The aviation industry is critical to the UK economy, contributing at least £16 billion annually. It employs over 230,000 directly and supports many indirect jobs. Aviation links the UK to over 370 international destinations. While most passengers come from Europe, about 8% come from regions like Africa and the Middle East that pose greater security risks. Aviation security is an ongoing priority that requires balancing risk management with business impacts. The government works closely with industry to help secure the aviation system both in the UK and overseas.

1. Aviation: Competition and Co operationAviation: Competition and Co-operation
 Briefing to RAF Air Power Conference July 2015 Briefing to RAF Air Power Conference July 2015
Moving Britain Ahead

2. The aviation industry is critical to the UK, both
as an industry in its own right, and supporting
wider business activity
Overview
of the
industry
wider business activity industry
Third largest aviation network in the world after US and China
Direct air links to 98 countries and a further 79 countries with one stop en route
The aviation sector (aerospace) contributes at least £16 billion per year to the UK economy
(GVA) plus more indirectly. [Source: ONS]
Around 230,000 people are directly employed by the aviation sector, with many more employed
indirectly. [Source: ONS]
G d h £100b hi d b h UK d EU i 40% f hGoods worth over £100bn are shipped between the UK and non-EU countries - over 40% of the
UK’s extra-EU trade by value. [Source: HMRC]
Inward tourism by air makes up three quarters
of foreign visitor holiday spending, with all visitsg y p g,
by air directly contributing over £17.5bn to the
UK economy [Source: ONS]
Tax revenues from the aviation sector are
£8.7bn per year [Source: Oxford Economics,
based on corporation tax, income tax on
employees and APD]
July 15
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3. EU28
North Other Europe
A iAmerica Asia
507 64209
50 11 35
72 9 41
43 10 42
Africa
Latin America & Caribbean
19 4 26
Flights to the UK (thousands per year)
8 2 19
19 4 26
Passengers flying to the UK (millions per year)
Number of destinations with a direct weekly service to the UK
 The UK has a direct service at least weekly to over 370 international airports in around 100 countries
 Around 8% of inbound international passengers come from airports in Africa and the middle east the regions that concern Around 8% of inbound international passengers come from airports in Africa and the middle east, the regions that concern
us more. Over 73% of inbound international passengers come from European airports.
20 July
2015
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4. As an international business, Aviation is subject to
global European and domestic rules
Who does
what?
global, European and domestic rules
The International Civil Aviation organisation of which the UK is aThe International Civil Aviation organisation, of which the UK is a
Council Member, sets global standards for safety, security and
environmental issues.
The EU is preparing a package on aviation for consultation this
autumn which will include competition issues The Europeanautumn, which will include competition issues. The European
Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) sets standards for safety across
the European single aviation market, and its role is also up for
review The reform of air navigation services across the EU isreview. The reform of air navigation services across the EU is
taking place through the EC’s Single European Sky initiative.
The UK Civil Aviation Authority (a statutory
corporation like the BBC) regulates other safetycorporation like the BBC) regulates other safety
functions and is also the security, passenger
rights, airspace and competition regulator
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5. CONTEST 4 P’sCONTEST – 4 P s
PREVENT
terrorism by tackling its underlying causes
To reduce the
PURSUE
terrorists and those that sponsor them
threat
PROTECT
the public and UK interests
To reduce
the risk
the public and UK interests
PREPARE
To reduce
vulnerabilityPREPARE
for the consequences
y
Moving Britain Ahead

6. Terrorism Risk Mitigation
1. JTAC – modal threat assessments1. JTAC – modal threat assessments
2. DFT/CAA – responsible for (i) risk assessment and
(ii) tti d i t i i f t ti it
2. DFT/CAA – responsible for (i) risk assessment and
(ii) tti d i t i i f t ti it(ii) setting and maintaining programmes of protective security
requirements and guidance
(ii) setting and maintaining programmes of protective security
requirements and guidance
3. INDUSTRY – “directed” to undertake security measures3. INDUSTRY – “directed” to undertake security measures
4. CAA – test, monitor and enforce compliance4. CAA – test, monitor and enforce compliance
5. DfT/CAA – Incident response5. DfT/CAA – Incident response
Moving Britain Ahead

7. Aviation security is a continuing priority with key
judgements for Ministers across Government about the
The
security
challenge
balance between risk management and business impact
 Aviation security is a significant part of Aviation security is a significant part of
the regulatory landscape facing airlines
and airports and one where we work in
close partnership with Home Office andp p
National Security Council
 It is always difficult to get the right
balance between managing risk and
keeping the passenger experience
positive
 At the moment, we are growing our
bilit t th i k i icapability to manage the risk arising
from flights coming into the UK, while
ensuring that regulation on outbound
flights is effective and proportionateflights is effective and proportionate
The Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015 strengthened the Secretary of State’s powers
to direct foreign carriers to undertake specified security measures as a condition of flying into
UK airspace.
July 15
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8. A i ti S it OAviation Security Overseas
 We can impose security standards at UK airports, and protect our
citizens on flights leaving the UK. But when they fly back, or
anywhere else in the world, they depend on the security regime
overseas
rs
overseas.
 We have some of the highest security standards in the world. The
US has robust security standards too, and the EU “baseline”
urity-BriefingfornewMinister
y
standards are being updated to address the latest threats. But we
have concerns about security in a number of countries that are
easily accessible from conflict zones from where terrorists may
operate.
AviationSecu
p
 The Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015 strengthened the
Government’s powers to direct foreign carriers to undertake
specified security measures as a condition of flying into UK
airspace.
uly201520Ju
8

9. Assurance
 We are expanding our network of “aviation security
liaison officers” They work with overseas airports
Our work with other countries
liaison officers . They work with overseas airports,
airlines and governments to raise security standards,
as well as providing important information for us on
security weaknesses. Some of them are based
overseas
Since 2011, DfT has delivered:
75Aviation Security training courses; in
overseas.
O C it D l t
some 30different countries;
to more than 1,600security staff.
Overseas Capacity Development
 We also provide assistance to other states where we
see vulnerabilities they are otherwise unable to
dd d h th i ht t UK iti t i kaddress, and where these might put UK citizens at risk;
 This work (c£1m per annum) is funded through
successful bids to the Foreign and Commonwealth
Offi C T i b d Africa 2014: Levant 2014: Gulf 2014: training
Office Counter Terrorism budget.
 Support is mostly in the form of training, but can include
equipment, consultancy and hosting inward visits.
Africa 2014:
counter-Portable
Missile
(ManPADS)
training
Levant 2014:
training for
security staff in
Explosive Trace
Detection
Gulf 2014: training
on implementing
enhanced
screening
measures
9

10. Moving Britain Ahead

11. O fl i fli t h t d i ?
 The loss of MH17 over Ukraine focused the world’s
Overflying conflict zones – what are we doing?
attention on the risks from anti-aircraft weaponry.
 For many years the Government has been
idi d i t UK i b t i k fproviding advice to UK carriers about risks of
overflying conflict areas, where we have relevant
information to pass on. Since MH17 there has been
a cross-government effort to gather all the relevant
i f ti th t h ldinformation that we hold.
 There were many nationalities among the dead
from MH17 including Britons So briefing only UKfrom MH17, including Britons. So briefing only UK
carriers will not protect those Britons on other
flights. The UK led a push at international level to
share information on the risk of overflying conflict
zones with all carriers Where the details cannot bezones with all carriers. Where the details cannot be
given, at least we would make known that we had
issued a warning.
 The UK was recently the first country to make its
warnings available for all airlines and states to see
on an ICAO-hosted global website.
20 July 2015
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13. Ai P C f C ti d C titiAir Power Conference: Co-operation and Competition
 Certain air corridors narrowing. No overflights of Libya (a rare formal direction to UK carriers). Strong advice
to avoid Syrian airspace. Caution below 25,000 feet AGL in South Sudan, Northern Sinai, Yemen, Iraq and
elsewhere. Flights to e.g. India are largely forced down across Turkey then Iran;
 Regional instability squeezing UK carriers. Tunisia the latest (and saddest) example. Egypt no stranger to
terrorist incidents targeting foreign tourists (Luxor, Taba bus bomb) but have recovered and are trying to hold
the line;
f f Turkey sits alongside a fractious neighbourhood, trying to balance numerous priorities, from Kurdish political
aspirations domestically to its military prowess in Syria and Iraq; from ISIS-inspired terrorist attacks to
handling hundreds of thousands of displaced and refugees from Syria. And all the while hoping to boost
tourism levels;tourism levels;
 Over 400 flights a month link the UK and Turkey, with 12 carriers operating out of 8 Turkish airports, handling
the vast bulk of almost 2.5 million British tourists per year;
 In Egypt at the height of the season some 180 flights will take off each week to the UK from four regional In Egypt at the height of the season, some 180 flights will take off each week to the UK from four regional
airports, plus Cairo
 UK carriers and other civil airlines compete head-on with the military in certain countries, where a joint
military-civil airfield will suddenly close for a military-related rotation or a VIP arrivalmilitary-civil airfield will suddenly close for a military-related rotation or a VIP arrival
 Carriers who were flying over Ukraine before MH-17 had to contend with corridors divided up across the west
of country that included lanes reserved for military use
20 July 2015
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14. Ai P C f C ti d C titiAir Power Conference: Co-operation and Competition
 Conclusions
 UK carriers’ appetite for risk only takes them so far. Long-established, larger, scheduled carriers have the UK carriers appetite for risk only takes them so far. Long established, larger, scheduled carriers have the
Risk Management capability that charter operators may lack. But the latter are catching up, fast;
 Horrific events like MH-17 obviously un-nerve carriers and passengers alike, but are exceptionally rare;
 Aviation remains an iconic target for certain terrorist organisations determined to defeat security measures at Aviation remains an iconic target for certain terrorist organisations, determined to defeat security measures at
airports and smuggle an explosive device onto one or more aircraft, including into the cabin;
 The combination of threat and vulnerability at certain airports means the residual risk of this type of attack,
un-checked and lacking any mitigation remains high Howeverun checked and lacking any mitigation, remains high. However ….
 For DfT, this inbound risk is therefore about helping foreign airlines, airports and governments deploy security
measures, equipment and practices that mitigate that threat and make the location far less vulnerable
 With UK carriers our task is to turn natural competitors into effective co operators sharing security With UK carriers, our task is to turn natural competitors into effective co-operators, sharing security
experience and assisting us as we lobby for improvements overseas. It’s a role that our carriers have
adopted with gusto.
July 15
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