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PSYCHOLOGY:
TIMELINE
History of Psychology: Timeline
Contemporary Foundations
Discovering Psychology: Updated Edition
1879
First psychology laboratory
Wilhelm Wundt opens first experimental laboratory in
psychology at the University
of Leipzig, Germany. Credited with establishing psychology as
an academic
discipline, Wundt’s students include Emil Kraepelin, James
McKeen Cattell, and G.
Stanley Hall.
1883
First American psychology laboratory
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G. Stanley Hall, a student of Wilhelm Wundt, establishes first
U.S. experimental
psychology laboratory at Johns Hopkins University.
1886
First doctorate in psychology
The first doctorate in psychology is given to Joseph Jastrow, a
student of G.
Stanley Hall at Johns Hopkins University. Jastrow later
becomes professor of
psychology at the University of Wisconsin and serves as
president of the
American Psychological Association in 1900.
1888
First professor of psychology
The academic title “professor of psychology” is given to James
McKeen Cattell in
1888, the first use of this designation in the United States. A
student of Wilhelm
Wundt’s, Cattell serves as professor of psychology at University
of Pennsylvania
and Columbia University.
1892
APA founded
G. Stanley Hall founds the American Psychological Association
(APA) and serves
as its first president. He later establishes two key journals in the
field: American
Journal of Psychology (1887) and Journal of Applied
Psychology (1917).
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1896
Functionalism
Functionalism, an early school of psychology, focuses on the
acts and functions
of the mind rather than its internal contents. Its most prominent
American
advocates are William James and John Dewey, whose 1896
article “The Reflex
Arc Concept in Psychology” promotes functionalism.
Psychoanalysis
The founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, introduces the
term in a scholarly
paper. Freud’s psychoanalytic approach asserts that people are
motivated by
powerful, unconscious drives and conflicts. He develops an
influential therapy
based on this assertion, using free association and dream
analysis.
Structuralism
Edward B. Titchener, a leading proponent of structuralism,
publishes his Outline
of Psychology. Structuralism is the view that all mental
experience can be
understood as a combination of simple elements or events. This
approach
focuses on the contents of the mind, contrasting with
functionalism.
1896
First psychology clinic
After heading a laboratory at University of Pennsylvania,
Lightner Witmer opens

world’s first psychological clinic to patients, shifting his focus
from experimental
work to practical application of his findings.
1900
Interpretation of Dreams
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Sigmund Freud introduces his theory of psychoanalysis in The
Interpretation of
Dreams, the first of 24 books he would write exploring such
topics as the
unconscious, techniques of free association, and sexuality as a
driving force in
human psychology.
1901
Manual of Experimental Psychology
With publication of the Manual of Experimental Psychology,
Edward Bradford
Titchener introduces structuralism to the United States.
Structuralism, an
approach which seeks to identify the basic elements of
consciousness, fades
after Titchener’s death in 1927.
1904
First woman president of the APA
Mary Calkins is elected president of the APA. Calkins, a
professor and researcher
at Wellesley College, studied with William James at Harvard
University, but

Harvard denied her a Ph.D. because of her gender.
1905
IQ tests developed
Using standardized tests, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
develop a scale of
general intelligence on the basis of mental age. Later
researchers refine this work
into the concept of intelligence quotient; IQ, mental age over
physical age. From
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their beginning, such tests’ accuracy and fairness are
challenged.
1908
A Mind That Found Itself
Cli!ord Beers publishes A Mind That Found Itself, detailing his
experiences as a
patient in 19th-century mental asylums. Calling for more
humane treatment of
patients and better education about mental illness for the
general population, the
book inspires the mental hygiene movement in the United
States.
1909
Psychoanalysts visit Clark University
Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung visit the United States for a
Psychoanalysis
Symposium at Clark University organized by G. Stanley Hall.
At the symposium,

Freud gives his only speech in the United States.
1913
Behaviorism
John B. Watson publishes “Psychology as Behavior,” launching
behaviorism. In
contrast to psychoanalysis, behaviorism focuses on observable
and measurable
behavior.
1917
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Army intelligence tests implemented
Standardized intelligence and aptitude tests are administered to
two million U. S.
soldiers during WWI. Soon after, such tests are used in all U.S.
armed forces
branches and in many areas of civilian life, including academic
and work settings.
1920
First African American doctorate in psychology
Francis Cecil Sumner earns a Ph.D. in psychology under G.
Stanley Hall at Clark
University. Sumner later serves as chair of the Howard
University psychology
department.
1920
The Child’s Conception of the World
Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget publishes The Child’s

Conception of the World,
prompting the study of cognition in the developing child.
1921
Rorschach test created
Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach devises a personality test
based on
patients’ interpretations of inkblots.
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1925
Menninger Clinic founded
Charles Frederick Menninger and his sons Karl Augustus and
William Clair found
The Menninger Clinic in Topeka, Kansas. They take a
compassionate approach to
the treatment of mental illness, emphasizing both psychological
and psychiatric
disciplines.
1927
Menninger Clinic founded
First Nobel Prize for psychological research
1929
Electroencephalogram invented
Psychiatrist Hans Berger invents the electroencephalogram and
tests it on his
son. The device graphs the electrical activity of the brain by
means of electrodes
attached to the head.

1933
Nazi persecution of psychologists
After the Nazi party gains control of the government in
Germany, scholars and
researchers in psychology and psychiatry are persecuted. Many,
including Freud,
whose books are banned and burned in public rallies, move to
Britain or the
United States.
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1935
Alcoholics Anonymous
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is founded by Bob Smith of
Akron, Ohio. AA’s group
meetings format and 12-step program become the model for
many other mutual-
support therapeutic groups.
1935
Gestalt psychology
Kurt Ko!ka, a founder of the movement, publishes Principles of
Gestalt
Psychology in 1935. Gestalt (German for “whole” or “essence”)
psychology
asserts that psychological phenomena must be viewed not as
individual elements
but as a coherent whole.
1936
First lobotomy in the United States
Walter Freeman performs first frontal lobotomy in the United

States at George
Washington University in Washington, D.C. By 1951, more than
18,000 such
operations have been performed. The procedure, intended to
relieve severe and
debilitating psychosis, is controversial.
1937
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The Neurotic Personality of Our Time
Psychologist Karen Horney publishes The Neurotic Personality
of Our Time.
Horney goes on to challenge many of Freud’s theories, as have
many later
psychologists and scholars. Specifically, she questions Freud’s
theories on the
Oedipal Complex and castration anxiety.
1938
The Behavior of Organisms
B.F. Skinner publishes The Behavior of Organisms, introducing
the concept of
operant conditioning. The work draws widespread attention to
behaviorism and
inspires laboratory research on conditioning.
1938
Electroconvulsive therapy began
Italian psychiatrist and neuropathologist Ugo Cerletti and his
associates treat
human patients with electrical shocks to alleviate schizophrenia

and psychosis.
ECT, while controversial, is proven e!ective in some cases and
is still in use in
2001.
1946
The Psychoanalytic Treatment of Children
Anna Freud publishes The Psychoanalytic Treatment of
Children, introducing
basic concepts in the theory and practice of child
psychoanalysis.
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1946
National Mental Health Act Passed
U.S. President Harry Truman signs the National Mental Health
Act, providing
generous funding for psychiatric education and research for the
first time in U.S.
history. This act leads to the creation in 1949 of the National
Institute of Mental
Health (NIMH).
1951
First drug to treat depression
Studies are published reporting that the drug imipramine may be
able to lessen
depression. Eight years later, the FDA approves its use in the
United States under
the name Tofranil.
1952

Thorazine tested
The anti-psychotic drug chlorpromazine (known as Thorazine)
is tested on a
patient in a Paris military hospital. Approved for use in the
United States in 1954, it
becomes widely prescribed.
1953
APA Ethical Standards
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The American Psychological Association publishes the first
edition of Ethical
Standards of Psychologists. The document undergoes
continuous review and is
now known as APA’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and
Code of Conduct.
1954
Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy…
In Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain,
neurosurgeon
Wilder G. Penfield publishes results from his study of the
neurology of epilepsy.
His mapping of the brain’s cortex sets a precedent for the brain-
imaging
techniques that become critical to biopsychology and cognitive
neuroscience.
The Nature of Prejudice
Social Psychologist Gordon Allport publishes The Nature of
Prejudice, which

draws on various approaches in psychology to examine
prejudice through
di!erent lenses. It is widely read by the general public and
influential in
establishing psychology’s usefulness in understanding social
issues.
1954
Biopsychology
In his studies of epilepsy, neuroscientist Wilder G. Penfield
begins to uncover the
relationship between chemical activity in the brain and
psychological
phenomena. His findings set the stage for widespread research
on the biological
role in psychological phenomena.
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Psychopharmacology
The development of psychoactive drugs in the 1950s and their
approval by the
FDA initiates a new form of treatment for mental illness.
Among the first such
drugs is Doriden, also known as Rorer, an anti-anxiety
medication approved in
1954.
Humanistic Psychology
In the wake of psychoanalysis and behaviorism, humanistic
psychology emerges

as the “third force” in psychology. Led by Carl Rogers and
Abraham Maslow, who
publishes Motivation and Personality in 1954, this approach
centers on the
conscious mind, free will, human dignity, and the capacity for
self-actualization.
1956
Cognitive psychology
Inspired by work in mathematics and other disciplines,
psychologists begin to
focus on cognitive states and processes. George A. Miller’s
1956 article “The
Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two” on information
processing is an early
application of the cognitive approach.
1957
Syntactic Structures
Noam Chomsky publishes Syntactic Structures, marking a major
advancement in
the study of linguistics. The book helps spawn the field of
psycholinguistics, the
psychology of language.
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1960
FDA approves Librium
The FDA approves the use of chlordiazepoxide (known as
Librium) for treatment
of non-psychotic anxiety in 1960. A similar drug, diazepam
(Valium), is approved in

1963.
1963
Community Mental Health Centers Act passed
U.S. President John F. Kennedy calls for and later signs the
Community Mental
Health Centers Act, which mandates the construction of
community facilities
instead of large, regional mental hospitals. Congress ends
support for the
program in 1981, reducing overall funds and folding them into a
mental health
block-grant program.
1964
First National Medal of Science to psychologist
Neal E. Miller receives the National Medal of Science, the
highest scientific honor
given in the United States, for his studies of motivation and
learning. He is the first
psychologist to be awarded this honor.
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0.2 Research Methods
In this activity you will explore how psychologists draw solid
conclusions from the complex and
often ambiguous phenomena they study -- how you think, feel,
and behave.
Sections
(https://www.learner.org/series/discovering-
psychology/explorations/research-methods/)
0.1 History of Psychology: Timeline
Explore historic moments in the development of modern
psychology.
psychology/explorations/history-of-psychology-
contemporary-foundations/)
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0.3 The Human Brain
In this activity you will explore the human brain, the key
element of the nervous system. You will
learn about its main areas and their functions in regulating
everyday life. Understanding the
brain's role in all manner of human activity is a central topic in

psychology.
0.4 Life Span Development
In this activity you will explore development across the life
span. The process begins during the
period between conception and birth, as the fetus emerges from
a one-celled organism to a full-
term infant. As the genetic program within the cells of the body
unfolds, important characteristics
emerge that will set the stage for the newborn baby's emergence
into the world. At the same
time, the world around the developing child exerts its influence
on growth, and, at critical points,
can alter the way these genetic characteristics are expressed.
Our exploration begins where this
process culminates, at birth, where who we are and will
ultimately become is a life-long
endeavor.
0.5 Approaches in Practice
In this activity you will explore the contemporary approaches
used to understand, treat, and
prevent psychological disorders. Although psychologists may
blend concepts from more than
one approach, each approach represents a distinct view of the
central issues in psychology.
psychology/explorations/the-human-brain/)
psychology/explorations/life-span-
development/)
psychology/explorations/approaches-in-

practice/)
Units
Next (https://www.learner.org/series/discovering-
psychology/past-present-
and-promise/)
Previous
4/24/21, 6:46 AM
Page 18 of 24
UNIT 1
Past, Present, and Promise
(https://www.learner.org/series/discovering-psychology/past-
present-and-promise/)
UNIT 2
Understanding Research
psychology/understanding-research/)
UNIT 3
The Behaving Brain
(https://www.learner.org/series/discovering-psychology/the-
behaving-brain/)
UNIT 4

The Responsive Brain
responsive-brain/)
UNIT 5
The Developing Child
developing-child/)
UNIT 0
Explorations
psychology/explorations/)
4/24/21, 6:46 AM
Page 19 of 24
UNIT 6
Language Development
psychology/language-development/)
UNIT 7
Sensation and Perception

psychology/sensation-and-perception/)
UNIT 8
Learning
psychology/learning/)
UNIT 9
Remembering and Forgetting
psychology/remembering-and-forgetting/)
UNIT 10
Cognitive Processes
psychology/cognitive-processes/)
UNIT 11
Judgment and Decision Making
psychology/judgement-and-decision-making/)
4/24/21, 6:46 AM
Page 20 of 24

UNIT 12
Motivation and Emotion
psychology/motivation-and-emotion/)
UNIT 13
The Mind Awake and Asleep
mind-awake-and-asleep/)
UNIT 14
The Mind Hidden and Divided
mind-hidden-and-divided/)
UNIT 15
The Self
(https://www.learner.org/series/discoveri ng-psychology/the-
self/)
UNIT 16
Testing and Intelligence
(https://www.learner.org/series/discovering-psychology/testing-
and-intelligence/)
UNIT 17

Sex and Gender
(https://www.learner.org/series/discovering-psychology/sex-
and-gender/)
4/24/21, 6:46 AM
Page 21 of 24
(https://www.learner.org/series/discovering-psychology/sex-
and-gender/)
UNIT 18
Maturing and Aging
psychology/maturing-and-aging/)
UNIT 19
The Power of the Situation
power-of-the-situation/)
UNIT 20
Constructing Social Reality
psychology/constructing-social-reality/)
UNIT 21

Psychopathology
(https://www.learner.org/series/discoveri ng-
psychology/psychopathology/)
UNIT 22
Psychotherapy
psychology/psychotherapy/)
UNIT 23
Health, Mind, and Behavior
(https://www.learner.org/series/discovering-psychology/health-
mind-and-behavior/)
4/24/21, 6:46 AM
Page 22 of 24
Classroom Resources
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Email SUBSCRIBE ME
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UNIT 24
Applying Psychology in Life
psychology/applying-psychology-in-life/)
UNIT 25
Cognitive Neuroscience
psychology/cognitive-neuroscience/)
UNIT 26
Cultural Psychology
psychology/cultural-psychology/)
4/24/21, 6:46 AM
Page 23 of 24

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SCS 100 Project 2 Observation Journal (Gender-Based
Advertisement)
Kanesha Bowden
Professor Sherry Cooke
March 31, 2021

SCS 100 Project 2 Observation Journal (Gender-Based
Advertisement)
Article Choice
I have chosen this topic named gender-based advertisement
because in such type of advertisements there are different
properties of ads assigned to the specific gender either male or
female or other. Gender based advertisement technique is
basically used to advertise the products which are linked
directly or indirectly to the genders. Such technique appeals the
consumers emotionally. This technique is also widely being
used to advertise gender specific products and from this, it
becomes easier to target the potential customers. The aspects of
the gender-based advertisement made me more curious that how
a specific gender needs to advertise the product to be used by
the same gender and along with that another aspect which is
linked with the persuasion and attractiveness of the product
while being advertised is to keep in mind.
Assumptions and Observations
Audience. Each advertisement has a specific type of audience to
which it appeals and to whom it attracts. In the case of gender -
based advertisement, most important thing is the consumer o the
gender specific product. For example: In the advertisement of
the Carlsberg Beer: If Carlsberg Did Fitting Rooms, it is
confirmed that the audience includes the male consumers.
Similarly, in the ad of Tide Plus A Touch of Downy: The
Princess Dress or Colgate: Sink Child, it is confirmed that the
audience includes the female consumers.
Message. Basically, the message of the gender-based

advertisements are dependent upon the type of product being
advertised. At the same time the message is directly linked with
the consumer gender that either male or female because the
gender specific products need to be advertised by the same
gender to influence the consumer more effectively and they ‘ll
be confident to use the product and believe the assured
importance and facility of the product in a better way.
Relationship between people. In my opinion, the relationship
between the people in the gender-based ads needs to be franker
and more cooperative so that they work together to make the
best ads more persuasive towards the consumers of the product
being advertised. Actually, in the entire ad it is the most
important thing to be focused while making an advertisement.
Relationship with product. The relationship with the product is
usually based on the decision-making ability of the consumer
that how an individual has to spend the resources (money, time)
available to them for buying an item or product to consume.
During the advertisement based on genders, all the qualities of
the product are shown in a way that the consumer will not have
to argue about the properties or the quality and at the same
time, the gender-based advertisement is also describing the
relationship with the product in order to facilitate the consumer.
So that he / she will not go anywhere else to buy the product.
Usually in the gender-based advertisements the relationship
between the consumer and the product is necessary to show,
without that the advertisement will remain ineffective.
(Adhikary, 2014)
Effectiveness. Advertisement is a type of communication tool
which is being widely used now-a days to attract the consumers
towards the advertised products or the services. Advertisement
effectiveness is also a necessary component of the business. The
basic objective of the gender-based advertisement is to grab the
attention of the consumers and to motivate them to buy the

product, being advertised. In the gender-based advertisement,
there is also a component of emotion involved which is needed
for the advertisement of some products so that it could be able
to appeal those consumers facing the same emotions. (Keshari &
Jain, 2014).
Social Science Evidence
Overall, I think a social scientist might be interested in the fact
that the ads where not as diverse when it came to gender and
that some ads represented men as the leading role or primary
features rather than women or other genders. And may be in
some ads which are gender specific in those that gender who is
going to use that specific product has the primary role in
advertising that product in a persuasive manner.
Question
As a social scientist I can understand the specific gender
stereotypes for a product to be advertised by the same gender.
But one question arises in my mind that in some gender-based
ads which are not gender specific or related to emotions why the
females have the leading or primary role in such ads?
References
Adhikary, A. (2014). Avertising: A fusion process between
Consumer and product. Symbiosis Institute of Management
Studies Annual Research Conference(SIMSARC). West Bangal.
Keshari, P., & Jain, S. (2014). Consumer response to
advertising Appeals: A Gender based study. Journal of
Marketing and Communications, 9(3).

SCS 100 Project 3 Final Reflection Guidelines and Rubric
Overview
Your third longer-term assignment in this course is a
presentation or short paper in which you will share your
question derived at the end of your observation
journal in Module Four, and discuss why it is important and
how developments in the social sciences contribute to our
understanding of ourselves, eac h other,
and the world around us.
This final reflection will assess the following course outcomes,
which you focused on throughout Modules Seven and Eight:
the progression of social
scientific thought for informing critical questions that drive so
cial scientific inquiry
● Articulate the value of the social sciences for their impact on
contemporary issues

Prompt
Your third project is a presentation or short paper (you are free
to choose) that explores the question you posed at the end of
your observation journal. With
that question as your topic, you will explain why the answer to
it is important to understanding yourself, other people, and the
world around you, and how the
social sciences have developed to help us answer these
important questions. Be sure your actual question is apparent on
the presentation or paper.
Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed
in your submission:
I. Explain why your question is important to you as a member of
society.
II. Detail the major developments in social science thinking that
drive questions regarding studying the individual. Use course
resources to back up
your discussion.
III. Explain how finding the answer to your question might
impact others around you. For instance, who might be most
invested in the answer?
IV. Detail the major developments in social science thinking
that drive questions regarding studying others. Use course
resources to back up your
discussion.
V. Explain why studying human behavior and identity is a
valuable human endeavor.
VI. Detail the major developments in social science thinking
that support the study and advancement of the social sciences as
necessary and valuable.

Use course resources to back up your discussion.
Supporting Work and Resources
Throughout Modules Seven and Eight, there are supports you
will use as you work directly on different elements of the final
reflection.
1. In Module Four, you submitted your observation journal.
Review your submission and the feedback for this assignment
via the Project Two submission
link in the Grades section of the course. Use the question you
created from your observation journal for your final reflection.
You are free to incorporate
any feedback from your instructor on this question into your
final reflection.
2. In Module Six, you submitted a micro-presentation or short
answer response to give you an opportunity to practice elements
of the final submission. For

this assignment, you reflected on what you considered to be
some of the most significant developments covered in Modules
Five and Six and addressed
the following:
a. Identify the developments and how they impact individuals or
larger groups/cultures.
b. Describe how the developments changed society’s
understanding. How is the development applicable outside of
the social scienc es?
View this submission and the feedback for this assignment via
the Grades section of the course and incorporate this assignment
into your final reflection.
3. If you choose to submit a presentation instead of a paper, you
may use PowerPoint, Prezi, or another presentation platform of
your choosing. Reference
the Supporting Resources document for instructions on how to
use different presentation programs. Be sure to include notes as
needed in your
presentation in order to meet the outlined critical elements.
4. In Module Seven, it was suggested for you to work on
Section III of your project. If completed, use this as well as the
instructor feedback when working
toward your final submission.
5. Module Eight includes a Final Reflection Submission
Checklist that you can use to ensure you have met all the
requirements of this project. Your
instructor is available to provide guidance and answer any
questions you may have as you work to finalize your final
reflection.

Rubric
Guidelines for Submission: Your actual question must be
apparent on the presentation or in the short paper. If you choose
to write a short paper, it should be
double spaced and 1 to 2 pages in length. Note for students
choosing the presentation option: If using Prezi, be sure to
include a Word document with notes.
If using PowerPoint, be sure to include speaker notes.
Critical Elements Exemplary (100%) Proficient (85%) Needs
Improvement (55%) Not Evident (0%) Value
Importance of
Question
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
demonstrates mature awareness
of the connections between the
question and being a member o f
society
Explains why the question is
important as a member of
society

Explains why the question is
important as a member of
society but is overly generalized
Does not explain why the
question is important as a
member of society
16
Studying the
Individual
Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
examples chosen demonstrate
insight into social science
thinking
Details major developments in
social science thinking that drive
questions that support studying
the individual, using course
resources to back up arguments
the individual, but does not
utilize course resources to back
up arguments, is cursory, or has
inaccuracies
Does not detail major
developments in social science
thinking that drive questions

that support studying the
individual
16
Answer Meets “Proficient” criteria and
demonstrates mature awareness
of the connections between the
answer t o the question and
others
Explains how finding the answer
to the question might impact
others
Explains how finding the answer
to the question might impact
others but is overly generalized
Does not explain how finding the
answer t o the question might
impact others
16
Studying Others Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
examples chosen demonstrate
insight into social science
thinking
others, using course resources to
back up arguments

social science thinki ng that drive
others, but does not utilize
course resources to back up
arguments, is cursory, or has
inaccuracies
Does not detail major
developments in social science
thinking that drive questions
that support studying others
16
Human Endeavor Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
details demonstrate insight into
social scientific study
Explains why studying human
behavior a nd identity is a
valuable human endeavor
Explains why studying human
behavior a nd identity is a
valuable human endeavor but is
overly generalized
Does not explain why studying
human behavior a nd identity is a
valuable human endeavor
16

Critical Elements Exemplary (100%) Proficient (85%) Needs
Improvement (55%) Not Evident (0%) Value
Study and
Advancement
Meets “Proficient” criteria, and
examples chosen illustrate a
strong argument for t he value of
social scientific study
Details the major i nfluences on
social science thinking that
support the study and
advancement of the social
sciences as necessary, using
course resources to back up
arguments
Details major i nfluences on
social science thinking that
support the study and
advancement of the social
sciences as necessary, but does
not utilize course resources to
back up arguments, is cursory, or
has inaccuracies

Does not detail major i nfluences
on social science thinking that
support the study of the social
sciences
16
Articulation of
Response
Submission is free of errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, and organization
and is presented in a
professional and easy-to-read
format
Submission has no major errors
spelling, syntax, or organization
Submission has major errors
that negatively impact
readability and articulation of
main ideas
Submission has critical errors
that prevent understanding of
ideas
4

Total 100%
SCS 100 Project 3 Final Reflection Guidelines and Rubric
Overview Prompt Supporting Work and Resources Rubric
Gender Stereotypes
Jane Student
Southern New Hampshire University
Social Scientific Question:
How do cognitive biases influence our behaviors to adhere to
gender stereotypes?
2
Why is my question important?
Cognitive biases impact our perception
Our perception influences assumptions we make about others
Assumptions we make about others influence our behaviors

These behaviors are common and I often engage in them wi thout
awareness
Cognitive biases impact our perception of others. We have
learned throughout this course that our perception influences
the assumptions we make about individuals and groups of
people, which in turn influences our behavior. The question of
“how do cognitive biases influence our behaviors to adhere to
gender stereotypes?” is important because it begins to question
why we do what we do. It is important to me as a member of
society because I engage in behaviors that are congruent with
gender stereotypes and I want to understand the motivation
behind these behaviors. I would use this information to make an
informed decision about continuing to act in congruence with
these stereotypes.
3
Major Developments in Social Science: Individual
1956 – Cognitive Psychology (History of Psychology Timeline
– Module Three)
Research about perception
Discovery of cognitive biases
Understanding how these cognitive biases influence our
behavior
Major developments within the social sciences have changed the

way we study individuals. According to the History of
Psychology Timeline in Module Three, cognitive psychology,
which was created in 1956, is focused on cognitive states and
studying concepts like cognitive biases. It was the development
of this subfield that led to key understanding of how our brains
process and perceive and how unconscious biases influence our
behavior.
4
Major Developments in Social Science: Others
Globalization – Research being done in different cultures allows
us to understand gender inequality in other parts of the world.
(Module Three overview)
Technology – New technology allows us to get news stories
from around the world very quickly, and we can read about
gender inequality like in the story of Malala, the girl who was
shot for wanting to go to school. (Module Three overview)
Myths of racial differences are debunked. (Sociology and
Anthropology Timeline – Module Three)
Research can be a form of social activism. (Sociology and
Anthropology Timeline – Module Three)
There have been major developments within the field of social
science that have impacted the way groups of people have been
studying. Gender inequality within the United States is an
important topic, but it is also important to look outside of the
United States. In the Module Three overview, globalization and
technology were discussed. We learned that globalization has
led to more research being done in other countries, and new
technology has led to us learning about news stories all over the
globe. These advancements have allowed us to read about

stories like that of Malala, who was shot because she was a girl
who wanted to go to school. These major developments have
made it possible for us to see the importance of social science
research that focuses on gender equality. In the Sociology and
Anthropology Timeline in Module Three, we learned that
towards the middle of the twentieth century, myths of racial
difference were debunked by sociologists and anthropologists in
North America. These research findings are major developments
that were the foundation for policy change that called for
greater equality. The timeline also highlights the current notion
that research can be a form of social activism.
5
Major Developments in Social Science:
Methods
Technology advancements – Neuroimaging allows us to better
understand how brain processes are involved in concepts like
prejudice. (Module Three overview)
Trend toward equality – Allows for researchers to focus on
important questions like understanding gender inequality.
(American Psychological Association – Guidelines for the
Undergraduate Psychology Major)
Social scientific research has changed in the face of
globalization and new technology. The Module Three overview
describes how neuroimaging techniques have led to
advancements in identifying structures of the brain associated
with perception, love, altruism, and aggression. Therefore, new
neuroimaging technology is a major development within the
social sciences that has led to us understanding concepts like
prejudice and identifying cognitive biases.

An overall general trend toward equality is highlighted in the
American Psychological Association’s Guidelines for the
Undergraduate Psychology Major Goal 3: Ethical and Social
Responsibility in a Diverse World. A trend in social science
toward greater equality allows for researchers to focus on
important questions like understanding gender inequality.
6
Importance of Finding the Answer:
Why Should We Care?
Create a better understanding of why we do what we do
Without conscious awareness, we can jump to conclusions
without objective evidence
Understanding why we engage in gender stereotypes might
allow us to make changes to our behavior
Finding the answer could be useful to:
Individuals – why do I behave the way I do?
Couples – how gender stereotypes play out in different
relationships
Families – how parents can impact gender stereotypes
Businesses - gender inequality still exists
Finding the answer to this question would be beneficial to all
members of society because it would create a better
understanding of why we do what we do. Without conscious
awareness of our own biases and the shortcuts our brain makes,
we can jump to conclusions without the right evidence.
Understanding why we engage in gender stereotypes might
allow us to make changes to our behavior if we do not wish to
perpetuate certain stereotypes. This information would be useful
to individuals, families, couples, and even businesses. Gender

differences are present within leadership positions in
businesses. This information may be useful to understanding
why businesses and corporations continue to act in congruence
with gender stereotypes and why women continue to be left out
of positions of power.
7
Importance of Studying Human Behavior
Importance of recognizing potential for prejudice and
discrimination in oneself and others (American Psychological
Association’s Guidelines for the Undergraduate Psychology
Major Goal 3, guideline 3.3b)
Importance of being able to articulate psychology’s role in
developing, designing, and disseminating public policy
(American Psychological Association’s Guidelines for the
Undergraduate Psychology Major Goal 3, guideline 3.3e)
First – Studying human behavior leads to recognition of one’s
own and others’ prejudices
Second – The information learned about prejudice can be
disseminated to inform public policy change and hopefully
contribute to the betterment of society
The American Psychological Association’s Guidelines for the
Undergraduate Psychology Major Goal 3, guideline 3.3b,
describes the importance of recognizing potential for prejudice
and discrimination in oneself and others, and 3.3e explains the
importance of being able to articulate psychology’s role in
developing, designing, and disseminating public policy. These
guidelines highlight the importance of studying human
behavior. First, studying human behavior leads to recognition of
one’s own prejudices, for example, continuing to behave in
ways that perpetuate current stereotypes. Second, studying

human behavior can also lead to changing and developing
public policy, which means the information learned about
prejudice can be disseminated to inform public policy change
and hopefully contribute to the betterment of society.
8

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