This document discusses linguistic analysis of a foreign language, specifically focusing on cognitive linguistics. It covers topics like conceptual semantics, cognitive grammar, sociocognitive linguistics, and applications of cognitive linguistics to teaching second and foreign languages. The document also discusses gender and inclusive language in English, including the use of singular "they" and efforts to make language more inclusive.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociolinguistics. It discusses how sociolinguistics examines language variation according to social factors like age, gender, education level, occupation, and social class. Some key findings are:
1) Social dialects vary regionally and according to social class. Working class speakers tend to use features that differ from middle class speakers, marking social status.
2) Social markers like pronunciation patterns (e.g. dropping /r/ sounds) can signify membership in social groups. Features associated with less education often indicate lower class.
3) Basil Bernstein identified "elaborated codes" used by middle/upper classes that emphasize individual expression, and "restricted codes
This document discusses theories of language and gender from historical perspectives. It covers dominance approaches viewing women's speech as subordinate due to societal inequalities. Difference theory sees gender differences in language due to socialization into different subcultures. Current social constructionist theory views gender as negotiated through interaction rather than innate. Variation within and across cultures is explored, finding women sometimes have restricted access to prestigious languages or act as cultural brokers between groups.
This document discusses the history and relationships between sociolinguistics and other related disciplines. It outlines that sociolinguistics emerged from the work of scholars like William Labov, Basil Bernstein, Dell Hymes, John Gumperz, Charles Ferguson, and Joshua Fishman in the 1960s-1970s. It also describes how sociolinguistics is linked to linguistics, sociology, pragmatics, and anthropology by examining the social influences on language use.
A research paper about Gender Discourse Analysis in "Hamlet". Gender discrimination has been highlighted in perspective of discussion between the characters of the drama.
1) Applied linguistics has historically studied language and culture separately but since the 1970s has incorporated a discourse approach that views culture as constructed through language use.
2) This shift was driven by developments in fields like conversation analysis, cross-cultural pragmatics, and intercultural communication.
3) While the discourse approach challenges essentialist views of culture, debates continue between structuralist and post-structuralist perspectives in research and practice.
Sociolinguistics studies the relationship between language and society. It examines how social structures influence language use and how language variations are used to convey social meanings. Sociolinguists collect data on linguistic variations and their social contexts through methods like observation, elicitation, interviews, and statistical analysis of large speech samples. Their goal is to understand the systematic social patterns underlying linguistic variation and language use.
Sociolinguistics is the study of how language is influenced by social and cultural factors. It examines how language varies across social groups and contexts, as well as how factors like social class, gender, ethnicity, and power dynamics shape language use and norms. The key terms introduced in the document include concepts like linguistic variation, identity, power, solidarity, competence versus performance, and descriptive versus prescriptive approaches to language. Sociolinguistics encompasses both micro-level analysis of language patterns and macro-level analysis of broader social and political impacts of language.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociolinguistics. It discusses how sociolinguistics examines language variation according to social factors like age, gender, education level, occupation, and social class. Some key findings are:
1) Social dialects vary regionally and according to social class. Working class speakers tend to use features that differ from middle class speakers, marking social status.
2) Social markers like pronunciation patterns (e.g. dropping /r/ sounds) can signify membership in social groups. Features associated with less education often indicate lower class.
3) Basil Bernstein identified "elaborated codes" used by middle/upper classes that emphasize individual expression, and "restricted codes
This document discusses theories of language and gender from historical perspectives. It covers dominance approaches viewing women's speech as subordinate due to societal inequalities. Difference theory sees gender differences in language due to socialization into different subcultures. Current social constructionist theory views gender as negotiated through interaction rather than innate. Variation within and across cultures is explored, finding women sometimes have restricted access to prestigious languages or act as cultural brokers between groups.
This document discusses the history and relationships between sociolinguistics and other related disciplines. It outlines that sociolinguistics emerged from the work of scholars like William Labov, Basil Bernstein, Dell Hymes, John Gumperz, Charles Ferguson, and Joshua Fishman in the 1960s-1970s. It also describes how sociolinguistics is linked to linguistics, sociology, pragmatics, and anthropology by examining the social influences on language use.
A research paper about Gender Discourse Analysis in "Hamlet". Gender discrimination has been highlighted in perspective of discussion between the characters of the drama.
1) Applied linguistics has historically studied language and culture separately but since the 1970s has incorporated a discourse approach that views culture as constructed through language use.
2) This shift was driven by developments in fields like conversation analysis, cross-cultural pragmatics, and intercultural communication.
3) While the discourse approach challenges essentialist views of culture, debates continue between structuralist and post-structuralist perspectives in research and practice.
Sociolinguistics studies the relationship between language and society. It examines how social structures influence language use and how language variations are used to convey social meanings. Sociolinguists collect data on linguistic variations and their social contexts through methods like observation, elicitation, interviews, and statistical analysis of large speech samples. Their goal is to understand the systematic social patterns underlying linguistic variation and language use.
Sociolinguistics is the study of how language is influenced by social and cultural factors. It examines how language varies across social groups and contexts, as well as how factors like social class, gender, ethnicity, and power dynamics shape language use and norms. The key terms introduced in the document include concepts like linguistic variation, identity, power, solidarity, competence versus performance, and descriptive versus prescriptive approaches to language. Sociolinguistics encompasses both micro-level analysis of language patterns and macro-level analysis of broader social and political impacts of language.
Discourse analysis session 1_ 10_10_2021 Introduction to the couse.pdfDr.Badriya Al Mamari
This document provides an introduction to a university course on discourse analysis. It defines discourse analysis as the study of language patterns across texts and how they are shaped by social and cultural contexts. Discourse analysis examines how language presents different world views and identities. The document outlines several key aspects of discourse analysis, including how context influences meaning, cultural variations in language, the social construction of reality through language, and the relationship between language and identity. It also discusses different views of discourse analysis and provides examples to illustrate core concepts. Students will be assigned to groups to discuss questions related to the course material.
What is Sociolinguistics? Explain Its Scope and Origin. BS. English (4th Seme...AleeenaFarooq
Sociolinguistics is the study of how language and society interact and influence each other. It examines how factors like ethnicity, religion, gender, age, and education impact language variations between groups. Sociolinguistics originated in the late 1960s from fields like dialectology, historical linguistics, and language contact, incorporating influences from sociology and psychology. Key figures like Labov, Hymes, and Cameron contributed to establishing sociolinguistics as an independent subject concerned with both the social and structural aspects of language use. Sociolinguistics can be divided into micro- and macro-levels, with micro focusing on individual language variations and macro analyzing language patterns at the societal level.
Due to the exponential growth of immigration to the developed countries, various speech communities have been created in those countries. This surge of macro-communities has instigated abundant research on the nature of the linguistic identity of these communities and its potential influence on the micro-communities. There is a seamless interaction between language and social identity, and this interaction is multi-faceted and renders myriads of ramifications. Correspondingly, many researchers or theoreticians have proposed various models for the mechanism of this interaction. Even though there is a consensus on the strong intercourse between language and identity, there are still debates on the causal direction of this interaction. Building upon sociocultural and sociolinguistic theories, the related literature mostly views the causal direction from social to linguistic. However, this paper argues against any unilateral interpretations and discuss how the notions of language and identity have bilateral connections. Finally, the elemental stages of the development of linguistic identity from a semiotic outlook are discussed.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociolinguistics. It discusses Chomsky's views on competence and performance, Saussure's distinction between langue and parole, and Hymes' concept of communicative competence. It also covers variation in language, the relationship between language and identity, language and solidarity, and idiolects. Additionally, it summarizes the Whorfian hypothesis, discusses micro and macro-sociolinguistics, compares linguistic anthropology and sociolinguistics, and outlines some key methodological issues like data collection techniques and research design. Presentations on specific topics are scheduled for the next session.
The History of the Study of Intercultural Communication
General Understanding of Culture
Attributes and Character of Culture
Directions and Goals of Culture
Bernard, H. Russell, ed.1998. Handbook of Methods in Cul.docxbartholomeocoombs
Bernard, H. Russell, ed.
1998. Handbook of Methods
in Cultural Anthropology.
Walnut Creek: Altamira Press.
BRENDA FARNELL Æh
LAURA R. GRAHAM 88
Twelve
Discourse-Centered Methods
Discourse analysis comprises methods used by researchers across the social sciences
as well as in literary studies (see, for example, Josselson 1953 and Bernard and
Ryan in this volume). It is also used in clinical fields (see, for example, Labov and
Fanshel 1977; Cicourel 1981, 1982, 1992; West 1984). What unites this work is
analytic attention to the use of language in social contexts.
The term “discourse centered” (Sherzer 1987; Urban 1991) is an expedient label
with which to describe recent movements in linguistic anthropology. It does not,
however, constitute a single theoretical “school.”1 Discourse-centered approaches
draw on theoretical resources from several intellectual ancestries and build on earlier
work in sociolinguistics, the ethnography of speaking/communication, and perfor
mance approaches to language.2 These approaches distinguish themselves by
focusing on the dialogical processes through which persons, social institutions, and
cultural knowledge are socially constructed through spoken discourse and other
signifying acts/forms of expressive performance.
In current anthropological practice, discourse-centered methods are used in
participant observation, within the context of ethnographic fieldwork. Within this
general orientation, researchers pay close attention to how language is used in and
across social situations, focusing particularly on “naturally occurring discourse”—
that is, utterances that occur in the context of social interaction, in contrast to
utterances specifically elicited by a linguist or ethnographer.
We focus here on approaches in linguistic anthropology in which discursive
practices are seen as constitutive of culture. That is, culture and self are viewed as
411
412 FARNELL / GRAHAM
Discourse-Centered Methods 413
actually constituted by speech and other signifying acts. Discourse-centered work
emphasizes the heterogeneous, multifunctional, and dynamic character of language
use and the central place it occupies in the social construction of reality. A central
proposition of discourse-centered research is that “culture is localized in concrete
publicly accessible signs, the most important of which are actually occurring
instances of discourse” (Urban 1991:1). Edward Sapir (1949) prefigured discourse
centered approaches when he wrote: “The true locus of culture is in the interactions
of specific individuals and, on the subjective side, in the world of meaning which
each one of these individuals may unconsciously abstract for himself from his
participation in these interactions” (p. 515).
According to a discourse-centered framework, culture is an emergent dialogic
process, historically transmitted but continuously produced and revised through
dialogues among its members. It is constantly op.
This document provides an overview of language variation and change from a sociolinguistic perspective. It discusses how small linguistic variations are determined by external social factors and can lead to language change over time. The field of sociolinguistics studies how social variables like class, gender, age, and style influence language use and the concept of linguistic variables. It also addresses topics like geographical language variation resulting from language contact.
This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics, defining it as the study of language in relation to society. It discusses key concepts like speech communities, prestige varieties, and language contact. The main representatives discussed are William Labov and Basil Bernstein. Methodologies introduced by Labov are also summarized, including the use of minimal pairs, word lists, and interviews to study language variation. The document emphasizes the importance of sociolinguistics for understanding language variations and its relevance for teaching foreign languages.
This document discusses language, culture and identity. It defines culture and lists some cultural parameters like individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, gender roles, time orientation and tightness. It discusses stereotypes and how language shapes thought and frames our conceptual universe. It also discusses communities of practice, identity and language learning, linguistic relativity, acculturation, culture shock, social distance, attitudes, ideology, language policy, English as a lingua franca, linguistic imperialism and teaching intercultural competence.
FM 2019 Sociolinguistics A Language Study in Sociocultural Perspectives-7-20.pdfFatchulMuin
A language is not only studied from the internal
viewpoint but also from the external one. Internally, it is studied
based on its internal structures; whereas, externally, it is based
on the linguistic factors in relation to the factors beyond the
language.
A study of internal language structures (or, it is based on
the sub-systems of a language) will result sub-discipline of
linguistics such as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax
and semantics. It is conducted through theories and procedures
belonging to the discipline of linguistics; it is not related to the
problems beyond the language.
The Social Functions of Advice Genre in Alasiosrjce
This research describes the social functions of advice genre in Alas. The objective of the research
was to examine seven subgenres of advice (sGA) under institutional and non-institutional headings. The
institutional heading consisted of (1) high and higher education, (2) marriage, and (3) profession and the
institutional one refered to (1) circumcision, (2) sickness, (3) death and (4) non formal educationor safety from
accident.The research designwas qualitative with embedded case study as its approach to knowthe Alas’ genre
and ideology. Validity of data analysis involved triangulation technique following the formula: if the meaning
(X) is found, then the expression (Y) is confirmed and if the expression (Y) is found, then the meaning (X) is
confirmed. The results showedthat the social functions of advicein Alas were to give guidance to act and react,
to inform the structural changes of advice, and to guide Alas people in their action and interaction.
Sociolinguistics examines the relationship between language and society. It studies how language influences and is influenced by factors like culture, identity, social status, and power dynamics. Sociolinguists investigate topics like language attitudes, the social meanings associated with linguistic variations, and how language use changes across different social contexts and interactions. The field has grown in importance as globalization increases interactions between diverse cultures and communities. Sociolinguistics provides insights into social and political issues by analyzing how language shapes and reflects dimensions of human behavior and social organization.
Language variation and_change_introductionmunsif123
This document provides an introduction and overview of the seminar "Language Variation and Change". It discusses how sociolinguistics examines small language variations that are determined by social factors and can lead to language change over time. These social variations are contrasted with internal linguistic variations. The seminar aims to explain the basic principles of language variation and change/sociolinguistics. Possible topics for student presentations and papers are outlined, covering areas like the history of sociolinguistics, individual case studies, gender differences, and the relationship between sociolinguistics and other fields.
This document discusses language and gender as an area of study within sociolinguistics and applied linguistics. It examines varieties of speech associated with gender and social norms for gendered language use. Key researchers and their findings are outlined, including Otto Jespersen who studied gender differences in language, Robin Lakoff who identified a "women's register", and Jennifer Coates who categorized approaches to analyzing gendered speech. Specific speech practices associated with gender are also detailed, such as question use, turn-taking, topic changing, self-disclosure, and levels of politeness between men and women.
ETHNOMETHODOLOGY AND CONVERSATION ANALYSIS.pdfSamitRajan1
1) The document discusses ethnomethodology and conversational analysis, which examine how people use commonsense knowledge and practical reasoning to communicate and negotiate meanings within a speech community.
2) It provides an overview of key concepts like communicative competence, linguistic ethnography, and how ethnomethodology contrasts with other sociological approaches by focusing on how social order is produced through shared methods.
3) The document also discusses the work of scholars like Garfinkel and Hymes who developed ethnomethodology and the ethnography of communication, examining how reality and social order are constructed through everyday language use.
Variations and Interactional Sociolinguistics - Language and GenderJeeMarieDumanag1
The document discusses variations in sociolinguistics and interactional sociolinguistics. It summarizes William Labov's 1963 study on Martha's Vineyard, where he investigated phonological variations in vowel sounds between different age, social, and ethnic groups. It also summarizes Penelope Eckert's 2001 study in a Detroit high school, where she observed friendship groups and found that students spoke more like their close friends who shared social practices, rather than others in their demographic group. The document outlines the key concepts and methods of interactional sociolinguistics, including defining speech communities and analyzing language use in social contexts through ethnographic observation.
The document discusses several key points about the nature of signs and language:
- Signs have no natural connection to the real world and are arbitrary, which allows them to be appropriated by discourse communities. Native speakers may feel signs have natural meanings due to cultural immersion.
- Political and historical symbols take on simplified meanings through repeated use over time, shaping users' memories and conferring mythical weight. Cultural stereotypes also become frozen signs that affect both users and subjects.
- Signs establish semantic and pragmatic relationships with other signs based on direct exchanges and broader discourse contexts. Coherence is created through inferences between speakers rather than being inherent.
- The arbitrariness of signs gives language its power as
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
Discourse analysis session 1_ 10_10_2021 Introduction to the couse.pdfDr.Badriya Al Mamari
This document provides an introduction to a university course on discourse analysis. It defines discourse analysis as the study of language patterns across texts and how they are shaped by social and cultural contexts. Discourse analysis examines how language presents different world views and identities. The document outlines several key aspects of discourse analysis, including how context influences meaning, cultural variations in language, the social construction of reality through language, and the relationship between language and identity. It also discusses different views of discourse analysis and provides examples to illustrate core concepts. Students will be assigned to groups to discuss questions related to the course material.
What is Sociolinguistics? Explain Its Scope and Origin. BS. English (4th Seme...AleeenaFarooq
Sociolinguistics is the study of how language and society interact and influence each other. It examines how factors like ethnicity, religion, gender, age, and education impact language variations between groups. Sociolinguistics originated in the late 1960s from fields like dialectology, historical linguistics, and language contact, incorporating influences from sociology and psychology. Key figures like Labov, Hymes, and Cameron contributed to establishing sociolinguistics as an independent subject concerned with both the social and structural aspects of language use. Sociolinguistics can be divided into micro- and macro-levels, with micro focusing on individual language variations and macro analyzing language patterns at the societal level.
Due to the exponential growth of immigration to the developed countries, various speech communities have been created in those countries. This surge of macro-communities has instigated abundant research on the nature of the linguistic identity of these communities and its potential influence on the micro-communities. There is a seamless interaction between language and social identity, and this interaction is multi-faceted and renders myriads of ramifications. Correspondingly, many researchers or theoreticians have proposed various models for the mechanism of this interaction. Even though there is a consensus on the strong intercourse between language and identity, there are still debates on the causal direction of this interaction. Building upon sociocultural and sociolinguistic theories, the related literature mostly views the causal direction from social to linguistic. However, this paper argues against any unilateral interpretations and discuss how the notions of language and identity have bilateral connections. Finally, the elemental stages of the development of linguistic identity from a semiotic outlook are discussed.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociolinguistics. It discusses Chomsky's views on competence and performance, Saussure's distinction between langue and parole, and Hymes' concept of communicative competence. It also covers variation in language, the relationship between language and identity, language and solidarity, and idiolects. Additionally, it summarizes the Whorfian hypothesis, discusses micro and macro-sociolinguistics, compares linguistic anthropology and sociolinguistics, and outlines some key methodological issues like data collection techniques and research design. Presentations on specific topics are scheduled for the next session.
The History of the Study of Intercultural Communication
General Understanding of Culture
Attributes and Character of Culture
Directions and Goals of Culture
Bernard, H. Russell, ed.1998. Handbook of Methods in Cul.docxbartholomeocoombs
Bernard, H. Russell, ed.
1998. Handbook of Methods
in Cultural Anthropology.
Walnut Creek: Altamira Press.
BRENDA FARNELL Æh
LAURA R. GRAHAM 88
Twelve
Discourse-Centered Methods
Discourse analysis comprises methods used by researchers across the social sciences
as well as in literary studies (see, for example, Josselson 1953 and Bernard and
Ryan in this volume). It is also used in clinical fields (see, for example, Labov and
Fanshel 1977; Cicourel 1981, 1982, 1992; West 1984). What unites this work is
analytic attention to the use of language in social contexts.
The term “discourse centered” (Sherzer 1987; Urban 1991) is an expedient label
with which to describe recent movements in linguistic anthropology. It does not,
however, constitute a single theoretical “school.”1 Discourse-centered approaches
draw on theoretical resources from several intellectual ancestries and build on earlier
work in sociolinguistics, the ethnography of speaking/communication, and perfor
mance approaches to language.2 These approaches distinguish themselves by
focusing on the dialogical processes through which persons, social institutions, and
cultural knowledge are socially constructed through spoken discourse and other
signifying acts/forms of expressive performance.
In current anthropological practice, discourse-centered methods are used in
participant observation, within the context of ethnographic fieldwork. Within this
general orientation, researchers pay close attention to how language is used in and
across social situations, focusing particularly on “naturally occurring discourse”—
that is, utterances that occur in the context of social interaction, in contrast to
utterances specifically elicited by a linguist or ethnographer.
We focus here on approaches in linguistic anthropology in which discursive
practices are seen as constitutive of culture. That is, culture and self are viewed as
411
412 FARNELL / GRAHAM
Discourse-Centered Methods 413
actually constituted by speech and other signifying acts. Discourse-centered work
emphasizes the heterogeneous, multifunctional, and dynamic character of language
use and the central place it occupies in the social construction of reality. A central
proposition of discourse-centered research is that “culture is localized in concrete
publicly accessible signs, the most important of which are actually occurring
instances of discourse” (Urban 1991:1). Edward Sapir (1949) prefigured discourse
centered approaches when he wrote: “The true locus of culture is in the interactions
of specific individuals and, on the subjective side, in the world of meaning which
each one of these individuals may unconsciously abstract for himself from his
participation in these interactions” (p. 515).
According to a discourse-centered framework, culture is an emergent dialogic
process, historically transmitted but continuously produced and revised through
dialogues among its members. It is constantly op.
This document provides an overview of language variation and change from a sociolinguistic perspective. It discusses how small linguistic variations are determined by external social factors and can lead to language change over time. The field of sociolinguistics studies how social variables like class, gender, age, and style influence language use and the concept of linguistic variables. It also addresses topics like geographical language variation resulting from language contact.
This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics, defining it as the study of language in relation to society. It discusses key concepts like speech communities, prestige varieties, and language contact. The main representatives discussed are William Labov and Basil Bernstein. Methodologies introduced by Labov are also summarized, including the use of minimal pairs, word lists, and interviews to study language variation. The document emphasizes the importance of sociolinguistics for understanding language variations and its relevance for teaching foreign languages.
This document discusses language, culture and identity. It defines culture and lists some cultural parameters like individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, gender roles, time orientation and tightness. It discusses stereotypes and how language shapes thought and frames our conceptual universe. It also discusses communities of practice, identity and language learning, linguistic relativity, acculturation, culture shock, social distance, attitudes, ideology, language policy, English as a lingua franca, linguistic imperialism and teaching intercultural competence.
FM 2019 Sociolinguistics A Language Study in Sociocultural Perspectives-7-20.pdfFatchulMuin
A language is not only studied from the internal
viewpoint but also from the external one. Internally, it is studied
based on its internal structures; whereas, externally, it is based
on the linguistic factors in relation to the factors beyond the
language.
A study of internal language structures (or, it is based on
the sub-systems of a language) will result sub-discipline of
linguistics such as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax
and semantics. It is conducted through theories and procedures
belonging to the discipline of linguistics; it is not related to the
problems beyond the language.
The Social Functions of Advice Genre in Alasiosrjce
This research describes the social functions of advice genre in Alas. The objective of the research
was to examine seven subgenres of advice (sGA) under institutional and non-institutional headings. The
institutional heading consisted of (1) high and higher education, (2) marriage, and (3) profession and the
institutional one refered to (1) circumcision, (2) sickness, (3) death and (4) non formal educationor safety from
accident.The research designwas qualitative with embedded case study as its approach to knowthe Alas’ genre
and ideology. Validity of data analysis involved triangulation technique following the formula: if the meaning
(X) is found, then the expression (Y) is confirmed and if the expression (Y) is found, then the meaning (X) is
confirmed. The results showedthat the social functions of advicein Alas were to give guidance to act and react,
to inform the structural changes of advice, and to guide Alas people in their action and interaction.
Sociolinguistics examines the relationship between language and society. It studies how language influences and is influenced by factors like culture, identity, social status, and power dynamics. Sociolinguists investigate topics like language attitudes, the social meanings associated with linguistic variations, and how language use changes across different social contexts and interactions. The field has grown in importance as globalization increases interactions between diverse cultures and communities. Sociolinguistics provides insights into social and political issues by analyzing how language shapes and reflects dimensions of human behavior and social organization.
Language variation and_change_introductionmunsif123
This document provides an introduction and overview of the seminar "Language Variation and Change". It discusses how sociolinguistics examines small language variations that are determined by social factors and can lead to language change over time. These social variations are contrasted with internal linguistic variations. The seminar aims to explain the basic principles of language variation and change/sociolinguistics. Possible topics for student presentations and papers are outlined, covering areas like the history of sociolinguistics, individual case studies, gender differences, and the relationship between sociolinguistics and other fields.
This document discusses language and gender as an area of study within sociolinguistics and applied linguistics. It examines varieties of speech associated with gender and social norms for gendered language use. Key researchers and their findings are outlined, including Otto Jespersen who studied gender differences in language, Robin Lakoff who identified a "women's register", and Jennifer Coates who categorized approaches to analyzing gendered speech. Specific speech practices associated with gender are also detailed, such as question use, turn-taking, topic changing, self-disclosure, and levels of politeness between men and women.
ETHNOMETHODOLOGY AND CONVERSATION ANALYSIS.pdfSamitRajan1
1) The document discusses ethnomethodology and conversational analysis, which examine how people use commonsense knowledge and practical reasoning to communicate and negotiate meanings within a speech community.
2) It provides an overview of key concepts like communicative competence, linguistic ethnography, and how ethnomethodology contrasts with other sociological approaches by focusing on how social order is produced through shared methods.
3) The document also discusses the work of scholars like Garfinkel and Hymes who developed ethnomethodology and the ethnography of communication, examining how reality and social order are constructed through everyday language use.
Variations and Interactional Sociolinguistics - Language and GenderJeeMarieDumanag1
The document discusses variations in sociolinguistics and interactional sociolinguistics. It summarizes William Labov's 1963 study on Martha's Vineyard, where he investigated phonological variations in vowel sounds between different age, social, and ethnic groups. It also summarizes Penelope Eckert's 2001 study in a Detroit high school, where she observed friendship groups and found that students spoke more like their close friends who shared social practices, rather than others in their demographic group. The document outlines the key concepts and methods of interactional sociolinguistics, including defining speech communities and analyzing language use in social contexts through ethnographic observation.
The document discusses several key points about the nature of signs and language:
- Signs have no natural connection to the real world and are arbitrary, which allows them to be appropriated by discourse communities. Native speakers may feel signs have natural meanings due to cultural immersion.
- Political and historical symbols take on simplified meanings through repeated use over time, shaping users' memories and conferring mythical weight. Cultural stereotypes also become frozen signs that affect both users and subjects.
- Signs establish semantic and pragmatic relationships with other signs based on direct exchanges and broader discourse contexts. Coherence is created through inferences between speakers rather than being inherent.
- The arbitrariness of signs gives language its power as
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Clase del 22 de julio.pptx
1. POSGRADO MIXTO
ADMINISTRACIÓN NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN PÚBLICA (ANEP)
UNIVERSIDAD DE LA REPÚBLICA (UDELAR)
ESPECIALIZACIÓN EN ENSEÑANZA DE LENGUAS EXTRANJERAS
MENCIÓN INGLÉS
ANÁLISIS LINGÜÍSTICO DE LA LENGUA EXTRANJERA
PROF. MGTR. MARÍA NATALIA GÓMEZ CALVILLO
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CÓRDOBA – ARGENTINA
2. • Profundización en enfoques imbricados en la Lingüística
Cognitiva: Semántica Conceptual y Gramática Cognitiva
• Relación Sociolingüística y Cognitivismo vía la Sociolingüística
Cognitiva
• Género social – Lenguaje inclusivo en inglés
• Aplicaciones de la Lingüística Cognitiva a la enseñanza de
lenguas segundas y extranjeras
UNIDAD 4. LINGÜÍSTICA COGNITIVA
22 y 23 de julio
3. Moreover, neither grammar nor style are politically neutral. Learning the rules that govern intelligible speech is an
inculcation into normalized language, where the price of not conforming is the loss of intelligibility itself. (…) It would
be a mistake to think that received grammar is the best vehicle for expressing radical views, given the constraints that
grammar imposes upon thought, indeed upon the thinkable itself. But formulations that twist grammar or that implicitly
call into question the subject-verb requirements of propositional sense are clearly irritating for some. They produce
more work for their readers, and sometimes their readers are offended by such demands. Are those who are offended
making a legitimate request for “plain speaking” or does their complaint emerge from a consumer expectation of
intellectual life? Is there, perhaps a value to be derived from such experiences of linguistic difficulty? (…) Who devises
the protocols of “clarity” and whose interests do they serve? (…) What does “transparency” keep obscure?
Judith Butler in the Preface to Gender Trouble (1999)
4. LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL IDENTITY:
ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
• Some other considerations connected to ways in which
language and social identity intersect.
• Another category, “gender,” which also becomes interlinked
with language.
• Meyerhoff (2006): “sex” - today increasingly resisted in
sociolinguistics - “gender”, as a social category (p. 201),
pertains not to the sex of the speaker, but to indicate “a social
identity that emerges or is constructed through social actions”
(p. 201).
5. • The field of language and gender is filled with dynamism.
• A lot of discussion about the pros and cons that are
connected to how the relationship between language and
society can be conceptualized.
• “The interplay between language and different social and
personal identities is a complex one,” and that if we are to
really understand “the social meaning of any instance of
language variation we need to start from the particular while
simultaneously keeping an eye on the broader context of that
variation” (p. 201).
6. • Work done examining these “webs of meaning with respect to
gender than with respect to any other social category” (p.
201).
• The dynamism of the field has been promoted by its close
connection to other areas of the social sciences and the
humanities, such as feminist theory, philosophy, sociology and
anthropology.
7. • A greater sensitivity, she says, to the fact that any feature that
is more likely to be used by women than by men must, by
definition, also be used by men, but simply less often (p. 206)
–this, of course, when studies spring from a binary division of
genders.
8. … Rather than taking the categories to be objectively and pre-
culturally determined, they are understood to be culture
specific, emerging through conventionalised activities and
relationships that individuals enter into throughout their lives.
Language can be seen as just one of those conventionalised
activities. This means that linguistic features that
probabilistically differentiate female and male speakers are
seen in a different light.
9. For one thing they are seen as being constitutive of different
group identities rather than merely reflecting them. A speaker
uses one variant more than another, not because he is male but
because in speaking like that he is constituting himself as an
exemplar of maleness, and constituting that variant as an
emblem of masculinity. And we might expect to find uses of
that variant to be particularly high or particularly foregrounded
in contexts where other, non-linguistic, practices that are
constitutive of masculinity are also foregrounded. (Meyerhoff,
2006, p. 206)
10. • So, this idea of “constituting identities” through language use,
which could be taken a synonymous with “discourse”, is one
which must allow for much reflection in the realm of language
teaching, isn’t it?
11. LENGUAJE INCLUSIVO
• Today in Argentina, there is a topic which sparks off heated
debates in different realms in which people question, or react
to such questioning, the identity-building role played by the
forms we prefer when we use a language: i.e., “lenguaje
inclusivo.”
12. • Gómez Calvillo (2020): awareness about the constitutive
character of discourse and, in particular, of the real and
concrete negative effects that are entailed in the recurrent use
of sexist and discriminatory linguistic forms is no novelty (p.
114).
13. • “Lenguaje inclusivo:” not disconnected from a network of
concepts
• Linguistics-related works, interested in the political function
performed by all languages.
14. • Language as historically and situationally determined, for it is
in a dialectical relation with society, helping to reinforce and
reproduce the (cultural, political, and economic) social order,
while also emerging as a creative tool which may lead to
change in the status-quo (Fairclough, 1995).
15. • “Lenguaje inclusivo” in Spanish: a creative mechanism that
steps away from the normative, standardized, rule (and here
you can make connections with what we have studied about a
“standard” variety) that indicates that the masculine form is
the variant to be used for generic reference.
• Whether we like it or not, we cannot deny that “lenguaje
inclusivo” is symptomatic of issues that exceed language, but
that, at the same time, cannot be detached from language.
16. • The very crucial need we human beings have of naming
ourselves and others.
• And, given that the way we lead our lives is by no means
homogenous, the morpheme “e” in such uses as “todes son
bienvenides” is telling us something about a mode of
constituting gender identity that is disruptive not only in
linguistic terms, but also in non-linguistic terms.
17. • Now, what about English and the presence in it of gender-
inclusive linguistic forms?
• 1975: Robin Lakoff’s Language and Woman’s Place
18. • “Social gender” is not “grammatical gender”, which exists in
Spanish, but not in English.
19. • Eckert and McConnell-Ginet (2003): “gender” as created, in
the same way as such categories as “class” and “race”, for the
view of gender is of a social construct: “gender is the means
by which society jointly accomplishes the differentiation that
constitutes the gender order” (2003, p. 14).
20. • Eckert and McConnell-Ginet (2003)
• Gender schemas and ideologies: e.g., the assumption of
universal heterosexuality, figure as assumed background
knowledge in all communication (p. 6).
• “The gender order:” “a system of allocation, based on sex-
class assignment, of rights and obligations, freedoms and
constraints, limits and possibilities, power and subordination”
(p. 34).
• People follow networks of beliefs “by which they explain,
account for, and justify” (p. 35) their actions, and against
which they evaluate the behaviors of others.
21. • “Grammatical gender” is an element of Spanish inflectional
morphology, which means that, following Nueva gramática de
la lengua española. Manual, RAE (2010), it is manifested in the
variations that are present in nouns and pronouns which
denote “significant” meanings, as RAE puts it.
• “Escritor”/“escritora”: the nouns’ grammatical gender allows
for the differentiation of the referents’ respective sex
• “Mesa” or “mantel”: not truly significant.
• Grammatical gender: part of determiners and adjectives.
22. • The linguistic category “gender” in English is not inflectional in
nature but is “notional”, instead.
• It is linked to the conveyance of significant information,
following RAE’s explanation, with respect to the referent’s sex.
• This category in English is NOT, like in Spanish, an inherent
characteristic of nouns themselves, but is directly connected
to the meaning that these encode.
• “She” and “he”
• Interrogative pronouns (who, whom, what, which)
• The remainder of personal pronouns (I, you, it, they, we)
• Reflexive pronouns (himself, herself)
23. • The fact that a language may reproduce a gender order that
discriminates women and other gendered groups has been
brought to the fore through a lengthy historical process of
various works from the realms of (socio)linguistics, discourse
analysis, sociology, anthropology, among other fields within
the social sciences.
24. • Ehrlich’s (2004): movements favoring non-sexist language in
the 1970’s and 1980’s in the United States.
• The so-called generic use of “he” and “man” “readily evokes
images of males rather than females, have negative effects on
individuals’ beliefs in women’s ability to perform a job, and
have a negative impact on women’s own feelings of pride,
importance, and power” (p. 224).
25. • Bodine’s (1999) seminal paper in this respect
• In the first half of the 20th century: a movement in favor of a prescriptive
grammar in the United States.
• Different actors promoted the fixing of variants that evidenced an androcentric
ideology.
• The personal pronoun paradigm in English: great social significance, i.e.,
personal reference.
• The use of “they”, as a singular, third-person, pronoun which does not indicate
the sex of the referent, was completely habitual in the 17th century and at the
start of the 18th century.
• The continued presence today of attacks on “singular they” indicates that it still
upholds validity, together with the “he or she” variant.
• The attack on the part of feminist movements on the use of third person
singular pronoun “he” as a neutral pronoun evidences that it is extensively
employed as well.
26. • In September of 2019, Merriam-Webster dictionary – another
language standardizing entity, such as RAE in the Spanish
language arena – announced its acceptance of the use of
singular they, as an inclusive pronoun, for it is neutral with
respect to gender: “Though singular 'they' is old, 'they' as a
nonbinary pronoun is new—and useful”
(https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/singular-
nonbinary-they).
• Regarding English, about which there is no “language
academy”, a decision like this one was particularly welcome by
various feminist and diverse-identity circles.