Clinical Reasoning in Occupational Therapy part 1
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Clinical reasoning in occupational therapy involves therapists using their knowledge and experience to evaluate a client and determine the appropriate treatment. Therapists must gather information about the client's medical history, current symptoms, abilities and goals to develop an understanding of how the condition impacts their daily activities. This evaluation process allows occupational therapists to create customized treatment plans that focus on improving a client's functioning and independence through therapeutic activities.
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Person Environment Model of Occupational Therapy
The Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO) model was developed to describe the interaction between a person, their environment, and occupations. It provides a framework to guide clinical reasoning and analysis of how these components interact and influence occupational performance. The model consists of the person, environment, and occupation and how their transactional relationship results in performance. It allows flexibility in assessment and intervention tools to apply in practice.
Occupational Therapy
Occupational therapy focuses on helping clients engage in meaningful occupations to promote health and well-being. Therapists consider various client factors like values, body functions, and skills, as well as environmental contexts. The goal is to understand challenges and support improved ability to perform daily activities.
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Clinical reasoning is the process that occupational therapy practitioners use to plan, direct, perform, and reflect on client care. It involves synthesizing information from the client profile, observing performance, selecting assessments, interpreting data, developing hypotheses, setting goals, and determining interventions. Clinical reasoning draws from scientific, diagnostic, procedural, narrative, pragmatic, ethical, and conditional forms of reasoning. Mastering clinical reasoning helps occupational therapy students understand therapy sessions and address uncertainties.
Occupational Therapy Theory & Practice Models and Frame of Reference
Occupational therapy uses models and frames of reference to guide practice. Models provide overarching perspectives on health, well-being, and participation in occupations. Frames of reference are founded on models and focus on specific elements of occupational performance to guide the evaluation and treatment process. Occupational therapy practitioners use models and frames of reference together to plan and implement client-centered interventions.
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The document discusses the biomedical model of medicine and its key assumptions. The biomedical model views illness as caused by biological factors outside an individual's control. Treatment focuses on physical changes through methods like surgery and medication. It separates the mind and body. Later, behavioral health and health psychology challenged some of these assumptions by recognizing psychological and social factors can influence health. The biomedical model focused only on physical treatment, while newer approaches treat the whole person.
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Occupational therapists assess biomechanical function to determine limitations, required improvements, and the focus and effectiveness of treatment. Range of motion, muscle strength, endurance, contractures, and the effects of immobility are evaluated. Prolonged lack of movement can lead to deconditioning, weakness, and skeletal or psychological issues. Wound healing involves hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation of new tissue, and maturation of collagen over time as the wound gains strength.
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Person Environment Model of Occupational Therapy
The Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO) model was developed to describe the interaction between a person, their environment, and occupations. It provides a framework to guide clinical reasoning and analysis of how these components interact and influence occupational performance. The model consists of the person, environment, and occupation and how their transactional relationship results in performance. It allows flexibility in assessment and intervention tools to apply in practice.
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Occupational therapy focuses on helping clients engage in meaningful occupations to promote health and well-being. Therapists consider various client factors like values, body functions, and skills, as well as environmental contexts. The goal is to understand challenges and support improved ability to perform daily activities.
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Clinical reasoning is the process that occupational therapy practitioners use to plan, direct, perform, and reflect on client care. It involves synthesizing information from the client profile, observing performance, selecting assessments, interpreting data, developing hypotheses, setting goals, and determining interventions. Clinical reasoning draws from scientific, diagnostic, procedural, narrative, pragmatic, ethical, and conditional forms of reasoning. Mastering clinical reasoning helps occupational therapy students understand therapy sessions and address uncertainties.
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Occupational therapy uses models and frames of reference to guide practice. Models provide overarching perspectives on health, well-being, and participation in occupations. Frames of reference are founded on models and focus on specific elements of occupational performance to guide the evaluation and treatment process. Occupational therapy practitioners use models and frames of reference together to plan and implement client-centered interventions.
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Occupational therapists assess biomechanical function to determine limitations, required improvements, and the focus and effectiveness of treatment. Range of motion, muscle strength, endurance, contractures, and the effects of immobility are evaluated. Prolonged lack of movement can lead to deconditioning, weakness, and skeletal or psychological issues. Wound healing involves hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation of new tissue, and maturation of collagen over time as the wound gains strength.
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This document discusses the concepts of context and environment as defined in the Occupational Therapy Framework. It describes four contexts - cultural, personal, temporal, and virtual - and how they influence performance. It also defines the physical and social environments and provides examples of each. Contexts and environments are interrelated factors that shape engagement in occupations.
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The document discusses home and community occupations, specifically the home modifications process undertaken by occupational therapists in Australia. It covers client groups that may receive modifications, common barriers to home modifications, factors to consider in the assessment and modification process, and models and tools used in assessing the home environment. Key considerations for occupational therapists include applicable building codes and regulations, modifying the physical and social environment to enable occupational performance, and ensuring modifications are client-centered and address individual goals.
Model of Human Occupation, Cole & Tuffano (2007)
The Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) is a conceptual model that views people as open systems that are influenced by internal factors like motivation, habits, and skills as well as the external environment. It describes three subsystems that comprise the internal factors: volition (source of motivation), habituation (habits and roles), and performance capacity (underlying skills). MOHO views occupational participation and competence as important to developing one's identity and adapting to different contexts. The model emphasizes the dynamic interaction between the person and their environment and can be used to understand occupational performance and dysfunction.
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The document discusses applying the Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO) model to occupational therapy practice. The PEO model considers the dynamic relationship between a person, their occupations or tasks, and the environments in which they perform those occupations. The model can be used to understand clients and guide intervention by evaluating how features of the person, environment, and occupation interact and influence occupational performance.
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Occupational therapy at SIRC aims to prevent disability and restore functional independence through various services. OT services include upper limb exercises, splinting, assisting with activities of daily living, wheelchair skills training, home and workplace modifications, and community reintegration support. The OT process involves assessment, intervention, and evaluation to address patients' rehabilitation needs following a spinal cord injury. Key areas of OT focus are hand therapy, mobility training, self-care skills, and providing assistive devices to improve independence and quality of life.
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The document discusses various topics related to occupational therapy for sensory testing and assessment of the hands. It covers topics like protective sensation, hyperesthesia, pain assessment, and interventions like desensitization. Some key points include:
- Protective sensation allows the hands to sense pain and avoid injury, and patients who lose this need compensatory strategies. Hyperesthesia causes discomfort with touch and may be treated with desensitization.
- Desensitization uses gradual exposure to textures of increasing intensity to increase tolerance to touch. Mirror therapy can help by giving the illusion of two normal limbs.
- Sensory training aims to maintain cortical representation of the hand and regain use of sensation. Passive training uses repetition while
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Application of Affolter approach to occupational therapy intervention. The presentation ended with a case study of a patient management using affolter techniques.
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The document discusses occupational therapy interventions for mental health. It outlines person-centered approaches that respect individuals' strengths, choices, and independence. Occupational therapists use rehabilitation interventions to facilitate engagement in meaningful activities and promote health, well-being, and participation in life. Intervention approaches and strategies are selected based on each client's goals and needs to establish, restore, or maintain their occupational skills and roles.
adaptation in activity
Activity adaptation is the process of modifying activities, tasks, environments, or tools to enable performance or accomplish therapeutic goals. It may be done to modify the activity itself, the demands of the activity, or to compensate for physical, cognitive, or sensory impairments. Examples of adaptations include changing the size or handles of tools, modifying game rules or materials, teaching new techniques to accommodate weaknesses or limitations, and adapting environments to improve safety or accessibility. Adaptations should be tailored specifically to the individual and their goals.
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The document outlines the process of occupational therapy service delivery including evaluation, intervention, and targeting of outcomes. The evaluation process involves creating an occupational profile of the client and analyzing their occupational performance. The intervention plan involves developing objectives, approaches, and methods for service delivery. Intervention implementation involves carrying out occupational therapy and monitoring the client's response. Intervention review reevaluates progress towards outcomes and modifies the plan as needed. Targeting outcomes involves selecting and applying valid measures to evaluate progress, adjust goals and interventions, and determine future direction.
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This document outlines an occupational performance model that analyzes occupations in terms of roles, routines, tasks, and components. It describes analyzing occupations to understand their steps, demands, and risks/benefits. The purpose of analysis is to determine what skills are needed to perform occupations and develop mastery for either occupational ends or as a means to other ends.
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The document discusses grading in occupational therapy. Grading refers to gradually modifying or progressing an activity to meet a therapeutic goal based on a client's skill level. Activities can be up-graded or down-graded to make them more or less difficult. Grading a treatment program involves starting with easy activities and progressing to harder ones. Grading a specific activity involves determining a client's abilities and selecting an appropriate activity to remediate deficiencies. The key factors that make an activity appropriate depend on the specific remediation goal.
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This document summarizes several theories and models that are relevant to occupational therapy practice, including Piaget's cognitive development theory, Freudian psychodynamic theory, Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory, Skinner's behavior theory, and cognitive behavior theory. It discusses conceptual practice models like the Occupational Performance Model of Australia and frames of reference such as the Neuro-Developmental Treatment frame of reference, which is used to analyze and treat posture and movement impairments based on kinesiology and biomechanics. Conceptual practice models provide frameworks to explain important aspects of occupational therapy and offer guidelines for clinical assessments and interventions.
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Chiropractic and osteopathic medicine
Chiropractic and osteopathic medicine are alternative medicine practices that focus on manual manipulation and adjustment of the body. Chiropractic focuses specifically on spinal manipulation, while osteopathy takes a broader approach and also considers other tissues. Both aim to treat musculoskeletal issues by restoring normal nerve function or structural integrity through manual techniques like spinal adjustments or soft tissue massage. Common conditions treated include back pain, arthritis, and injuries. Training also differs, with chiropractors undergoing shorter training focused on adjustments while osteopaths receive full medical training and can also prescribe medications.
The history of ot
The history of occupational therapy began in the early 1900s during the Arts and Crafts movement and was influenced by World War I. Occupational therapy was founded on the idea that participating in meaningful activities promotes health and well-being. The first occupational therapy program was started in 1917 at Milwaukee Downer College. After WWI, occupational therapy adopted a stronger medical model and the American Occupational Therapy Association was formed to promote the standardization and growth of the profession.
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Functional Capacity Evaluation
The document discusses functional capacity evaluations (FCEs), which objectively assess an individual's physical abilities and capacity to perform work. It describes the purpose of FCEs in determining work capacity and needed accommodations. The document outlines different types of FCEs and covers specific tests administered to evaluate areas like strength, mobility, balance and endurance. It notes limitations in the validity and reliability of most FCEs and areas that could be improved through further research.
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Occupational Therapy and Orthotic Intervention
An orthosis is an externally applied device used to support the body, correct alignment, protect injuries, or assist motion. Occupational therapists play an important role in orthotic intervention by understanding orthotic goals, designs, and fitting to promote function. Common orthoses include those for the foot, ankle, knee, and upper limb to improve mobility and rehabilitation outcomes. Custom orthoses are fitted by orthotists/prosthetists while prefabricated devices may be fitted by other practitioners.
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The document discusses home and community occupations, specifically the home modifications process undertaken by occupational therapists in Australia. It covers client groups that may receive modifications, common barriers to home modifications, factors to consider in the assessment and modification process, and models and tools used in assessing the home environment. Key considerations for occupational therapists include applicable building codes and regulations, modifying the physical and social environment to enable occupational performance, and ensuring modifications are client-centered and address individual goals.
Model of Human Occupation, Cole & Tuffano (2007)
The Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) is a conceptual model that views people as open systems that are influenced by internal factors like motivation, habits, and skills as well as the external environment. It describes three subsystems that comprise the internal factors: volition (source of motivation), habituation (habits and roles), and performance capacity (underlying skills). MOHO views occupational participation and competence as important to developing one's identity and adapting to different contexts. The model emphasizes the dynamic interaction between the person and their environment and can be used to understand occupational performance and dysfunction.
Applying the Person Environment Occupation Model to Practice
The document discusses applying the Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO) model to occupational therapy practice. The PEO model considers the dynamic relationship between a person, their occupations or tasks, and the environments in which they perform those occupations. The model can be used to understand clients and guide intervention by evaluating how features of the person, environment, and occupation interact and influence occupational performance.
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Occupational therapy at SIRC aims to prevent disability and restore functional independence through various services. OT services include upper limb exercises, splinting, assisting with activities of daily living, wheelchair skills training, home and workplace modifications, and community reintegration support. The OT process involves assessment, intervention, and evaluation to address patients' rehabilitation needs following a spinal cord injury. Key areas of OT focus are hand therapy, mobility training, self-care skills, and providing assistive devices to improve independence and quality of life.
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The document discusses various topics related to occupational therapy for sensory testing and assessment of the hands. It covers topics like protective sensation, hyperesthesia, pain assessment, and interventions like desensitization. Some key points include:
- Protective sensation allows the hands to sense pain and avoid injury, and patients who lose this need compensatory strategies. Hyperesthesia causes discomfort with touch and may be treated with desensitization.
- Desensitization uses gradual exposure to textures of increasing intensity to increase tolerance to touch. Mirror therapy can help by giving the illusion of two normal limbs.
- Sensory training aims to maintain cortical representation of the hand and regain use of sensation. Passive training uses repetition while
Affolter approach to treatment
Application of Affolter approach to occupational therapy intervention. The presentation ended with a case study of a patient management using affolter techniques.
Occupational Therapy Framework to Rehabilitation Inventions
The document discusses occupational therapy interventions for mental health. It outlines person-centered approaches that respect individuals' strengths, choices, and independence. Occupational therapists use rehabilitation interventions to facilitate engagement in meaningful activities and promote health, well-being, and participation in life. Intervention approaches and strategies are selected based on each client's goals and needs to establish, restore, or maintain their occupational skills and roles.
adaptation in activity
Activity adaptation is the process of modifying activities, tasks, environments, or tools to enable performance or accomplish therapeutic goals. It may be done to modify the activity itself, the demands of the activity, or to compensate for physical, cognitive, or sensory impairments. Examples of adaptations include changing the size or handles of tools, modifying game rules or materials, teaching new techniques to accommodate weaknesses or limitations, and adapting environments to improve safety or accessibility. Adaptations should be tailored specifically to the individual and their goals.
7.1 occupational therapy process
The document outlines the process of occupational therapy service delivery including evaluation, intervention, and targeting of outcomes. The evaluation process involves creating an occupational profile of the client and analyzing their occupational performance. The intervention plan involves developing objectives, approaches, and methods for service delivery. Intervention implementation involves carrying out occupational therapy and monitoring the client's response. Intervention review reevaluates progress towards outcomes and modifies the plan as needed. Targeting outcomes involves selecting and applying valid measures to evaluate progress, adjust goals and interventions, and determine future direction.
Occupational therapy task analyzis
This document outlines an occupational performance model that analyzes occupations in terms of roles, routines, tasks, and components. It describes analyzing occupations to understand their steps, demands, and risks/benefits. The purpose of analysis is to determine what skills are needed to perform occupations and develop mastery for either occupational ends or as a means to other ends.
grading activity in occupational therapy
The document discusses grading in occupational therapy. Grading refers to gradually modifying or progressing an activity to meet a therapeutic goal based on a client's skill level. Activities can be up-graded or down-graded to make them more or less difficult. Grading a treatment program involves starting with easy activities and progressing to harder ones. Grading a specific activity involves determining a client's abilities and selecting an appropriate activity to remediate deficiencies. The key factors that make an activity appropriate depend on the specific remediation goal.
Occupational Therapy Theory, Models, Reference and Practice
This document summarizes several theories and models that are relevant to occupational therapy practice, including Piaget's cognitive development theory, Freudian psychodynamic theory, Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory, Skinner's behavior theory, and cognitive behavior theory. It discusses conceptual practice models like the Occupational Performance Model of Australia and frames of reference such as the Neuro-Developmental Treatment frame of reference, which is used to analyze and treat posture and movement impairments based on kinesiology and biomechanics. Conceptual practice models provide frameworks to explain important aspects of occupational therapy and offer guidelines for clinical assessments and interventions.
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Occupational therapists help people of all ages develop or maintain abilities to promote health and prevent disability. They work in a variety of settings like hospitals, schools, and community services. Occupational therapists help people learn new ways of doing activities, adapt equipment to suit people's needs, and make changes to environments to help people participate in important activities. Becoming an occupational therapist typically requires a three-year bachelor's degree, and the career offers rewarding, challenging, and diverse work helping people live fulfilling lives.
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The document discusses the role of physical therapists in patient/client management. It describes the five key elements of patient management as examination, evaluation, diagnosis, prognosis, and intervention. Evaluation involves creating a problem list for the patient. Diagnosis categorizes the problems into defined clusters or syndromes. Prognosis predicts the patient's expected improvement, timeline, and outcomes. Discharge and discontinuation processes determine when physical therapy services are concluded. Outcomes analyze the overall impact of interventions on the patient.
Chiropractic and osteopathic medicine
Chiropractic and osteopathic medicine are alternative medicine practices that focus on manual manipulation and adjustment of the body. Chiropractic focuses specifically on spinal manipulation, while osteopathy takes a broader approach and also considers other tissues. Both aim to treat musculoskeletal issues by restoring normal nerve function or structural integrity through manual techniques like spinal adjustments or soft tissue massage. Common conditions treated include back pain, arthritis, and injuries. Training also differs, with chiropractors undergoing shorter training focused on adjustments while osteopaths receive full medical training and can also prescribe medications.
The history of ot
The history of occupational therapy began in the early 1900s during the Arts and Crafts movement and was influenced by World War I. Occupational therapy was founded on the idea that participating in meaningful activities promotes health and well-being. The first occupational therapy program was started in 1917 at Milwaukee Downer College. After WWI, occupational therapy adopted a stronger medical model and the American Occupational Therapy Association was formed to promote the standardization and growth of the profession.
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EXAMINATION OF HUMAN URINE AND FAECES.pdf
This presentation will help to develop in-depth knowledge of the examination of Urine and Faeces.
Electrocardiogram_20240614_173859_0000.pdf
Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
AvL- Left arm
AvF- Left leg
3.Chest Leads:
V1 : Over 4th intercostal
space near right sternal margin
V2: Over 4th intercostal space near left sternal margin
V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
clavicular line
V5:Over left 5th intercostal space on the anterior
axillary line
V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
•P Wave is a positive wave and the first wave in ECG.
•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
•‘P-R’ interval is the interval
between the onset of ‘P’wave and onset of ‘Q’ wave.
•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
•‘Q-T’ interval is the interval between the onset of ‘Q’
wave and the end of ‘T’ wave.
•‘Q-T’ interval indicates the ventricular depolarization
and ventricular repolarization,
i.e. it signifies the
electrical activity in ventricles.
Duration:0.4-0.42sec
S-T Segment:
•‘S-T’ segment is the time interval between the end of ‘S’ wave and the onset of ‘T’ wave.
Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
•‘R-R’ interval is the time interval between two consecutive ‘R’ waves.
•It signifies the duration of one cardiac cycle.
Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
Heart rate = 10×No.of QRS complex in 6 sec 5large box = 1sec
5×6=30
10×7 = 70 Beats/min
Abnormalities of ECG:
Cardiac Arrythmias:
1.Tachycardia
Heart Rate more than 100 beats/min
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