Strategies for Controlling Infectious Livestock Diseases

1. M U H A M M A D A K R A M M U N I R
( a k r a m m u n e e r @ h o t m a i l . c o m )
R A S H I D A H M A D
D A N Y A L H A S A N
R A F I Q U E H A S H M I
R C V E T S , L A H O R E
Strategies for Controlling
Infectious Livestock Diseases

2. Strategy
 A plan of actions to achieve a long term
objective/aim
 Designed to achieve the goals of a department or an
organization

3. Infectious Diseases
 Diseases caused by microorganisms like bacteria,
viruses, fungi, etc.
 Infection: Invasion and growth of microorganisms
in body of host (man, animals, poultry, fish etc.)
 Disease: Dis-ease occurs when the body cells are
damaged as a result of infection and ultimately lead
to signs and symptoms of illness

4. Infectious Diseases
An illness due to a pathogen or its toxic products.
Usually transmitted from an infected animal/person,
to any susceptible host or population. Examples NDV,
AI, HS, Rabies, Covid-19 etc.

5.  Emerging Infectious Disease:
Newly discovered infectious agents.
 Re-emerging Infectious Disease:
Which was previously controlled but once again
has risen to be a significant health problem

6. Livestock
 The animals kept for profit purpose
 Mostly the farm animals are known as livestock
 They are distinguish from other animal types as they
are domesticated and mostly raised for food and
money sources
 Livestock products are meat, milk, eggs and skins
hides etc.

7. Infectious Livestock Diseases
Bacterial Viral Parasitic
• Colibacillosis
• Anthrax
• Tuberculosis
• Salmollelosis
• Listeriosis
• Fowl Cholera
• SARS
• Avian Influenza
• Lumpy Skin Disease
• EBOLA
• Foot and Mouth
• New castle
• Rabies
• Trypanosomiasis
• Babesiosis
• Theileriosis
• Piroplasmosis
• Spirochetosis
• Lice, Fleas, Ticks etc.
• Worms

8. Disease Contributing Factors
 Climate and weather
 Change Ecosystem
 Microbial adaptation and changes
 Economic Development and Land use
 Technology and Industry
 Breakdown of Public Health Measures
 Poverty and social inequality
 Human susceptibility of Infections
 International travel and commerce

9. Zoonotic Diseases
 Diseases transmitted between man and animals and
vice versa such as:
 Rabies
 CCHF
 Blastomycosis
 Psittacosis
 Trichinella spiralis
 Salmonellosis

10. Bio-terrorism Diseases
 Anthrax
 Plague
 Brucellosis
 Q fever (Caused by Coxiella burnettii)

11. Types of Infectious Diseases
 Sporadic
 Endemic
 Epidemic
 Pandemic

12.  AGENT:
1-Evolution of pathogenic infectious agents
(Microbial adaptation and change)
2-Development of resistance to drugs: wrong
prescribing practice
3-Resistance of vectors to pesticides
Factor Contributing to Emergence

13. Factor Contributing to Emergence
 HOST:
1-Demographic change
2-Increased international travel
3-Immunosuppression

14. Important Epidemiological Factors

15. Important Epidemiological Factors
 Epidemiology: Study of disease occurrence in animal
and human population
 Virology: Study of viruses causing infectious diseases
 Bacteriology: Study of bacteria causing infectious
diseases
 Mycology: Study of fungi causing infectious diseases
 Immunology: Study of immune reactions in hosts and
conferring of resistance against infectious diseases
 Public Health: Study of various factors contributing to
infectious disease in host; host virus interactions, disease
diagnosis, etc.

16. Control Strategies
 Develop political will and funding
 Improve global early response capacity
a. WHO,
b. National Disease Control Unit and Training
Program
 Improve Global Surveillance
a. Improve diagnostic capacity
b. Improve communication system and shearing of
surveillance data
c. Rapid Data analysis
d. Develop innovative surveillance and analysis strategies

17. Disease Control Contributors
 Will to control or prevent infectious diseases at local,
regional, country or global level
 Cooperation and coordination amongst
professionals, livestock owners, and workers
 A multi-disciplinary coordination
 Cooperation of Scientists, Veterinarians, public at
large, politicians, farmers, planners, financing
agencies, etc.
 Cooperation of agencies like FAO, WHO, OIE, JICA,
USAID, AUSAID,

18. Practical Approaches on Disease Control
 Registration of animal populations
 Diagnosis: Clinical, laboratory, confirmatory
 Epidemiological investigations, type and magnitude of
population involvement
 Economical, zoonotic importance of disease
 Effective disease control measures:
1. Treatment of sick populations using antibiotics,
antivirals, antisera etc.
2. Use of vaccines, live, killed, or both, genetically
engineered, sub-unit, etc.

19. Practical Approaches on Disease Control
 Isolation and quarantine of sick populations
 Developing disease free zones, ban on sick animal
movements
 In case of contagious and deadly disease; humane slaughter
and disposal of infected and exposed animals.
 Training of animal owners on animal hygiene, premises
cleaning, and disinfection
 Development of new effective drugs against pathogens
 Vector control, movement control of animals and humans
working with animals
 Bio-control measures
 Emerging use of bio-technology in diagnosis, vaccine
development

20. Key factors in control
 Disease awareness amongst livestock owners,
professionals, extension owners, lab workers, ,
personnel responsible for infectious waste material,
etc.
 Surveillance and infection behavior in a population
 Coordination/cooperation amongst various
government functionaries

21. Key Factors in Control
 Potential for infectious disease diagnosis;
 labs equipped with the state of the art facilities;
 especially the infectious material dealing,
 processing and preservation of material in lab,
 qualifications and training of lab staff,
 result interpretation, prevention of
contamination of lab premises,
 availability of bio-secure and biosafe
environment, etc.

22. Key Factors in Control
 1. Reporting system: To whom to report and how
 2. How to sample infectious material
 3. How to convince farmer for his cooperation;
 as per legislation;
 treatment requirements, payment of compensation to
farmers in case of high morbidity and mortality,
 disposal of contagious disease infected carcasses,
monitoring for positives cases, premises, samples etc.
 Training activities

23. Vector Control
 a program to control and eliminate these
vectors will be implemented to stop the
method of transmission (such as
arthropods, rodents, or other vectors).
 Before a vector control program is
initiated, several factors will be considered,
including the biological characteristics and
population density of the vector species
involved;

24. Vector Control
 methods and materials available for
control and eradication; and the
potential impact on the environment.
 The use of certain pesticides
may require an environmental
impact statement.

25. Role of Veterinarians in Prevention
Increase knowledge and skill ; Educate the public
Encourage partnerships with consumers and other
disciplines to identify needs, set priorities, develop
strategies and evaluate progress
Support health care legislation
Involve in research
Encourage using multidisciplinary efforts.
Influence local and National economic and political
options
Continue to advance nursing concern

26. Role of Public Health Authorities
 National program for prevention and control of
vector borne diseases
 Legislations for elimination
 Communities awareness of the disease
 Minimizing transmission of infection: By
• Risk communication to the family members
• Minimizing vector population
• Minimizing vector – individual contact
 Reporting to the nearest public health authority

27. Public health Measures to Prevent
Infectious Diseases
 Safe water
 Sewage treatment and disposal
 Food safety program
 Animal control program
 Vaccination program
 Public health organization

28. Preventive Strategy in Pakistan
 VECTOR SURVEILLANCE
 Vector borne epidemic prone diseases: JE, Dengue,
Plague, Kala-azar, Rickettsia
 Early warning signals - increase density of vectors -
increase in breeding sites for vectors
 Insecticide susceptibility status
 To assess impact of routine measures under national
program

29. Lab Surveillance
 Serological Surveillance
 To collect baseline prevalence data
 To identify high risk areas
 To identify high risk age group As early warning
signal for impending outbreak
 Microbial surveillance
Changing genotype
Mutations
Development of Antimicrobial Resistance Eg.
Salmonella, Cholera, Plague, Anthrax

30. Diagnostic Procedures
 PCR (The sensitive detection of pathogenic
microorganisms by amplification of gene fragments)
 ELISA (to measure antibodies, antigens, proteins
and glycoproteins in biological samples.)
 NASBA (which amplifies RNA for the detection of
microbial pathogens)
 Fingerprinting ( method of isolating and
identifying variable elements within the base-pair
sequence of DNA)

31. Diagnostic Procedures
 LCR ( Ligase Chain Reaction)
(For the detection of single base mutations, as in
genetic diseases)
 Western Bloat (to detect specific protein
molecules from among a mixture of proteins.)
 Northern Bloat (to detect specific RNA molecules
among a mixture of RNA.)

32. Laboratories Network in Surveillance
 International (Collaborating Centers) like CDC
Atlanta
 National Reference Laboratories e.g. NVL
Islamabad, NARC Islamabad, VRI Lahore, BRI
Pattoki
 State laboratories
 Intermediate (District/Provincial/Medical College)
 Peripheral Laboratories

33. NPCPAI
 Scale up AI surveillance, diagnostics at district,
provincial and federal level
 Strengthen disease control, outbreak containment,
and eradication of HPAI
 Increase awareness among farmers, consumers,
veterinarians, and other stake holders on AI
epidemiology
 Undertaking AI vaccine research; ecology,
pathogenesis, diagnostics, and vaccine development

34. NPCPAI
 Strengthen AI vaccine production, its evaluation and
quality assurance
 Develop a legal and regulatory frame work for
veterinary services providers and to empower the
government function to enforce national animal
disease control measures
 Outcome
 AI H5N1 AI outbreaks under control

35. THANKS