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Classification of bones and Anatomy of a long bone
- 1. Classification of bones & Anatomy of a long bone Amarendra K Yadav FCPS Ortho Resident B & B Hospital
- 2. OBJECTIVES • Classification on basis of • Shape • Location • Function • Microscopic features • Anatomy of a long bone
- 3. FLOW CHART Bone Classification Dynamic Structure Location Shape Long Short Irregular Flat Sesamoid Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Skull Rib Cage (Ribs+Sternum) Vertebral Column Shoulder Girdle +Upper limb Pelvic Girdle + Lower limbCortical/Compact Cancellous/Spongy
- 4. SHAPE CLASSIFICATION • 206 bones that compose the adult skeleton • Divided into five categories based on their shapes
- 12. DYNAMIC STRUCTURE Histology Woven Lamellar Cortical/ Compact Cancellous/ Spongy Immature Pathological Femoral shaft Distal Femoral metaphysis Embryonic skeleton Fracture callus Osteogenic sarcoma Fibrous dysplasia
- 15. ANATOMY OF LONG BONE
- 16. ANATOMY OF LONG BONE • Parts: epiphysis , physis, metaphysis and diaphysis
- 17. EPIPHYSIS
- 18. TYPES OF EPIPHYSIS • Pressure Epiphysis • Aberrant Epiphysis • Traction Epiphysis • Atavistic Epiphysis
- 19. EPIPHYSEAL PLATE (PHYSIS) • longitudinal growth of the skeleton • distinct zones • Resting zone • zone of proliferation • zone of hypertrophy • zone of calcification
- 20. ZONES OF PHYSIS
- 21. METAPHYSIS • Transitional zone • Thinner cortical walls with dense trabecular bone • Tendinous attachments to bone • Metabolically active region and often supports a fair amount of bone marrow. • bone made by the epiphyseal plate is fine-tuned into its diaphyseal shape.
- 22. DIAPHYSIS
- 23. PERIOSTEUM
- 24. ENDOSTEUM
- 25. MEDULLARY CANAL
- 26. Pediatric Vs Adult Bone
- 27. LOCATION OF BONE TUMORS
- 28. CONCLUSION • Classification of bones helps to categorise various bones into simpler form for better understanding of their function and dynamics. • Knowledge of anatomy of bone is helpful for disease diagnosis and management
Editor's Notes
- A long bone is one that is cylindrical in shape, being longer than it is wide. Long bones are found in the arms (humerus, ulna, radius) and legs (femur, tibia, fibula), as well as in the fingers (metacarpals, phalanges) and toes (metatarsals, phalanges). Long bones function as levers; they move when muscles contract.
- A short bone is one that is cube-like in shape, being approximately equal in length, width, and thickness. The only short bones in the human skeleton are in the carpals of the wrists and the tarsals of the ankles. Short bones provide stability and support as well as some limited motion.
- A “flat bone” is typically thin, it is also often curved. Examples include the cranial (skull) bones, the scapulae (shoulder blades), the sternum, and the ribs. Flat bones serve as points of attachment for muscles and often protect internal organs
- An irregular bone is one that does not have any easily characterized shape and therefore does not fit any other classification. These bones tend to have more complex shapes, like the vertebrae that support the spinal cord and protect it from compressive forces.
- A sesamoid bone is a small, round bone that, as the name suggests, is shaped like a sesame seed. These bones form in tendons (the sheaths of tissue that connect bones to muscles) where a great deal of pressure is generated in a joint. Patella is the only sesamoid bones found in common with every person distal portions of the first metacarpal bone, first metatarsal bone, fabella in the tendon of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle, cyamella in the tendon of the popliteus muscle
- Function of axial skeleton is to provide support and protection for the brain , spinal cord and vital organs
- Appendicular skeleton function to grasp and manipulate objects and permit locomotion
- Lamellar bone is stress oriented where as woven bone is not Immature and pathological bone: woven, more random, more osteocytes, increase turn over, weaker
- Constitutes 80% of the skeleton Consists of tightly packed osteons or haversian system connected by Volkmann canals contains arterioles,venules,capillaries, nerves, possibly lymphatics channels Characterised by high turnover rate, smaller Youngs modulus of elasticity, more stiff
- No true osteons The matrix forms network of trabeculae Space between trabeculae is filled with Red bone marrow Less dense, more remodelling according to lines of stress Characterised by high turnover rate, smaller Youngs modulus, more elasticity Osteoporosis is a pathologic thinning of the trabeculae, leading to a substantial (30-90%) decrease in bone porosity.
- Polar ends of long bones a/w joint surfaces Trabecular bone for support of the cortical shell Shock absorber also serves as an attachment region in many bones, allowing joint capsular attachments, many ligamentous attachments, and some tendinous attachments as well
- Pressure Epiphysis: transmit weight, articular in nature, large articular joint like head of femur Abberent Epiphysis: may or may not be present eg: head of 1st MC and Base of rest MC Traction Epiphysis: supporting in nature, non articulating, attached with ligament and tendons, Eg: tubercle of humerus and trochanters od femur Atavistic Epiphysis: Phyllogenetically independent bone, Eg: posterior tubercle of talus and coracoid process of scapula
- Thick cortical bone with a minimal amount of trabecular bone Intramedullary canal Endosteal area Primary function is structural it gives the skeleton much of its length and providing much of the surface area for muscular and tendinous attachment
- Tough layer of connective tissue outer layer of fibrous connective tissue and an inner layer of bone progenitor cells radial growth vascular supply and nutrients for the outer segment of the cortex fracture repair Sharpey’s fibres secures periosteum to underlying bone.
- 1-cell-thick lining mostly inactive prevent unwarranted bone resorption by osteoclasts
- Medullary canal is open space containing yellow bone marrow in the diaphysis of a long bone Yellow marrow is basically fat storage tissue that doesnot actively produce blood cells
- Thick cartilage Not imaged on xray Periostieum Metabolically more active, more vascular, rapid healing also aid in reduction More collagen Fractures easily More cancellous Simple fracture pattern, reduced tensile strength, decreased communition Growth plate Provides perfect remodelling power,: in infants, GP is stronger than bone so increase diaphyseal fracture, but injury to growth plate can cause deformity Ligament stronger So bone fails first