ABSTRACT- Introduction: Low back pain (LBP) is an important clinical, social, economic, and public health problem
affecting the population indiscriminately. It is a disorder with many possible etiologies, occurring in many groups of the
population, and with many definitions. Nearly everyone will experience some form of back pain in his or her lifetime.
Materials ans& Methods: The current study is a cross sectional study undertaken at Lord Buddha Koshi Medical
College, Saharsa, Bihar, India from Aug 2015 to Dec 2015. The objective of this study was to see the age specific
prevalence of low back pain among 400 subjects visiting the Orthopedics OPD of the hospital. The age range of the study
participants were 25 years to 65 years. The national guidelines of LBP diagnosis is used as diagnostic criteria.
Results: Overall prevalence of LBP was found as 31.25%. The highest prevalence was seen in 55-65 years age group.
Age had positive association & important risk factors of increasing burden of LBP.
Conclusion: LBP is an important health problem & affecting all age groups and it is responsible for a great economic loss
of any country.
Key-words- Low Back Pain, Prevalence, Public Health
ABSTRACT- Introduction: Low back pain (LBP) is an important clinical, social, economic, and public health problem
affecting the population indiscriminately. It is a disorder with many possible etiologies, occurring in many groups of the
population, and with many definitions. Nearly everyone will experience some form of back pain in his or her lifetime.
Materials ans& Methods: The current study is a cross sectional study undertaken at Lord Buddha Koshi Medical
College, Saharsa, Bihar, India from Aug 2015 to Dec 2015. The objective of this study was to see the age specific
prevalence of low back pain among 400 subjects visiting the Orthopedics OPD of the hospital. The age range of the study
participants were 25 years to 65 years. The national guidelines of LBP diagnosis is used as diagnostic criteria.
Results: Overall prevalence of LBP was found as 31.25%. The highest prevalence was seen in 55-65 years age group.
Age had positive association & important risk factors of increasing burden of LBP.
Conclusion: LBP is an important health problem & affecting all age groups and it is responsible for a great economic loss
of any country.
Key-words- Low Back Pain, Prevalence, Public Health
doctors say this is not Chikungunya but an unknown viral fever. Government doctors also repeat the same. One doctor describes it as a cross breeding of denque and Chikungunya.
So it is undoubtedly the notorius Chikungunya. But even the newspapers and TV channels describe it as unknown viral fever. Government declares that there is an unidentified viral fever and it is not Chikungunya and research is going on to find what it is.
But according to common men who is standing with the knee bending it is Chikungunya and say “I am having Chikungunya for the past three months” when they describe their sufferings.
My doubt is why the media and the Government hesitate to declare that it is Chikungunya.
Whether the World Health Organisation (W.H.O) will declare the country as ugly country if it has Chikungunya?
Or whether the World Bank will refuse to give loans to the country if Chikungunya is there in that country?
Or whether the opposing party members will cry that the Government has failed to control an epidemic decease in Parliament and in Assembly?
God only knows.....
THEORETICAL CONCEPT The Health Belief Model (HBM) is by far the mo.docxchristalgrieg
THEORETICAL CONCEPT The Health Belief Model (HBM) is by far the most commonly used theory in health education and health promotion (Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath, 2008; National Cancer Institute [NCI], 2005). The underlying concept of the HBM is that health behavior is determined by personal beliefs or perceptions about a disease and the strategies available to decrease its occurrence (Hochbaum, 1958). Personal perception is influenced by the whole range of intrapersonal factors affecting health behavior, including, but not limited to: knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, experiences, skills, culture, and religion.
THEORETICAL CONSTRUCTS
The following four perceptions serve as the main constructs of the model: perceived seriousness, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers. Each of these perceptions, individually or in combination, can be used to explain health behavior. More recently, other constructs have been added to the HBM; thus, the model has been expanded to include cues to action, motivating factors, and self-efficacy. PERCEIVED SERIOUSNESS The construct of perceived seriousness speaks to an individual’s belief about the seriousness or severity of a disease. While the perception of seriousness is often based on medical information or knowledge, it may also come from beliefs a person has about the consequences an illness might have on him or her personally. For example, most of us perceive seasonal flu as a relatively minor ailment. We get it, stay home a few days, and get better. However, if you have asthma, contracting the flu could land you in the hospital. In this case, your perception of the flu might be that it is a serious disease. Or, if you are self-employed, having the flu might mean a week or more of lost wages. Again, this would influence your perception of the seriousness of this illness. Perception of seriousness can also be colored by past experience with the illness. No doubt, most people would consider skin cancer a serious disease. However, the perception of serious might be diminished in someone who had a cancerous lesion removed and recovered without much more than a sore area and a Band-Aid for a few days.
PERCEIVED SUSCEPTIBILITY
Personal risk or susceptibility is one of the more powerful perceptions in prompting people to adopt healthier behaviors. The greater the perceived risk, the greater the likelihood of engaging in behaviors to decrease the risk. This is what prompts men who have sex with men to be vaccinated against hepatitis B (de Wit, Vet, Schutten, & van Steenbergen, 2005) and to use condoms in an effort to decrease susceptibility to HIV infection (Belcher, Sternberg, Wolotski, Halkitis, & Hoff, 2005). Perceived susceptibility motivates people to be vaccinated for influenza (Chen, Fox, Cantrell, Stockdale, & Kagawa-Singer, 2007) to use sunscreen to prevent skin cancer, and to floss their teeth to prevent gum disease and tooth loss (Figure 4– 1). It is only logical that when peop ...
Introduction: The severity and duration of primary dysmenorrhea vary; most of the previous studies were depending on the individual interpretation, which is most likely changing from one individual to another and from one country to another. Objectives and Aim: The main aim of this study was to establish a formula to fi nd out “pain sensation scale” for primary dysmenorrhea. Secondary aims were to fi nd out the prevalence of dysmenorrhea in fi ve various regions in the KSA, and the correlation of infl uence factors for dysmenorrhea such as age, oral contraceptives, and menstruation regularity.
Chronic pain is debilitating to individuals and to our economy, yet most treatments are based on the assumption that it is due to a physical cause. Once it is recognised that chronic pain is caused by our brain and central nervous system as part of a protective stress-processing response, then as this process is reversible, full recovery is possible.
SIRPA Ltd was set up to train health professionals to integrate into their own work the pioneering SIRPA approach, where the emphasis is on recovering from chronic pain, rather than management.
www.sirpauk.com
Pharmacotherapy of PAIN - Bigin Gyawali BiGs.pptxBigin Gyawali
Pharmacotherapy for pain involves the use of medications to alleviate or manage pain. The choice of pharmacological agents depends on the type, severity, and duration of pain, as well as individual patient factors such as age, comorbidities, and medication tolerances. Here is a comprehensive description of pharmacotherapy for pain, considering various classes of medications:
1. **Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs):**
- NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen and naproxen, work by inhibiting the enzymes involved in inflammation and pain.
- They are effective in managing mild to moderate pain, particularly that associated with inflammation, such as arthritis or musculoskeletal injuries.
- However, long-term use may be associated with gastrointestinal side effects, so caution is advised.
2. **Acetaminophen:**
- Acetaminophen is a pain reliever and fever reducer that is generally considered safer for the stomach than NSAIDs.
- It is commonly used for mild to moderate pain and is often recommended for individuals who cannot tolerate NSAIDs.
- Excessive use, however, can lead to liver damage, so dosing recommendations should be followed carefully.
3. **Opioids:**
- Opioids, such as morphine, oxycodone, and hydrocodone, are potent analgesics that can be effective for moderate to severe pain.
- They work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, altering the perception of pain.
- Due to the risk of tolerance, dependence, and addiction, opioids are typically reserved for short-term use or for chronic pain that has not responded to other treatments.
4. **Adjuvant Medications:**
- Certain medications originally developed for other purposes, such as anticonvulsants (e.g., gabapentin, pregabalin) and antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, duloxetine), can be used as adjuvants in pain management.
- These medications can help manage neuropathic pain and may enhance the effects of other analgesics.
5. **Corticosteroids:**
- Corticosteroids, such as prednisone, may be used for short-term relief of pain and inflammation, particularly in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or certain inflammatory disorders.
- Prolonged use is generally avoided due to the risk of side effects.
6. **Topical Analgesics:**
- Topical formulations, including creams, patches, and gels, containing analgesic agents like NSAIDs, lidocaine, or capsaicin, can be applied directly to the affected area for localized pain relief.
7. **Muscle Relaxants:**
- Muscle relaxants, such as cyclobenzaprine or baclofen, may be prescribed to alleviate pain associated with muscle spasms or tension.
It's important for healthcare professionals to conduct a thorough assessment of the patient's pain and medical history to tailor the pharmacotherapy approach. The goal is to achieve adequate pain control while minimizing the risk of side effects and considering the overall well-being of the patient. Regular monitoring and communication.
Se revisa las técnicas para evaluar el dolor, como varios sistemas de puntuación del dolor específicos por edad. Se discute el manejo farmacológico del dolor, incluyendo el uso de agentes que inhiben la formación de prostaglandinas, AINES y el acetaminofeno, así como los opioides débiles usados comúnmente, cuando la administración oral es factible, para el tratamiento del dolor leve a moderado.
doctors say this is not Chikungunya but an unknown viral fever. Government doctors also repeat the same. One doctor describes it as a cross breeding of denque and Chikungunya.
So it is undoubtedly the notorius Chikungunya. But even the newspapers and TV channels describe it as unknown viral fever. Government declares that there is an unidentified viral fever and it is not Chikungunya and research is going on to find what it is.
But according to common men who is standing with the knee bending it is Chikungunya and say “I am having Chikungunya for the past three months” when they describe their sufferings.
My doubt is why the media and the Government hesitate to declare that it is Chikungunya.
Whether the World Health Organisation (W.H.O) will declare the country as ugly country if it has Chikungunya?
Or whether the World Bank will refuse to give loans to the country if Chikungunya is there in that country?
Or whether the opposing party members will cry that the Government has failed to control an epidemic decease in Parliament and in Assembly?
God only knows.....
THEORETICAL CONCEPT The Health Belief Model (HBM) is by far the mo.docxchristalgrieg
THEORETICAL CONCEPT The Health Belief Model (HBM) is by far the most commonly used theory in health education and health promotion (Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath, 2008; National Cancer Institute [NCI], 2005). The underlying concept of the HBM is that health behavior is determined by personal beliefs or perceptions about a disease and the strategies available to decrease its occurrence (Hochbaum, 1958). Personal perception is influenced by the whole range of intrapersonal factors affecting health behavior, including, but not limited to: knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, experiences, skills, culture, and religion.
THEORETICAL CONSTRUCTS
The following four perceptions serve as the main constructs of the model: perceived seriousness, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers. Each of these perceptions, individually or in combination, can be used to explain health behavior. More recently, other constructs have been added to the HBM; thus, the model has been expanded to include cues to action, motivating factors, and self-efficacy. PERCEIVED SERIOUSNESS The construct of perceived seriousness speaks to an individual’s belief about the seriousness or severity of a disease. While the perception of seriousness is often based on medical information or knowledge, it may also come from beliefs a person has about the consequences an illness might have on him or her personally. For example, most of us perceive seasonal flu as a relatively minor ailment. We get it, stay home a few days, and get better. However, if you have asthma, contracting the flu could land you in the hospital. In this case, your perception of the flu might be that it is a serious disease. Or, if you are self-employed, having the flu might mean a week or more of lost wages. Again, this would influence your perception of the seriousness of this illness. Perception of seriousness can also be colored by past experience with the illness. No doubt, most people would consider skin cancer a serious disease. However, the perception of serious might be diminished in someone who had a cancerous lesion removed and recovered without much more than a sore area and a Band-Aid for a few days.
PERCEIVED SUSCEPTIBILITY
Personal risk or susceptibility is one of the more powerful perceptions in prompting people to adopt healthier behaviors. The greater the perceived risk, the greater the likelihood of engaging in behaviors to decrease the risk. This is what prompts men who have sex with men to be vaccinated against hepatitis B (de Wit, Vet, Schutten, & van Steenbergen, 2005) and to use condoms in an effort to decrease susceptibility to HIV infection (Belcher, Sternberg, Wolotski, Halkitis, & Hoff, 2005). Perceived susceptibility motivates people to be vaccinated for influenza (Chen, Fox, Cantrell, Stockdale, & Kagawa-Singer, 2007) to use sunscreen to prevent skin cancer, and to floss their teeth to prevent gum disease and tooth loss (Figure 4– 1). It is only logical that when peop ...
Introduction: The severity and duration of primary dysmenorrhea vary; most of the previous studies were depending on the individual interpretation, which is most likely changing from one individual to another and from one country to another. Objectives and Aim: The main aim of this study was to establish a formula to fi nd out “pain sensation scale” for primary dysmenorrhea. Secondary aims were to fi nd out the prevalence of dysmenorrhea in fi ve various regions in the KSA, and the correlation of infl uence factors for dysmenorrhea such as age, oral contraceptives, and menstruation regularity.
Chronic pain is debilitating to individuals and to our economy, yet most treatments are based on the assumption that it is due to a physical cause. Once it is recognised that chronic pain is caused by our brain and central nervous system as part of a protective stress-processing response, then as this process is reversible, full recovery is possible.
SIRPA Ltd was set up to train health professionals to integrate into their own work the pioneering SIRPA approach, where the emphasis is on recovering from chronic pain, rather than management.
www.sirpauk.com
Pharmacotherapy of PAIN - Bigin Gyawali BiGs.pptxBigin Gyawali
Pharmacotherapy for pain involves the use of medications to alleviate or manage pain. The choice of pharmacological agents depends on the type, severity, and duration of pain, as well as individual patient factors such as age, comorbidities, and medication tolerances. Here is a comprehensive description of pharmacotherapy for pain, considering various classes of medications:
1. **Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs):**
- NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen and naproxen, work by inhibiting the enzymes involved in inflammation and pain.
- They are effective in managing mild to moderate pain, particularly that associated with inflammation, such as arthritis or musculoskeletal injuries.
- However, long-term use may be associated with gastrointestinal side effects, so caution is advised.
2. **Acetaminophen:**
- Acetaminophen is a pain reliever and fever reducer that is generally considered safer for the stomach than NSAIDs.
- It is commonly used for mild to moderate pain and is often recommended for individuals who cannot tolerate NSAIDs.
- Excessive use, however, can lead to liver damage, so dosing recommendations should be followed carefully.
3. **Opioids:**
- Opioids, such as morphine, oxycodone, and hydrocodone, are potent analgesics that can be effective for moderate to severe pain.
- They work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, altering the perception of pain.
- Due to the risk of tolerance, dependence, and addiction, opioids are typically reserved for short-term use or for chronic pain that has not responded to other treatments.
4. **Adjuvant Medications:**
- Certain medications originally developed for other purposes, such as anticonvulsants (e.g., gabapentin, pregabalin) and antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, duloxetine), can be used as adjuvants in pain management.
- These medications can help manage neuropathic pain and may enhance the effects of other analgesics.
5. **Corticosteroids:**
- Corticosteroids, such as prednisone, may be used for short-term relief of pain and inflammation, particularly in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or certain inflammatory disorders.
- Prolonged use is generally avoided due to the risk of side effects.
6. **Topical Analgesics:**
- Topical formulations, including creams, patches, and gels, containing analgesic agents like NSAIDs, lidocaine, or capsaicin, can be applied directly to the affected area for localized pain relief.
7. **Muscle Relaxants:**
- Muscle relaxants, such as cyclobenzaprine or baclofen, may be prescribed to alleviate pain associated with muscle spasms or tension.
It's important for healthcare professionals to conduct a thorough assessment of the patient's pain and medical history to tailor the pharmacotherapy approach. The goal is to achieve adequate pain control while minimizing the risk of side effects and considering the overall well-being of the patient. Regular monitoring and communication.
Se revisa las técnicas para evaluar el dolor, como varios sistemas de puntuación del dolor específicos por edad. Se discute el manejo farmacológico del dolor, incluyendo el uso de agentes que inhiben la formación de prostaglandinas, AINES y el acetaminofeno, así como los opioides débiles usados comúnmente, cuando la administración oral es factible, para el tratamiento del dolor leve a moderado.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
4. Interesting, right?
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