There are 5 types of errors in C/C++ programming: 1) Syntax errors occur when code violates language rules and prevents compilation. 2) Runtime errors happen during execution due to issues like division by zero. 3) Logical errors cause unintended behavior despite correct syntax. 4) Linker errors happen when object files fail to link. 5) Semantic errors occur when code is syntactically valid but semantically meaningless. The document then provides examples of each error type.

1. Classes and Errors
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Prepared by
Dr.S.Raja Ratna

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Classes and Errors
● Error is an illegal operation performed by the user which results in
abnormal working of the program.
● Some of the errors inhibit the program from getting compiled or
executed. Thus errors should be removed before compiling and
executing.
Errors are classified as below:
1. Syntax Errors
2. Runtime Errors
3. Logical Errors
4. Linked Errors
5. Semantic Errors

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1. Syntax Errors
● Errors that occur when you violate the rules of writing C/C++ syntax are
known as syntax errors. All these errors are detected by compiler and thus
are known as compile-time errors.
● Most frequent syntax errors are:
○ Missing Parenthesis (} )
○ Printing the value of variable without declaring it
#include <iostream> void main() {
cout << "Geeks for geeks!"; // missing semicolon }

4. The functions associated with stack are:
2. Runtime Errors
● This type of error occurs while the program is running. Because this is
not a compilation error, the compilation will be completed successfully.
● These errors occur due to segmentation fault when a number is divided
by division operator or modulo division operator.
Example: Let us consider an array of length 5 i.e. array[5], but during
runtime, if we try to access 10 elements i.e array[10] then we get
segmentation fault errors called runtime errors. Giving only an array length
of 5
#include <iostream>
void main()
{
int array[5];
}
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5. 3. Logical Errors
● Even if the syntax and other factors are correct, we may not get the desired
results due to logical issues. These are referred to as logical errors.
Example: In the below example, the for loop iterates 5 times but the output will
be displayed only one time due to the semicolon at the end of for loop. These
kinds of errors are called logical errors.
void main() {
int j;
// Cause of Logical error
for(j=0;j<=5;j++);
{ cout << "Geeks for geeks"; } }
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6. 4. Linker Errors
● When the program is successfully compiled and attempting to link the
different object files with the main object file, errors will occur. When this error
occurs, the executable is not generated.
● This could be due to incorrect function prototyping, an incorrect header file, or
other factors. If main() is written as Main(), a linked error will be generated.
#include <iostream>
int Main() {
cout << "Geeks for geeks";
return 0;
}
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5. Semantic Errors
When a sentence is syntactically correct but has no meaning, semantic
errors occur. This is similar to grammatical errors. If an expression is
entered on the left side of the assignment operator, a semantic error may
occur.
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int a = 10, b = 20, c;
a + b = c;
cout << c;
return 0;
}

8. Example Code
#include <iostream>
#include <stack>
#include <string>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
int main() {
stack<int> s;
int c, i;
while (1) {
cout<<"1.Size of the Stack"<<endl;
cout<<"2.Insert Element into the Stack"<<endl;
cout<<"3.Delete Element from the Stack"<<endl;
cout<<"4.Top Element of the Stack"<<endl;
cout<<"5.Exit"<<endl;
cout<<"Enter your Choice: ";
cin>>c;
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9. switch(c) {
case 1:
cout<<"Size of the stack: ";
cout<<s.size()<<endl;
break;
case 2:
cout<<"Enter value to be inserted: ";
cin>>i;
s.push(i);
break;
case 3:
i = s.top();
if (!s.empty()) {
s.pop();
cout<<i<<" Deleted"<<endl;
}
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10. else {
cout<<"Stack is Empty"<<endl;
}
break;
case 4:
cout<<"Top Element of the Stack: ";
cout<<s.top()<<endl;
break;
case 5:
exit(1);
break;
default:
cout<<"Wrong Choice"<<endl;
}
}
return 0; }
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11. Output
1.Size of the Stack
2.Insert Element into the Stack
3.Delete Element from the Stack
4.Top Element of the Stack
5.Exit
Enter your Choice: 1 Size of the stack: 0
1.Size of the Stack
2.Insert Element into the Stack
3.Delete Element from the Stack
4.Top Element of the Stack
5.Exit 11

12. Enter your Choice: 2
Enter value to be inserted: 1
1.Size of the Stack
2.Insert Element into the Stack
3.Delete Element from the Stack
4.Top Element of the Stack
5.Exit
Enter your Choice: 2
Enter value to be inserted: 7
1.Size of the Stack
2.Insert Element into the Stack
3.Delete Element from the Stack
4.Top Element of the Stack
5.Exit
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