caffeine might fail to restore response
accuracy. A brain region of particular interest might be the
anterior cingulate, which is involved in error monitoring
during performance of choice–response tasks similar to our
dual-task model (Hester, Fassbender, & Garavan, 2004).
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Received April 19, 2006
Revision received August 7, 2006
Accepted August 7, 2006 Ⅲ
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