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Classification 9.pptx
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- 2. Sitaram Neupane Hanumanteshwar SS Introductionto classification of living organisms 5/21/2023 kabrekositaram@gmail.com In biology, classification is the process of arranging organisms, both living and extinct, into groups based on similar characteristics. The science of naming and classifying organisms is called taxonomy. The term is derived from the Greek taxis (“arrangement”) and nomos (“law”).
- 3. Sitaram Neupane Hanumanteshwar SS Whyare Living Organisms Classified? 5/21/2023 kabrekositaram@gmail.com Living organisms are classified mainly to avoid confusion, to make study of organisms easy and learn how various organisms are related to each other. Scientists classified living organisms into different kingdoms, phylum, class, etc and are based on different criteria. Let’s explore more about why living organisms are classified? Our mother planet is a home for millions to billions of living species from small microbes to huge animals and humans. In our surroundings, we can see different types of plants, insects, birds and animals. Based on certain specialized features, these living species have been classified into their respective categories. There are several different species of animals, birds, insects and plants, which vary in their mode of nutrition, their habitat, life cycle. Their names also differ from place to place, even within a country. To avoid this kind of confusion, scientists have classified and named them according to their characters.
- 4. Sitaram Neupane Hanumanteshwar SS 5/21/2023 kabrekositaram@gmail.com Itis necessary for any organisms because, (a) It take It supports in favor of evolution. (b) It takes short period for better understanding of organism. (c) It makes the study of organism easy and scientific. (d) It helps in understanding the similarities of a group of organisms. different levels of classification? The organisms are classified according to the following different levels- Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species. continu e
- 5. Sitaram Neupane Hanumanteshwar SS Binomialsystem of nomenclature 5/21/2023 kabrekositaram@gmail.com The system of giving scientific name to organisms by using two Latin words is called binomial nomenclature. For example Rana tigrina (Frog). The first word represents genus and the name is called generic name. The second word represents species and called specific name. Some of the scientific names of organisms are given below. Man Homo sapiens Lion Panthera lio Onion Allium sepa Garlic Allium sativum Potato Solanum tuberosum Rat Rattus rattus
- 6. Sitaram Neupane Hanumanteshwar SS LivingOrganism Kingdome Monera Protista Fungi Animalia Plantee Phylum Division Porife ra Platy helmi nthes Coel ente rata Nemat helmin ths Ann elida Mollu sca Arthrop oda Echinode rmata Chordata Hemichordata Urochordata Cephalochordata Vertebrata Pisces Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia Algae Bryophyt a Trichophyte Pteridophyt e Gymnosper m Angiosperm Sub Phylum monocotyledons dicotyledons Sub Division Class Class
- 7. Sitaram Neupane Hanumanteshwar SS Rulesof binomial nomenclature 5/21/2023 kabrekositaram@gmail.com Scientific name should be in two Latin words. The scientific name should be italicized. Scientific name should be underlined in hand written script The generic name should be started from capital letter and the specific name should be started from small letter. The scientific name of the two or more organisms should not be similar. Plant Animal Kingdom Division Class Order Family Genus Species Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Taxonomic categories
- 8. Sitaram Neupane Hanumanteshwar SS 5/21/2023 kabrekositaram@gmail.com Species:Species are the basic unit of classification. The organisms that have the same characteristics and can breed with each other to produce fertile offspring are known to belong to the same species. Genus: The group of two or more species having similarity in many characters is called genus, for eg. Rana is the genus of frog. Family: The group of two or more genus having similarity in many characters is called family, for eg Ranidae is the family of frog. Order: The group of two or more family having similarity in many characters is called order, for eg Anura is the order of frog. Class: The group of two or more divisions/phylum having similarity in many characters is called class, for eg Amphibia is the class of frog. Phylum: The group of two or more classes having similarity in many characters is called Phylum, for eg Chordata is the phylum of frog. Kingdom: The group of two or more phyla having similarity in many characters is called kingdom, for eg Animalia is the kingdom of frog.
- 9. Sitaram Neupane Hanumanteshwar SS 5/21/2023 kabrekositaram@gmail.com twokingdom classification The two-kingdom classification was proposed by Carolus Linnaeus. He classified the living organisms on the basis of nutrition and mobility. The living organisms were classified into Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom Animalia. What was the drawback of two-kingdom classification? In the two-kingdom classification, the plants included photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic species. Fungi, which feed on dead organic matter, were placed under photosynthetic plants. Therefore, there arose a need for another system of classification where the organisms with the same characteristics were clubbed into one kingdom. On what basis are the living organisms divided in the five-kingdom classification? The living organisms are divided into five different kingdoms – Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, and Monera on the basis of their characteristics such as cell structure, mode of nutrition, mode of reproduction and body organization.
- 10. Sitaram Neupane Hanumanteshwar SS 5/21/2023 kabrekositaram@gmail.com Whatare the reasons that five kingdom systems is more useful classification system? Following are the reasons that make five kingdom systems suitable: (i) There is the separation of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (ii) Separation of unicellular organisms. (iii) Grouping of plants having chlorophyll and without having chlorophyll separately. (iv) This system is based on the evolution of organisms. So, it clarifies the life style of the organisms.
- 11. Sitaram Neupane Hanumanteshwar SS 5/21/2023 kabrekositaram@gmail.com TwoKingdom System of Classification Carolus Linnaeus divided the organisms into two kingdoms, the plant Kingdom and the Animal Kingdom. This system was based on the characteristics of animals and the plants. Plant Kingdom Animal Kingdom The organisms of this kingdom are autotrophic i.e. they bear chlorophyll molecule They have cellulosic cell wall around the cell The body is fixed at one place They are less sensitive due to absence of nervous system Their reserved food material is starch Centrosome is absent in the cell Large vacuoles are present in the cells The body is branched having definite shape The organisms of this kingdom are heterotrophic i.e. they do not bear chlorophyll They don't have cellulosic cell wall in the cell They show locomotion, not fixed organisms They are highly sensitive due to presence of nervous system Their reserved food material is glycogen The centrosome is present in the cell Vacuoles are very small or absent The body is compact having definite shape
- 12. Sitaram Neupane Hanumanteshwar SS FiveKingdom System of Classification 5/21/2023 kabrekositaram@gmail.com To include all the organisms, Robort H Whittaker in 1969 proposed a new system of classification. In his system, the organisms are included in five kingdoms. They are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae. This system is based on cellular complexity, body structure, and mode of nutrition. Monera The cell type is prokaryotic. The cell wall is present and it is non-cellulosic. The nuclear membrane is absent. It is a unicellular organism and the mode of nutrition is autotrophic and heterotrophic. Bacteria are an example of an organism in the Monera kingdom.
- 13. Sitaram Neupane Hanumanteshwar SS 5/21/2023 kabrekositaram@gmail.com Protista Thecell type is eukaryotic. The cell wall is present. The nuclear membrane is also present. It is a unicellular organism and the mode of nutrition is autotrophic. Example: Euglena, Volvox, Paramecium, Amoeba Fungi This kingdom includes all the multicellular few are unicellular eukaryotic organisms, which are: Heterotrophic that grows on decaying organic matter, achlorophyllous, branched body, do not show locomotion, cell wall is made up of chitin, reserve food is glycogen. The cell type is eukaryotic. The cell wall is present. The nuclear membrane is also present and it is a multicellular organism and the mode of nutrition is heterotrophic. Example: Yeast, Mucor, Mushroom.
- 14. Sitaram Neupane Hanumanteshwar SS 5/21/2023 kabrekositaram@gmail.com Plantae Thiskingdom includes all the multicellular eukaryotic organisms which are: autotrophic due to having chlorophyll molecules for photosynthesis, cellulosic cell wall is present, reserve food is starch, do not show locomotion, body is branced. • The cell type is eukaryotic. • The cell wall is cellulosic. • The nuclear membrane is present. • The organism is tissue or organ. • The mode of nutrition is autotrophic. Examples are plants, trees, and a bush. Animalia This kingdom includes all the multicellular eukaryotic organisms, which are: heterotrophic that feeds on autotrophic organisms through different way, show movement, no cell wall is present, reserve food is glycogen, body is compact. • The cell type is eukaryotic. • The cell wall is absent. • The nuclear membrane is present. • The organism is a tissue or organ or organ system. • The mode of nutrition is heterotrophic.
- 15. Sitaram Neupane Hanumanteshwar SS 5/21/2023 kabrekositaram@gmail.com Algae Algaeare unicellular or multicellular autotrophic eukaryotes with photosynthetic ability. Algal cells have membrane-bound organelles like chloroplasts, mitochondria, and nucleus. They are ubiquitous inhabiting different zones of the globe. Characteristics of Algae •Algae are photosynthetic organisms. •Algae can be either unicellular or multicellular organisms. •Algae lack a well-defined body, so, structures like roots, stems or leaves are absent. •Algaes are found where there is adequate moisture. •Reproduction in algae occurs in both asexual and sexual forms.
- 16. Sitaram Neupane Hanumanteshwar SS 5/21/2023 kabrekositaram@gmail.com Bryophytes Bryophyteshave distinguished plant bodies like leaf structures, stems. But they lack a vascular arrangement for carrying substances through the plant body. Bryophytes originate in both land and aquatic environments, therefore are called amphibians of the plant kingdom. Mosses and Marchantia fit this subcategory. Characteristics of Bryophytes •Plants in this group do not have roots but contain crude stems and leaves. •They contain “rhizoids” in their place of roots which helps the plant to anchor to the surface. •These roots do not absorb nutrients like other typical plant roots. •Mosses release spores from their leaves which pass by water and create new mosses in new sites. •Water is very vital for mosses to grow and spread. They can completely dry out and survive. When touching base with water, then again wake up and continue growing.