This document summarizes a study on the food and feeding habits of Catla catla (rohu) in the Daya reservoir in Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. Through qualitative and quantitative analysis of gut contents, the researchers found that C. catla has a planktivorous diet. Crustaceans like cladocerans and copepods made up the largest portion of its diet, followed by rotifers. The gastrosomatic index was higher in winter months than summer, indicating higher feeding activity in winter.
Use of Silage Acid Devil Fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.) as Protein Supplement i...criollito
Animal nutrition is one of the most important limiting factors in animal production, especially in ruminants, providing
proteins being the main constraint, due to the limited availability and high cost of protein sources (oilseed meals). Currently in the dam
“El Infiernillo” in Michoacán México, has a large population of devil fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.), which is an economic and ecological
problem, because it is not consumed by humans and causes pollution to be discarded directly into the environment. For that reason the
objective of this study was to evaluate the use of silage acid devil fish (SADF) in fattening beef cattle as a protein supplement. SADF is
defined as a product semi-liquid or pasty mixed with formic acid, which leads to a decrease in pH to near 4.0. Used 18 young bulls (Bos
taurus × Bos indicus) for 60 days with a starting weight of 278.9 ± 51.2 kg, housed in individual pens with food and water ad libitum
were randomly assigned to three treatments with different levels of inclusion SADF (0%, 12% and 18%). They were weighed to the
beginning of the experiment and later every 30 days, previous fasting of 24 hours. To determine the food consumption, weigh every day
the offered food and the surplus. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) among treatments with different levels of inclusion of
SADF with respect to daily weight gain, with values of 952 ± 324, 927 ± 322 and 854 ± 307 g/day, respectively. The dry matter intake
(DMI) was 8.9, 9.3 and 7.7 kg/day to 0%, 12% and 18% of SADF, respectively. In the same values for feed conversion were 9.34, 10.03
and 9.01 kg DMI/kg of weigh live, and carcass yield of 60.6%, 60.3% and 58.5%, respectively. It is concluded that fish silage acid devil
is an excellent alternative in feeding beef cattle as a protein supplement.
Evaluation of the Nutritional composition (Proximate, Mineral and Amino acids...Premier Publishers
Nutrient constituents of Tilapia zillii and Sarotherodon galilaeus vis-à-vis proximate, mineral and amino acid contents were evaluated. A total of One hundred fish samples, comprising of 50 T. zillii and 50 S. galilaeus, with weights ranging from 500-800g procured from Agbalata market, Badagry, Lagos. The fish species were subjected to proximate, mineral and amino acid analysis using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), and Gas chromatography (GC) methods. Fat contents of 5.40±0.02 (T. zillii) and 3.39±0.03 (S. galilaeus) were detected in both species. Highest crude protein (CP) values of 49.14±0.06 and 47.74±0.19 and ash with the lowest values of 4.20±0.02 and 5.75±0.04 in T. zillii and S. galilaeus were observed. Mean body mineral constituents differed significantly (P<0.05) between the two species except for ash. Bioaccumulation of Cd, Pb and Ni were found to be very low in both species. Among the 18 amino acids detected; glycine (3.83±0.14 and 4.45±0.06), alanine (5.58±0.35 and 5.76±0.10), threonine (3.52±0.29 and 4.18±0.20), histidine (4.93±0.65 and 2.79±0.20) and tryptophan (1.49±0.01 and 1.63±0.04) in T. zillii and S. galilaeus were discovered to be significantly different at p<0.05. Tryptophan and cysteine were the lowest at (1.49±0.01 and 1.63±0.04) and (1.40±0.05 and 1.30±0.05), for T. zillii and S. galilaeus respectively. Both fish species contains all the essential amino acids in appreciable concentrations. Due to the abundant nutrients found in the two species examined, they are recommended for human consumption.
Dr. Abhijit Mitra, Associate Professor and former Head, Dept. of Marine Science, University of Calcutta (INDIA) has been active in the sphere of Oceanography since 1985. He obtained his Ph.D as NET qualified scholar in 1994. Since then he joined Calcutta Port Trust and WWF (World Wide Fund), in various capacities to carry out research programmes on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change and carbon sequestration. Presently Dr. Mitra is serving as the advisor of Oceanography Division of Techno India University, Kolkata. He has to his credit about 388 scientific publications in various National and International journals, and 34 books of postgraduate standards. Dr. Mitra has successfully completed about 16 projects on biodiversity loss in fishery sector, coastal pollution, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra also visited as faculty member and invited speakers in several foreign Universities of Singapore, Kenya, Oman and USA. In 2008, Dr. Mitra was invited as visiting fellow at University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA to deliver a series of lecture on Climate Change. Dr. Mitra also successfully guided 29 Ph.D students. Presently his domain of expertise includes environmental science, mangrove ecology, sustainable aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration.
Nutritional Status of Fresh Water Crab Maydelliathelphusa Masoniana (Henderso...paperpublications3
Abstract: The present study aims to analyse the nutritional status of edible meat in adult male and female of the fresh water crab, M.masoniana with respect to the proximate composition (protein, lipid, moisture, ash) during two year study period. Protein & lipid exhibit minimum values during spawning period and maximum during non-spawning period. Moisture exhibited inverse relationship with proteins & lipids. Ash content showed irregular trend with no definite relationship with spawning activity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the nutritive value of M. masoniana with respect to seasonal variations viz spawning, post spawning and post monsoon periods, with an aim to assess its potential as an edible and culture candidate species.
Evaluation of the Biochemical Composition of Four Marine Algae and Its Nutrit...IOSR Journals
Microalgae are utilized in aquaculture as a live feed for the crustaceans, ablone, zooplanktons, etc. The present study was aimed to examine the nutritional status of Artemia sp. nauplii enriched with four different algal sources namely Chaetoceros calcitrans, Skeletonema coastaum, Duniella salina & D. bardawil and also the amount of beta-carotene assimilated when enriched with the two green algae. Artemia sp. nauplii enriched with D. salina showed high amounts of protein and carbohydrate, whereas Artemia sp. fed with Chaetoceros calcitrans showed high amounts of lipid. The protein profile of Artemia sp. enriched with different algal sources did not show prominent differences in the polypeptide bands. However, high amount of beta-carotene was assimilated in Artemia sp. nauplii when enriched with D. salina. Hence this study showed that the microalgae D. salina can be used as a potential feed to improve the nutritional status of Artemia sp. nauplii.
Use of Silage Acid Devil Fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.) as Protein Supplement i...criollito
Animal nutrition is one of the most important limiting factors in animal production, especially in ruminants, providing
proteins being the main constraint, due to the limited availability and high cost of protein sources (oilseed meals). Currently in the dam
“El Infiernillo” in Michoacán México, has a large population of devil fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.), which is an economic and ecological
problem, because it is not consumed by humans and causes pollution to be discarded directly into the environment. For that reason the
objective of this study was to evaluate the use of silage acid devil fish (SADF) in fattening beef cattle as a protein supplement. SADF is
defined as a product semi-liquid or pasty mixed with formic acid, which leads to a decrease in pH to near 4.0. Used 18 young bulls (Bos
taurus × Bos indicus) for 60 days with a starting weight of 278.9 ± 51.2 kg, housed in individual pens with food and water ad libitum
were randomly assigned to three treatments with different levels of inclusion SADF (0%, 12% and 18%). They were weighed to the
beginning of the experiment and later every 30 days, previous fasting of 24 hours. To determine the food consumption, weigh every day
the offered food and the surplus. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) among treatments with different levels of inclusion of
SADF with respect to daily weight gain, with values of 952 ± 324, 927 ± 322 and 854 ± 307 g/day, respectively. The dry matter intake
(DMI) was 8.9, 9.3 and 7.7 kg/day to 0%, 12% and 18% of SADF, respectively. In the same values for feed conversion were 9.34, 10.03
and 9.01 kg DMI/kg of weigh live, and carcass yield of 60.6%, 60.3% and 58.5%, respectively. It is concluded that fish silage acid devil
is an excellent alternative in feeding beef cattle as a protein supplement.
Evaluation of the Nutritional composition (Proximate, Mineral and Amino acids...Premier Publishers
Nutrient constituents of Tilapia zillii and Sarotherodon galilaeus vis-à-vis proximate, mineral and amino acid contents were evaluated. A total of One hundred fish samples, comprising of 50 T. zillii and 50 S. galilaeus, with weights ranging from 500-800g procured from Agbalata market, Badagry, Lagos. The fish species were subjected to proximate, mineral and amino acid analysis using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), and Gas chromatography (GC) methods. Fat contents of 5.40±0.02 (T. zillii) and 3.39±0.03 (S. galilaeus) were detected in both species. Highest crude protein (CP) values of 49.14±0.06 and 47.74±0.19 and ash with the lowest values of 4.20±0.02 and 5.75±0.04 in T. zillii and S. galilaeus were observed. Mean body mineral constituents differed significantly (P<0.05) between the two species except for ash. Bioaccumulation of Cd, Pb and Ni were found to be very low in both species. Among the 18 amino acids detected; glycine (3.83±0.14 and 4.45±0.06), alanine (5.58±0.35 and 5.76±0.10), threonine (3.52±0.29 and 4.18±0.20), histidine (4.93±0.65 and 2.79±0.20) and tryptophan (1.49±0.01 and 1.63±0.04) in T. zillii and S. galilaeus were discovered to be significantly different at p<0.05. Tryptophan and cysteine were the lowest at (1.49±0.01 and 1.63±0.04) and (1.40±0.05 and 1.30±0.05), for T. zillii and S. galilaeus respectively. Both fish species contains all the essential amino acids in appreciable concentrations. Due to the abundant nutrients found in the two species examined, they are recommended for human consumption.
Dr. Abhijit Mitra, Associate Professor and former Head, Dept. of Marine Science, University of Calcutta (INDIA) has been active in the sphere of Oceanography since 1985. He obtained his Ph.D as NET qualified scholar in 1994. Since then he joined Calcutta Port Trust and WWF (World Wide Fund), in various capacities to carry out research programmes on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change and carbon sequestration. Presently Dr. Mitra is serving as the advisor of Oceanography Division of Techno India University, Kolkata. He has to his credit about 388 scientific publications in various National and International journals, and 34 books of postgraduate standards. Dr. Mitra has successfully completed about 16 projects on biodiversity loss in fishery sector, coastal pollution, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra also visited as faculty member and invited speakers in several foreign Universities of Singapore, Kenya, Oman and USA. In 2008, Dr. Mitra was invited as visiting fellow at University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA to deliver a series of lecture on Climate Change. Dr. Mitra also successfully guided 29 Ph.D students. Presently his domain of expertise includes environmental science, mangrove ecology, sustainable aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration.
Nutritional Status of Fresh Water Crab Maydelliathelphusa Masoniana (Henderso...paperpublications3
Abstract: The present study aims to analyse the nutritional status of edible meat in adult male and female of the fresh water crab, M.masoniana with respect to the proximate composition (protein, lipid, moisture, ash) during two year study period. Protein & lipid exhibit minimum values during spawning period and maximum during non-spawning period. Moisture exhibited inverse relationship with proteins & lipids. Ash content showed irregular trend with no definite relationship with spawning activity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the nutritive value of M. masoniana with respect to seasonal variations viz spawning, post spawning and post monsoon periods, with an aim to assess its potential as an edible and culture candidate species.
Evaluation of the Biochemical Composition of Four Marine Algae and Its Nutrit...IOSR Journals
Microalgae are utilized in aquaculture as a live feed for the crustaceans, ablone, zooplanktons, etc. The present study was aimed to examine the nutritional status of Artemia sp. nauplii enriched with four different algal sources namely Chaetoceros calcitrans, Skeletonema coastaum, Duniella salina & D. bardawil and also the amount of beta-carotene assimilated when enriched with the two green algae. Artemia sp. nauplii enriched with D. salina showed high amounts of protein and carbohydrate, whereas Artemia sp. fed with Chaetoceros calcitrans showed high amounts of lipid. The protein profile of Artemia sp. enriched with different algal sources did not show prominent differences in the polypeptide bands. However, high amount of beta-carotene was assimilated in Artemia sp. nauplii when enriched with D. salina. Hence this study showed that the microalgae D. salina can be used as a potential feed to improve the nutritional status of Artemia sp. nauplii.
ABSTRACT- Order siluriformes, Bagridae family of four number of catfish species provides information on the diets of
Mystus bleekeri, Mystus cavasius, Mystus tengara, Mystus vittatus in Lower Manair reservoir. The total of 1021 fish
species examined and their stomach content was analyzed. The frequency of occurrence and numerical methods were
employed in this study. In the numerical analysis, crustaceans and insect parts (85.91%) constituted the most important
diet of Mystus bleekeri followed by fish remains (78.40%), plant materials (69.01%), algae/ protozoan (64.79%), molluscs
(63.38%), detritus (56.81%) and sand grains (33.80%). The number of food items were enumerated for the crustaceans
and insect parts in Mystus bleekeri have been contained the maximum percentage (34.84%) of the content under
frequency of occurrence method followed by algae and protozoan with 20.76%, Molluscs with 18.37%, plant materials
with 15.60% and sand grains with 10.44%. The result of the analysis showed that Mystus cavasius, Mystus tengara,
Mystus vittatus fed on similar food items. These were mainly crustaceans, molluscans, fish remains and macrophytes.
Other food items include algae, detritus, sand grains. These four species are omnivorous and occupy the same ecological
niche.
Key-words- Cat fish, Food and feeding, Frequency, Numerical method
Effect of Intensifying Stocking Densities and Proper Feed Management Techniqu...IJERA Editor
Clarias gariepinus was cultured in earthen ponds at three very high stocking densities- 27, 45, and 90 fingerlings/m2 in replicates and fed with both commercial (CF) and formulated feed (FF). After eight weeks, fish fed CF had the highest mean daily weight gain of 0.591±0.004g/day; 0.491±0.004g/day; 0.576±0.001g/day respectively for 27, 45 and 90 fingerlings/m2 with a corresponding MDWG of 0.576±0.001; 0.608±0.005 and 0.607±0.012g/day with FF. The weight and Condition Factor (g)(C.F.) for CF fed were 32.71g (0.93); 31.66g (0.68) and 32.0g (0.85) respectively for 27, 45 and 90 fingerlings/m2 , while FF correspondingly yielded 34.43g (0.80); 35.33g (0.47) and 35.33g (0.90). The survival rate was highest with CF at 27 fingerlings/m2 and lowest with FF at 90 fingerlings/m2 . Consequently, a stocking density of 45 fingerlings/m2 is recommended for earthen pond culture with either CF or FF. Feeding specificity, timeliness in feeding cum high quality feed enhanced fish growth and development.
Comparison of growth feed conversion and body composition of juvenile hybrid...ABDUL MALIK
The objective of this study was to compare growth, feed consumption and body composition of
hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus) and Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) reared in
concrete tanks for 60 days. The juvenile of Nile tilapia, T1 (mean weight 2.08±0.2 g) and hybrid red
tilapia, T2 (mean weight 2.07±0.16 g) were stocked in concrete tanks (15 × 6 × 3 ft). They were fed
with four isoenergetic (20.3 kJ g
) diets containing 35% protein at a daily ration of 5% body weight
with two replications. The highest weight gain was found in T2 (44.2±0.1g), while the lowest one
was recorded in T1 (34.3±0.2 g). Specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were
-1
not significantly different among treatments (P<0.01).><0.01).><0.05).><0.05), though little variations were noted in the values of individual
fatty acids. Based on the biological and chemical data, it is suggested that hybrid red tilapia, T2 (O.
niloticus × O. mossambicus) has potential for aquaculture in Pakistan.
Influence of feeding administration of brood-stock on breeding performance of...AbdullaAlAsif1
The aim of the experiment was to determine the effects of three types of formulated feed containing varying levels of protein, lipid on breeding performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). C. carpio was reared for 120 days under three dietary treatments (T1 to T3) with varying crude protein levels and crude lipid levels. Experimental diets T1, T2 and T3 were formulated from locally available feed ingredients having crude protein percentage of 23.56 ± 0.23, 28.60 ± 0.10 and 18.04 ± 0.32; crude lipid percentage of 9.50 ± 0.22, 11.06 ± 0.38 and 8.34 ± 0.19 respectively. Effect of the three diets was studied in terms of gonadosomatic index (GSI), fecundity, fertilization rate, hatching rate and deformity of fry. Fishes reared under Treatment 2 showed the highest gonadosomatic index (32.08 ± 7.24%), fecundity (355963.33 ± 77142), fertilization rate (84.00 ± 6.89%), hatching rate (87.33 ± 12.45) and lowest rate of larval deformity (11.56 ± 3.56%). Brood stock management of Treatment 2 showed significantly better results (P<0.05) in respect of gonadosomatic index, fecundity, fertilization rate, hatching rate and larval deformity among three selected hatcheries. Hence, it can be concluded that 28.60 ± 0.10% protein and 11.06 ± 0.38% lipid is adequate for better breeding performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...researchanimalsciences
Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, C hanna striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North - east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus . The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19 -
29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40 80%. Hatching occurred within
22 - 36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27 - 29 ° C. The percentage of hatching rate
varied from 55 - 80%. The overall breeding performance of
C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...researchanimalsciences
Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, Channa striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North-east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus. The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19-29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40-80%. Hatching occurred within 22-36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27-29°C. The percentage of hatching rate varied from 55-80%. The overall breeding performance of C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
Article Citation:
Bilal Ahmad Paray, Haniffa MA and Manikandaraja D.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel,
Channa striatus (Bloch) under captive conditions.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 033-039.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0010.pdf
Evaluation of house fly (Musca domestica) maggot meal and termite (Macroterme...Premier Publishers
A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of the combination of maggot and termite meal with Coppens commercial feed on the growth performance, food utilization and survival of the African catfish (C. gariepinus). A total of 150 fingerlings were stocked in fifteen glass aquaria, 10 each in triplicate. Fish in aquarium A1, A2 and A3 were fed maggot meal (100 %-MM), B1, B2 and B3 with termite meal (100 % - TM), C1, C2 and C3 with equal combination of maggot meal and Coppens feed (50:50), D1, D2, and D3 with equal combination of termite meal and Coppens feed (50:50) and E1, E2 and E3 with Coppens feed (100 %). Growth performance including length gain, weight gain, growth rate, specific growth rate and mean growth rate and food utilization indices including food consumed (g), food conversion ratio and food conversion ratio showed significant variation (P<0.05) in fish fed Coppens feed compared to other treatments. Physico-chemical parameters and ammonia (mg/l) were within the acceptable range for optimal growth of freshwater fishes. Although Coppens was the best result for growth and food utilization, the combination of maggot/termite meal with Coppens as supplementary feed will reduce the cost of fish production exposing farmers to a higher profit margin. In conclusion, feeding fish with only termite meal or maggot meal can lead to poor growth because these insect meals do not provide all the nutrients required for optimal growth in fish. However, maggot meal and termite meal should be used as only as a supplementary food in fish culture or as a replacement for highly priced fishmeal in fish feed formulation because they are rich in protein.
Achieving factual sustainability in fish farming needs the addition of most of the fish meal exploited as feed stuffs. The current experiment described two feeding trials, that resulted in the complete replacement of fish meal in the fingerling of Tilapia mossambicus. The initial trial was accompanied with three stages of fish meal replacement (50, 75 and 100% of dietary protein) viz., one level of soy protein and two levels of Lactat ® Probiotic (0 (or) 0.3% of the diet). Since probiotic has been reported to promote gut health, it was incorporated inorder to examine the growth enhancement and whether it would ease high levels of fish meal replacement in T. mossambicus. Lipids were provided by Cod liver oil. The better weight gain was observed in the treatments 50/50+ of fish meal replacement and 0/100+ of fish meal replacement. The optimum Specific Growth Rate, Food Conversion Ratio and Survival were also observed in 50/50+ fish meal replacement and 0/100+ fish meal replacement. The higher serum Acetyl Choline, Leucocytes, and Erythrocyte were observed in 50/50+ and 0/100 + than the other diets. The Lysozyme activity was higher in 0/100+ and 50/50+ than the other diets.
In the Second feeding trial, fish meal was replaced by various carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of the fingerlings of T. mossambicus. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain glucose, sucrose, maltose, dextrin, corn starch and control were maintained separately. The results indicated that the better weight gain, SGR, FCR and survival were also better in starch, dextrin and sucrose diet fed fish. There were significant differences in the total plasma, glucose and triglyceride concentration in fish fed with different carbohydrate sources. Plasma total protein, red blood cell, leucocytes and hemoglobin were significantly affected by various carbohydrate sources. The activities of glucose 6-Phosphate dehydrogenase, (G6PD), 6- Phospho fructokinase (PFK) and fructose 1, 6 – bisphosphatase (FBase) were significantly affected by these carbohydrate sources. While this two feeding trail indicated that the 50/50+ and 0/100+ of soy flour replacement with fish meal showed the optimum growth performance and in carbohydrate sources the corn starch, dextrose, and sucrose showed the better growth for tilapia fingerlings.
ABSTRACT- Order siluriformes, Bagridae family of four number of catfish species provides information on the diets of
Mystus bleekeri, Mystus cavasius, Mystus tengara, Mystus vittatus in Lower Manair reservoir. The total of 1021 fish
species examined and their stomach content was analyzed. The frequency of occurrence and numerical methods were
employed in this study. In the numerical analysis, crustaceans and insect parts (85.91%) constituted the most important
diet of Mystus bleekeri followed by fish remains (78.40%), plant materials (69.01%), algae/ protozoan (64.79%), molluscs
(63.38%), detritus (56.81%) and sand grains (33.80%). The number of food items were enumerated for the crustaceans
and insect parts in Mystus bleekeri have been contained the maximum percentage (34.84%) of the content under
frequency of occurrence method followed by algae and protozoan with 20.76%, Molluscs with 18.37%, plant materials
with 15.60% and sand grains with 10.44%. The result of the analysis showed that Mystus cavasius, Mystus tengara,
Mystus vittatus fed on similar food items. These were mainly crustaceans, molluscans, fish remains and macrophytes.
Other food items include algae, detritus, sand grains. These four species are omnivorous and occupy the same ecological
niche.
Key-words- Cat fish, Food and feeding, Frequency, Numerical method
Effect of Intensifying Stocking Densities and Proper Feed Management Techniqu...IJERA Editor
Clarias gariepinus was cultured in earthen ponds at three very high stocking densities- 27, 45, and 90 fingerlings/m2 in replicates and fed with both commercial (CF) and formulated feed (FF). After eight weeks, fish fed CF had the highest mean daily weight gain of 0.591±0.004g/day; 0.491±0.004g/day; 0.576±0.001g/day respectively for 27, 45 and 90 fingerlings/m2 with a corresponding MDWG of 0.576±0.001; 0.608±0.005 and 0.607±0.012g/day with FF. The weight and Condition Factor (g)(C.F.) for CF fed were 32.71g (0.93); 31.66g (0.68) and 32.0g (0.85) respectively for 27, 45 and 90 fingerlings/m2 , while FF correspondingly yielded 34.43g (0.80); 35.33g (0.47) and 35.33g (0.90). The survival rate was highest with CF at 27 fingerlings/m2 and lowest with FF at 90 fingerlings/m2 . Consequently, a stocking density of 45 fingerlings/m2 is recommended for earthen pond culture with either CF or FF. Feeding specificity, timeliness in feeding cum high quality feed enhanced fish growth and development.
Comparison of growth feed conversion and body composition of juvenile hybrid...ABDUL MALIK
The objective of this study was to compare growth, feed consumption and body composition of
hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus) and Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) reared in
concrete tanks for 60 days. The juvenile of Nile tilapia, T1 (mean weight 2.08±0.2 g) and hybrid red
tilapia, T2 (mean weight 2.07±0.16 g) were stocked in concrete tanks (15 × 6 × 3 ft). They were fed
with four isoenergetic (20.3 kJ g
) diets containing 35% protein at a daily ration of 5% body weight
with two replications. The highest weight gain was found in T2 (44.2±0.1g), while the lowest one
was recorded in T1 (34.3±0.2 g). Specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were
-1
not significantly different among treatments (P<0.01).><0.01).><0.05).><0.05), though little variations were noted in the values of individual
fatty acids. Based on the biological and chemical data, it is suggested that hybrid red tilapia, T2 (O.
niloticus × O. mossambicus) has potential for aquaculture in Pakistan.
Influence of feeding administration of brood-stock on breeding performance of...AbdullaAlAsif1
The aim of the experiment was to determine the effects of three types of formulated feed containing varying levels of protein, lipid on breeding performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). C. carpio was reared for 120 days under three dietary treatments (T1 to T3) with varying crude protein levels and crude lipid levels. Experimental diets T1, T2 and T3 were formulated from locally available feed ingredients having crude protein percentage of 23.56 ± 0.23, 28.60 ± 0.10 and 18.04 ± 0.32; crude lipid percentage of 9.50 ± 0.22, 11.06 ± 0.38 and 8.34 ± 0.19 respectively. Effect of the three diets was studied in terms of gonadosomatic index (GSI), fecundity, fertilization rate, hatching rate and deformity of fry. Fishes reared under Treatment 2 showed the highest gonadosomatic index (32.08 ± 7.24%), fecundity (355963.33 ± 77142), fertilization rate (84.00 ± 6.89%), hatching rate (87.33 ± 12.45) and lowest rate of larval deformity (11.56 ± 3.56%). Brood stock management of Treatment 2 showed significantly better results (P<0.05) in respect of gonadosomatic index, fecundity, fertilization rate, hatching rate and larval deformity among three selected hatcheries. Hence, it can be concluded that 28.60 ± 0.10% protein and 11.06 ± 0.38% lipid is adequate for better breeding performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...researchanimalsciences
Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, C hanna striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North - east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus . The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19 -
29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40 80%. Hatching occurred within
22 - 36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27 - 29 ° C. The percentage of hatching rate
varied from 55 - 80%. The overall breeding performance of
C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...researchanimalsciences
Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, Channa striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North-east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus. The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19-29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40-80%. Hatching occurred within 22-36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27-29°C. The percentage of hatching rate varied from 55-80%. The overall breeding performance of C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
Article Citation:
Bilal Ahmad Paray, Haniffa MA and Manikandaraja D.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel,
Channa striatus (Bloch) under captive conditions.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 033-039.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0010.pdf
Evaluation of house fly (Musca domestica) maggot meal and termite (Macroterme...Premier Publishers
A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of the combination of maggot and termite meal with Coppens commercial feed on the growth performance, food utilization and survival of the African catfish (C. gariepinus). A total of 150 fingerlings were stocked in fifteen glass aquaria, 10 each in triplicate. Fish in aquarium A1, A2 and A3 were fed maggot meal (100 %-MM), B1, B2 and B3 with termite meal (100 % - TM), C1, C2 and C3 with equal combination of maggot meal and Coppens feed (50:50), D1, D2, and D3 with equal combination of termite meal and Coppens feed (50:50) and E1, E2 and E3 with Coppens feed (100 %). Growth performance including length gain, weight gain, growth rate, specific growth rate and mean growth rate and food utilization indices including food consumed (g), food conversion ratio and food conversion ratio showed significant variation (P<0.05) in fish fed Coppens feed compared to other treatments. Physico-chemical parameters and ammonia (mg/l) were within the acceptable range for optimal growth of freshwater fishes. Although Coppens was the best result for growth and food utilization, the combination of maggot/termite meal with Coppens as supplementary feed will reduce the cost of fish production exposing farmers to a higher profit margin. In conclusion, feeding fish with only termite meal or maggot meal can lead to poor growth because these insect meals do not provide all the nutrients required for optimal growth in fish. However, maggot meal and termite meal should be used as only as a supplementary food in fish culture or as a replacement for highly priced fishmeal in fish feed formulation because they are rich in protein.
Achieving factual sustainability in fish farming needs the addition of most of the fish meal exploited as feed stuffs. The current experiment described two feeding trials, that resulted in the complete replacement of fish meal in the fingerling of Tilapia mossambicus. The initial trial was accompanied with three stages of fish meal replacement (50, 75 and 100% of dietary protein) viz., one level of soy protein and two levels of Lactat ® Probiotic (0 (or) 0.3% of the diet). Since probiotic has been reported to promote gut health, it was incorporated inorder to examine the growth enhancement and whether it would ease high levels of fish meal replacement in T. mossambicus. Lipids were provided by Cod liver oil. The better weight gain was observed in the treatments 50/50+ of fish meal replacement and 0/100+ of fish meal replacement. The optimum Specific Growth Rate, Food Conversion Ratio and Survival were also observed in 50/50+ fish meal replacement and 0/100+ fish meal replacement. The higher serum Acetyl Choline, Leucocytes, and Erythrocyte were observed in 50/50+ and 0/100 + than the other diets. The Lysozyme activity was higher in 0/100+ and 50/50+ than the other diets.
In the Second feeding trial, fish meal was replaced by various carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of the fingerlings of T. mossambicus. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain glucose, sucrose, maltose, dextrin, corn starch and control were maintained separately. The results indicated that the better weight gain, SGR, FCR and survival were also better in starch, dextrin and sucrose diet fed fish. There were significant differences in the total plasma, glucose and triglyceride concentration in fish fed with different carbohydrate sources. Plasma total protein, red blood cell, leucocytes and hemoglobin were significantly affected by various carbohydrate sources. The activities of glucose 6-Phosphate dehydrogenase, (G6PD), 6- Phospho fructokinase (PFK) and fructose 1, 6 – bisphosphatase (FBase) were significantly affected by these carbohydrate sources. While this two feeding trail indicated that the 50/50+ and 0/100+ of soy flour replacement with fish meal showed the optimum growth performance and in carbohydrate sources the corn starch, dextrose, and sucrose showed the better growth for tilapia fingerlings.
1. Indian J. Anim. Res., 41 (4) : 266-269, 2007
FOOD AND FEEDING HABITS OF CATLA CATLA (HAMILTON -
BUCHANAN) FROM DAYA RESERVOIR, UDAIPUR, RAJASTHAN
Raj Kumar*, B.K. Sharma and L.L. Sharma
Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries,
MPUAT, Udaipur-313001, India
ABSTRACT
In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the food and feeding habits of the
Indian major carp, Catla catla from Daya reservoir, Udaipur. On the basis of qualitative and
quantitative analysis of gut contents, Catla catla has been categorised as planktivorous. Gastrosomatic
indices were found to be higher during winter months as compared to summer.
INTRODUCTION Jhingran (1991) has summarised the
In general, growth of a fish is feeding habits of several Indian species viz.,
influenced by the quality and quantity of food Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala,
materials available and consumed. Thus, any Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Puntius
variation in quality and quantity of food species. Yadav (1997) reported the food and
m t r a sw l a f c g o t r t o t ef s . T e
aeil il fet rwh ae f h ih h feeding habits of Catla catla and Labeo rohita.
q a i a i ea dq a t t t v v r a i n o n t r l
ulttv n uniaie aitos f aua Panicker (2000) recorded the food and feeding
food materials in a water body are under the habits of several important fish species including
influence of several abiotic and biotic factors. Catla catla and Labeo rohita from Chulliar and
These variations could be known by qualitative Malampuzha reservoirs of Kerala. Selvaraj et
and quantitative analysis of gut contents of a al. (2000) conducted the study on the food and
fish and/or by the estimation of gastrosomatic feeding habits of several important fishes of
idx
ne. Thirumoorthy reservoir. Hatikakoty and Biswas
Food and feeding habits of carps have (2003) reported the food and feeding habits
been a field of interest to fisheries researchers of Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) in
since very long. Natarajan and Jhingran (1961) relation to seasonal changes and gonadal
studied the food habits of Catla catla and maturity from a small pond situated in upper
reported a zooplankton dominated food Assam. Ujjania (2003) studied the
preference for the fish. Hora and Pillay (1962) Gastrosomatic index of Catla catla, Labeo
reported the feeding habits of Catla catla. Khan rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala from Mahi Bajaj
and Jhingran (1975) have given a report on sagar, Surwania dam and Aasan pond of
the food and feeding habits of an Indian major Southern Rajasthan.
carp Labeo rohita (Ham). Rajgopal (1978) MATERIAL AND METHODS
described the foods and feeding habits of some In order to study the food and feeding
commercial fishes from the Tungabhadra habits of Catla catla, samples were collected
reservoir. Sunder et al. (1990) studied the food from the commercial catches during fishing year
and feeding habit of the Cyprinus carpio var. 2004-2005 at landing centre of Daya reservoir.
specularis from Dal Lake (Kashmir) in relation All the fish specimens were weighed separately
to gastrosomatic index, condition factor and and then gutted for the collection of gut
length-weight of fish and reported that the contents. The collected guts were weighed and
monthly fluctuations in feeding activity and their contents emptied in the watch glass. The
gastrosomatic index (GaSI) is in agreement with same were analysed qualitatively as well as
each other. quantitatively by eye estimation volumetrically
*Present Address:- W 12/86, Pabagali, Chabutra Bazar, Udhampur (J&K) 182101, India
2. Vol. 41, No. 4, 2007 267
(Pillay, 1952) and occurrence method (Hynes, cladocerans and copepods in the diet of the
1950). For evaluating the relative importance species were Daphnia, Moina, Macrothrix,
of all food items, the index of preponderance Bosmina, Cyclops, Diaptomus, Nauplius larvae
(Natarajan and Jhingran, 1961) was obtained and Canthocampus. The rotifers were next in
using formula: the order of dominance forming 18.20 per cent
V1 OI by volume and 14.81 per cent by occurrence
I= x 100 in the gut contents of Catla catla. This group
VI OI was mainly respresented by Keratella,
Brachionus, Hexarthra, Trichocerca and Filina.
Where, Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) formed the next
I = Index of preponderance important item in the gut contents forming
VI = Volume percentage 15.45 per cent by volume and 7.40 per cent
OI = Occurrence percentage by occurrence. Amongst the Bacillariophyceae,
Ó = Summation the abundant genera were Fragilaria, Synedra,
Gastrosomatic Index (GaSI) was Pinnularia, Diatoma and Navicula. Aquatic
calculated using the formula given by Biswas insects and their instars formed 13.74 per cent
(1993): by volume and 11.11 per cent by occurrence.
Chlorophyceae (green algae and desmids)
Weight of gut (g)
group also formed a part of gut content
GaSI (%) = x 100
constituting only 9.30 per cent by volume and
Weight of fish (g)
9.26 per cent by occurrence. The major genera
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION of Chlorophyceae in the diet of the species were
Composition of gut contents Pediastrum, Cosmarium, Gonatozygon,
Various food items and their Hydrodictyon, Protococcus and Coelastrum.
percentage composition (by volume and Percentage of Myxophyceae (blue green algae)
occurrence) found in the gut of Catla catla are in the gut contents of species were 8.12 per
enumerated in Table 1. The Table 1 also shows cent by volume and 5.56 per cent by
the preponderance indices of different food occurrence. In Myxophyceae, the major genera
items observed in the guts of the species. were Nostoc, Polycystis, Anabaena, and
Crustaceans (cladocerans and Aphanizomenon.Remnants of macrovegetation
copepods) formed the main item of gut contents were next in the order of occurrence and
forming 28.19 per cent by volume and 41.89 represented 5.67 per cent by volume and 6.19
per cent by occurrence. The major genera of per cent by occurrence. These plant remnants
TABLE 1 : Grading of various food items of gut contents in Catla catla from Daya reservoir, Udaipur
Food items % composition of items by VI OI Index of preponderance Grading
Volume(VI) Occurrence(OI) ’I’= VIOI x 100/ÓVIOI
Crustaceans 28.19 41.89 1180.879 62.520 I
Rtfr
oies 18.20 14.81 269.542 14.271 I
Iscs
net 13.74 11.11 152.651 8.082 I
I
I
Chlorophyceae 9.30 9.26 86.118 4.559 V
Bacillariophyceae 15.45 7.40 114.330 6.053 IV
Myxophyceae 8.12 5.56 45.147 2.390 VI
Plant material 5.67 6.19 35.097 1.858 VI
I
Decayed organic matter 1.33 3.78 5.027 0.266 IX
VIOI = 1888.791
3. 268 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH
TABLE 2 : Gastrosomatic Index (GaSI) of Catla catla from Daya reservoir, Udaipur
Fish S.No. Winter season Summer season
Weight of fish (g) Weight of gut (g) GaSI Weight of fish (g) Weight of gut (g) GaSI
1 6750 164.32 2.434 4500 93.87 2.086
2 7000 170.00 2.429 6500 120.18 1.849
3 2600 67.69 2.603 3500 56.44 1.613
4 1900 37.42 1.969 2500 39.57 1.583
5 2200 59.16 2.689 1800 34.03 1.891
6 2900 74.08 2.554 2300 32.67 1.420
7 1700 32.98 1.940 5500 89.09 1.620
8 2500 52.06 2.083 4000 83.74 2.094
9 4500 87.31 1.940 4750 97.24 2.047
10 1900 36.45 1.918 1750 35.66 2.038
11 3000 69.07 2.302 2000 39.03 1.952
12 2600 48.50 1.865 2300 43.18 1.878
13 3000 80.09 2.670 3500 61.19 1.748
14 4200 70.55 1.680 3100 58.12 1.875
15 2500 46.03 1.841 2250 46.20 2.053
Mean 3283.333 2.194 3350.000 1.850
include the fragments of Typha. Decayed and reported it to consume primarily
semi-decayed organic matter constituted only phytoplankton and zooplankton, decayed
1.33 per cent by volume and 3.78 per cent by microvegetation and detritus. Yadav (1997),
occurrence. however, reported that the adult catla feed
Gastrosomatic index (GaSI) mainly on algae, crustaceans, some plants,
Gastrosomatic index (GaSI) of Catla rotifers and insects and hence he categoried
catla was calculated from the fish samples the same as a plankton feeder. The present
collected during winter and summer months observations are in consonance with those
only, November-February. and April-June for reported by earlier workers that the catla is
the study of feeding intensity because of the planktophagus and feeds primarily on
legal restrictions on fishing. The values of GaSI zooplankton.
were higher during winter months as compared Studies on gastrosomatic index (GaSI)
to summer months (Table 2). of Catla catla revealed that the feeding intensity
From the present study on the food remained high during winter months (non-
and feeding habits, it appears that the basic spawning period) and reduced during summer
months (pre-spawning period). It is reported
food of catla in Daya reservoir mainly
that generally during spawning season, feeding
comprised crustaceans (62.52%) and rotifers
rate would be relatively lower and it increases
(14.27%) followed by insects (8.082%),
immediately after spawning as the organisms
Bacillariophyceae (6.053%), Chlorophyceae
feed voraciously to recover from fast (Rao et
(4.559%), Myxophyceae (2.390%) and plant al. 1998). Low feeding rate during spawning
material (1.858%). The decayed organic has also been reported by Hatikakoty and
matter formed negligible (0.266%) amount of Biswas (2003). The findings of present study
the gut content. are in confirmation to the observations of Rao
Hora and Pillay (1962) assigned Catla et al. (1998) and Hatikakoty and Biswas
catla as a plankton and detritus feeder and (2003).
4. Vol. 41, No. 4, 2007 269
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT College of Agriculture, Udaipur for the
Authors are thankful to facilities provided to carry out this research
Dr.H.C.L.Gupta, Dean, Rajasthan work.
REFERENCES
Biswas, S.P (1993). Manual of Methods in Fish Biology. South Asian Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Delhi : 65-77.
Hatikakoty, G. and Biswas, S.P. (2003). J. Inland Fish. Soc. India, 35: 57-61.
Hora, S.L. and Pillay, T.V.R. (1962). Handbook on Fish Culture in the Indo-Pacific Region. FAO Fish. Biol. Tech. Paper, 14: 204.
Hynes, H.B.N. (1950). J. Anim. Ecol., 19: 36-58.
Jhingran, A.G. (1991). In : Paper Presented at the IPFC Meeting on Tilapia, Indonesia: 24.
Khan, H.A. and Jhingran, V.G. (1975). Synopsis of biological data on the Rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822).
Fishery Synopsis, FAO, Rome
Natarajan, A.V. and Jhingran, A.G. (1961). Indian J. Fish., 8: 54-59.
Panicker, A.C. (2000). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, India.
Pillay, T.V.R. (1952). Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci., India, 19: 777-827.
Rajgopal, K.V. (1978). In : Proc. Ecol.Ffish. Freshwater Reservoir, 27-29, November, 1969 (Eds. Jhingran, V.G.)CIFRI,
Barrackpore : 389-422.
Rao, L.M. et al. (1998). Indian J. Fish., 45: 349-353.
Selvaraj, C. et al. (2000). Ecology Based Fishery Management in Thirumoorthy Reservoir. CIFRI Bull., 95: 42.
Sunder, S. et al. (1990). Indian J. Fish., 31: 90-99.
Ujjania, N.C. (2003). Ph.D. Thesis. Central Institute of Fisheries Education (ICAR) Mumbai.
Yadav, B.N. (1997). In : Fish and Fisheries. 2nd edn., Daya Publishing House, Delhi : 24.