2. After studying this module, you are expected to:
1. Distinguish the different types of leadership.
2. Identify a leader in the community who manifests
leadership characteristics that are worth emulating.
Learning Objectives:
3. What is a leadership style?
A leadership style refers to a leader’s methods and
behaviors when directing, motivating, and managing
others. A person’s leadership style also determines how
they strategize and implement plans while accounting for
the expectations of stakeholders and the well-being of their
team.
4. Types of Leadership Styles
1. Autocratic or Authoritarian Leadership
2. Bureaucratic Leadership
3. Charismatic Leadership
4. Democratic or Participative Leadership
5. Laissez-Faire or Delegative Leadership
6. Servant Leadership
7. Transactional Leadership
8. Transformational Leadership
5. Characteristics of Leadership styles
1. Risk Taking: Willingness to make high — risk, high-return decisions.
2. Technology: Degree of commitment to planning, employment of
technically qualified persons, and practice of management science
techniques.
3. Organicity: Degree of loose and flexible organizational structuring;
low organicity is mechanistic in tightly structured organizations.
4. Participation: High participation implies extensive participation of
those other than the top management in key positions.
5. Coercion: High coercion means extensive use of fear and domination
by top managers as a management technique.
6. Three focus areas that leaders need to inculcate during a crisis
Communication
Promote employee well-being
Flexibility and Adaptability
7. Ten (10) Basic Skills of Outstanding Leadership:
1. Integrity
2. Vision and Strategy
3. Communication
4. Relationship
5. Persuasion
6. Adaptability
7. Coaching and Development
8. Decision-making
9. Planning
10. Teamwork
8. HOW TO BE A GREAT MANAGER THROUGH
STRONG LEADERSHIP
1. Develop trust and credibility.
2. Share the vision with absolute clarity
3. Be there to help them succeed
4. Make the decisions and be held accountable.
5. Keep it all under control and headed in the right direction.
10. DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS IN DRUG ADDICTION
Drugs - a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance
physical or mental well-being (Dictionary.com, 2012). ‘Dangerous drugs’ are those that have high tendency for abuse and
dependency, these substances may be organic or synthetic, and pose harm to those who use them.
Prohibited drugs - a substance, such as a drug, etc, that is banned or forbidden by law or other authority. (Collins English
Dictionary, 2020) At the end of this module, you will be able to: Let’s get started! First, you will learn the definition of some
key terms… 4
Regulated substance/Drugs - A regulated drug is one that is researched, manufactured, distributed, and administered
under the supervision of regulatory authorities and are can be bought through a doctor’s prescription and over the counter.
Drug abuse - The use of illegal drugs or the use of prescription or over-the-counter drugs for purposes other than those for
which they are meant to be used, or in excessive amounts. Drug abuse may lead to social, physical, emotional, and job-
related problems. (NCI, n.d.)
Drug dependence - is an adaptive state that develops from repeated drug administration, and which results in withdrawal
upon cessation of drug use. (Wikipedia, 2020)
Drug addiction - is defined as a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite
adverse consequences. It is considered a brain disorder, because it involves functional changes to brain circuits involved in
reward, stress, and self-control. (NIH , 2020)
11. COMMON SIGNS OF DRUG USE AND ADDICTION
Changes in Behavior Behavioral change is usually one of the first visible signs of drug use.
Some behavioral changes that may indicate using of drugs include:
• Poor academic performance.
• Missing school and/or extracurricular activities.
• Getting into conflicts or trouble at school.
• Becoming defiant, uncooperative, or hostile (e.g., violating curfew, ignoring rules,
lashing out).
• Increased illegal activity or behavior.
• Decreased interest in activities and hobbies.
• Changing friends or social circles.
• Isolating themselves from friends or family.
• Acting secretive.
• Newfound demand for privacy.
• Lack of respect for authority.
• Avoiding eye contact.
• Complaints from teachers, classmates, etc.
12. Psychological Changes
Because many abused drugs are psychotropic, personality or mood changes are also common
signs of drug use. These include:
• Frequent mood swings or emotional instability.
• Extreme highs and lows.
• Manipulative or deceitful behavior.
• Decreased motivation.
• Lethargy or low energy.
• Memory problems.
• Poor concentration.
• Slurred or rapid-fire speech.
• Laughing for no apparent reason.
• Being unusually loud and obnoxious.
• Being fearful or paranoid for no apparent reason.
• Periods of drowsiness followed by periods of high energy.
• Other unexplained changes in attitude or personality
13. Health Problems
There are many health issues that occur as a result of drug use such as: • Appetite changes. •
Sleep disturbances.
• Excessive thirst (known as cottonmouth and typically occurs as a result of marijuana use).
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Sweating.
• Headaches.
• Frequent illness.
• Sudden weight loss or gain.
• Coordination problems.
• Nosebleeds (may occur due to the snorting of drugs such as cocaine).
• Constipation.
• Seizures (without a history of epilepsy or other seizure disorder).
• Runny nose.
• Shakes or tremors.
• Accidents or injuries
14. Personal Appearance
People who use drugs often begin to neglect their personal appearance as a result of drug use.
If a person is in fact abusing drugs, you may notice some of these signs:
• Poor hygiene. Poor coordination.
• Teeth clenching.
• Bloodshot eyes.
• Bruises, cuts, and sores (from falling, bumping into things, or scratching oneself).
• Constant scratching (a common sign of opiate use).
• Track marks on arms or legs from intravenous drug use.
• Wearing long sleeves even in the summer (to cover up track marks).
• Burns on fingers or lips (from joints).
• Pinpoint pupils (a common sign of opiate use).
• Smelling like drugs, alcohol, or other unusual odor.
15. Other Signs
There are several other visible signs of drug use these include:
• Finding drug paraphernalia (e.g., pipes, rolling papers, needles, bottles, unusual containers,
eye drops, butane lighters, smoking devices, cut up straws, mirrors, Ziploc bags, tin foil,
weighing scales, balloons, aluminum foil wrappers, vials, capsules, etc.).
• Finding drug residue or remains (e.g., seeds, stems, powder, etc.).
• Smelling strong incense or perfumes within your teenager’s personal space (commonly used
to hide the smell of drugs).
• Missing medications, alcohol, cigarettes, etc.
• Missing cash or other resources (i.e., valuable items which may be pawned for drugs).
• Finding hidden stashes of drugs or alcohol.
16. COMMONLY ABUSED DRUGS AND THEIR EFFECTS
1. ALCOHOLALCOHOL (Ethyl Alcohol)
Example: Found in liquor, beer, and wine/ swallowed
Acute Effect/Health Risk:
In low doses, euphoria, mild stimulation, relaxation, and lowered inhibitions; in
higher doses drowsiness, slurred speech, nausea, emotional volatility, loss of
coordination, visual distortions, impaired memory, sexual dysfunction, loss of
consciousness/ increased risk of injuries, violence, fetal damage (in pregnant women);
depression; neurologic deficits; hypertension; liver and heart disease; addiction; fatal
overdose.
17.
18. 2. HALLUCINOGENS
• LSD
Example: Lysergic acid diethylamide: acid, blotter, cubes, microdot, yellow
sunshine, blue heaven/ swallowed, absorbed through mouth tissues
• Mescaline
Example: Buttons, cactus, mesc, peyote/ swallowed, smoked
• Psilocybin
Example: Magic mushrooms, purple passion, shrooms, little smoke/ swallowed
Acute Effect/Health Risk:
Altered states of perception and feeling; hallucinations; nausea Also, for LSD
and mescaline— increased body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure; loss of
appetite; sweating; sleeplessness; numbness; dizziness; weakness; tremors; impulsive
behavior; rapid shifts in emotion Also, for LSD—Flashbacks, Hallucinogen Persisting
Perception Disorder Also, for psilocybin— nervousness; paranoia; panic.
30. EFFECT OF DRUG ADDICTION TO THE FAMILY AND
COMMUNITY
1. Physical health
2. Academics
3. Mental health
4. Peers
5. Families
6. Social and economic consequences
7. Delinquency
31. TREATMENT FOR DRUG ADDICTION
1. Detox
2. Therapies
3. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
4. Family Therapy
5. Contingency Management
6. Motivational Interviewing
7. Recreational Therapy
8. Medications for Treatment
32. DRUG ADDICTION PREVENTION
1.Find healthy ways to cope with stress
2.Seek therapy or counselling.
3.Maintain a lifestyle that makes you happy.
4.Have things in your life that you care deeply about.
5.Be aware of your family’s history of substance abuse
33. LAWS GOVERNING DRUG USE
One of the Philippines’ main weapons against illegal drugs is Republic Act 9165 or the
Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002. It mandates the government to "pursue an
intensive and unrelenting campaign against the trafficking and use of dangerous drugs and
other similar substances." The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) or Ahensiya ng
Pilipinas sa Pagpapatupad ng Batas Laban sa Bawal na Gamot is the lead anti-drug law
enforcement agency, responsible for preventing, investigating, and combating any dangerous
drugs, controlled precursors, and essential chemicals within the Philippines. The agency is
tasked with the enforcement of the penal and regulatory provisions of Republic Act No. 9165
(R.A. 9165), otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.
PDEA is the implementing arm of the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB). The DDB is the
policymaking and strategy-formulating body in the planning and formulation of policies and
programs on drug prevention and control. PDEA and DDB are both under the supervision of
the Office of the President of the Philippines. Drug abuse among the youth is a pressing
problem in many countries including the Philippines. Drug abuse has destroyed numerous
lives. The threat of illegal drugs exists, and it’s closer than we think.
34. ARTICLE II Unlawful Acts and Penalties
Section 4. Importation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals.- .The penalty of
life imprisonment to death and a ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos
(P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall import or bring into the
Philippines any dangerous drug, regardless of the quantity and purity involved, including any and all species of
opium poppy or any part thereof or substances derived therefrom even for floral, decorative and culinary purposes.
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine
ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be
imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall import any controlled precursor and essential
chemical. The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless
authorized under this Act, shall import, or bring into the Philippines any dangerous drug and/or controlled
precursor and essential chemical using a diplomatic passport, diplomatic facilities or any other means involving
his/her official status intended to facilitate the unlawful entry of the same. In addition, the diplomatic passport shall
be confiscated and canceled. The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any
person, who organizes, manages, or acts as a "financier" of any of the illegal activities prescribed in this Section.
The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment and a fine ranging from
One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon
any person, who acts as a "protector/coddler" of any violator of the provisions under this Section.
