Chromosomes and Karyotype.pptx
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The document discusses chromosomes and karyotypes. It explains that a karyotype is an individual's set of chromosomes and is also a laboratory technique that produces chromosome images. Karyotypes are used to look for abnormal chromosome numbers or structures. The document then provides instructions for creating a model of a human chromosome that involves labeling parts, identifying a mutation site, making a physical model, and producing a video presentation discussing the chosen chromosome and effects of a mutation.
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Working with Chromosomes
This presentation was created by Ioanna Leontiou and it is intended as a creative and flexible tool for students on Biological sciences who focus on the chromosome segregation. It is created to facilitate students performing research projects in our lab (especially during Covid restrictions), but it is suitable for every student who wants to learn more about chromosomes and the molecular mechanism controlling chromosome segregation. The presentation includes a generic overview of the cell division, illustrates the chromosome structure and provides molecular details of the spindle assembly checkpoint, an important pathway that ensures high fedility of chromosome segregation through mitosis. It also includes an introduction to some of the molecular biology techniques used in a yeast lab and incoporates some fluorescent microscopy images/videos. At the end of the presentantion there is a list of open access scientific publications for further reading on the the molecular mechanism of spindle checkpoint and some links of some very interesting sites, which include a range of videos on laboratory molecular biology techniques, research talks and guided papers. The purpose of this presentantion is to create a piece of work that students could return to when needed. Diagramms and illustrations are also encouranged to be used by scientists, science communicators and educators.
This presentation is licensed under a Creative Common Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0), unless otherwise stated on the specific slide.
Segmentation and removal of interphase cells from chromosome
This presentation were presented at the workshop on Intelligent Systems and Application which held at Zewail University of Science and Technology on Saturday 7th March 2015
3.2 chromosomes
Chromosomes are linear DNA molecules found in eukaryotes that are associated with histone proteins and carry genetic information. Prokaryotes like bacteria have a single circular chromosome while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes in the nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are usually diploid, containing two copies of each chromosome, while gametes like eggs and sperm are haploid with one copy. The number and structure of chromosomes is consistent within a species but can vary between species. Sex is determined by sex chromosomes, with females typically having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome.
Karyotyping activitybiology2014
Karyotypes are used to analyze chromosomes and diagnose genetic disorders. A karyotype is created by staining, photographing, and arranging chromosomes from largest to smallest based on length, centromere placement, and banding patterns. It can determine gender by identifying sex chromosomes - two X chromosomes indicates a female and one X and one Y chromosome indicates a male. Abnormal karyotypes may indicate chromosomal disorders caused by having an unusual number of chromosomes or structural abnormalities, and can help diagnose conditions. Genetic counselors use karyotype analysis to learn about a person's genetic makeup and identify any potential health risks.
Karyotyping activitybiology2014
Karyotypes are used to analyze chromosomes and diagnose genetic disorders. A karyotype is created by staining, photographing, and arranging chromosomes from largest to smallest based on length, centromere placement, and banding patterns. It can determine gender by identifying sex chromosomes - two X chromosomes indicates a female and one X and one Y chromosome indicates a male. Abnormal karyotypes may indicate chromosomal disorders caused by having an atypical number of chromosomes or structural abnormalities, and can help diagnose conditions. Genetic counselors use karyotype analysis to study chromosomes and advise patients on inherited risks and medical management of genetic conditions.
4.4 Introduction to genetics
This document discusses genetics concepts including meiosis, karyotyping, non-disjunction, and mutations. Meiosis produces gametes with half the normal number of chromosomes and involves two cell divisions. Karyotyping involves arranging chromosomes by size and structure to identify genetic disorders. Non-disjunction in meiosis can result in an abnormal number of chromosomes causing conditions like Down syndrome. Mutations include changes to genes, like point mutations, or chromosomes, such as deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations.
Introduction to HUMAN CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS: Conventional Karyotyping Method (G...
Introduction to HUMAN CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS: Conventional Karyotyping Method (G...SABARI KRISHNAN B. B.
This text is a report made on behalf of the training session organised by Dr M. Jeevan Kumar, PhD., Research Assistant Professor, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur. The report covers the laboratory practices involved in karyotyping (GTG Banding) human chromosome from whole blood, the explanation to each step of karyotyping, the details about the functions of each reagent, reagent preparation protocols, etc. Karyotyping was done using GenASIs BandView software. The text involves invaluable information about the landmarks of each chromosome in a much simplified and organised way and several symbols approved by the ISCN used in karyotyping routine. Wishing all the very best to the readers and young scientists, for whom this text will find worthful.Sheet1PMGT 576 Assignment Rubric – Unit 8 Assignment20Is the Lean .docx
Sheet1PMGT 576 Assignment Rubric – Unit 8 Assignment20Is the Lean Canvas complete? Do each of the canvas sections demonstrate a clear understanding of the question or item posed? 20Do each of the canvas sections provide a clear, concise, and reasonable approach or description in addressing each one?20Does the canvas demonstrate creativity and innovation in addressing each of the sections?25The text is grammatically correct and there are no spelling or punctuation errors. 15Total100
CBIO Lab: Mitosis and Meiosis p. 1/10
Name:_________________________
Instructor: ___________ Section: ___
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
One of the tenets of cell theory is that all cells come from pre-existing cells. All individual
organisms begins with one cell, and yet in multicellular organisms the number of cells in the
adult may be in the trillions. This requires cells to repeatedly divide during the life of an
organism.
The average adult human body is made up of about 37 trillion cells. Of these, approximately 50
billion are fat cells and 2 billion are heart muscle cells. By the time you finish reading this
sentence, 50 million of your cells will have died and been replaced by others. Human cells are
estimated to divide nearly 2 trillion times every day. Amazingly, humans contain at least 10
times as many bacteria cells as human cells. The 100 trillion bacterial cells are much smaller
than human cells and have a faster generation time.
Mitosis and meiosis are two processes that produce new cells through cell division, which occurs
as a part of the cell cycle. The new “daughter” cells produced by these processes are quite
different because they have different purposes. These differences occur because the processes
have several key differences as outlined in the video lecture. You will be doing several lab
activities examining mitosis and meiosis and what can happen if problems occur during these
cell division processes.
Why are we doing this lab?
1. To gain a better understanding of the mitotic and meiotic processes of cell division that
occur in humans and all other animals.
2. To examine how issues in mitosis and meiosis can lead to diseases and disorders in
humans.
CBIO Lab: Mitosis and Meiosis p. 2/10
Background: Phases of mitosis
For each phase, draw and label:
a. Chromatin or chromosomes
b. Centrosomes
c. Microtubules/spindle
d. Cell membrane
CBIO Lab: Mitosis and Meiosis p. 3/10
Activity 1: Mitosis under the microscope
1. Use Google images of mitosis (Google “mitosis of onion root tip”) to identify cells in
interphase and all phases of mitosis.
Cells in…Interphase will have chromatin, not distinct chromosomes
Prophase will have distinctly visible chromosomes
Metaphase will have chromosomes lined up along the equator of the cell
Anaphase will have chromosomes separating at the centromeres
Telophase will have chromosomes decondensing into chromatin and a .
Recommended
Working with Chromosomes
This presentation was created by Ioanna Leontiou and it is intended as a creative and flexible tool for students on Biological sciences who focus on the chromosome segregation. It is created to facilitate students performing research projects in our lab (especially during Covid restrictions), but it is suitable for every student who wants to learn more about chromosomes and the molecular mechanism controlling chromosome segregation. The presentation includes a generic overview of the cell division, illustrates the chromosome structure and provides molecular details of the spindle assembly checkpoint, an important pathway that ensures high fedility of chromosome segregation through mitosis. It also includes an introduction to some of the molecular biology techniques used in a yeast lab and incoporates some fluorescent microscopy images/videos. At the end of the presentantion there is a list of open access scientific publications for further reading on the the molecular mechanism of spindle checkpoint and some links of some very interesting sites, which include a range of videos on laboratory molecular biology techniques, research talks and guided papers. The purpose of this presentantion is to create a piece of work that students could return to when needed. Diagramms and illustrations are also encouranged to be used by scientists, science communicators and educators.
This presentation is licensed under a Creative Common Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0), unless otherwise stated on the specific slide.
Segmentation and removal of interphase cells from chromosome
This presentation were presented at the workshop on Intelligent Systems and Application which held at Zewail University of Science and Technology on Saturday 7th March 2015
3.2 chromosomes
Chromosomes are linear DNA molecules found in eukaryotes that are associated with histone proteins and carry genetic information. Prokaryotes like bacteria have a single circular chromosome while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes in the nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are usually diploid, containing two copies of each chromosome, while gametes like eggs and sperm are haploid with one copy. The number and structure of chromosomes is consistent within a species but can vary between species. Sex is determined by sex chromosomes, with females typically having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome.
Karyotyping activitybiology2014
Karyotypes are used to analyze chromosomes and diagnose genetic disorders. A karyotype is created by staining, photographing, and arranging chromosomes from largest to smallest based on length, centromere placement, and banding patterns. It can determine gender by identifying sex chromosomes - two X chromosomes indicates a female and one X and one Y chromosome indicates a male. Abnormal karyotypes may indicate chromosomal disorders caused by having an unusual number of chromosomes or structural abnormalities, and can help diagnose conditions. Genetic counselors use karyotype analysis to learn about a person's genetic makeup and identify any potential health risks.
Karyotyping activitybiology2014
Karyotypes are used to analyze chromosomes and diagnose genetic disorders. A karyotype is created by staining, photographing, and arranging chromosomes from largest to smallest based on length, centromere placement, and banding patterns. It can determine gender by identifying sex chromosomes - two X chromosomes indicates a female and one X and one Y chromosome indicates a male. Abnormal karyotypes may indicate chromosomal disorders caused by having an atypical number of chromosomes or structural abnormalities, and can help diagnose conditions. Genetic counselors use karyotype analysis to study chromosomes and advise patients on inherited risks and medical management of genetic conditions.
4.4 Introduction to genetics
This document discusses genetics concepts including meiosis, karyotyping, non-disjunction, and mutations. Meiosis produces gametes with half the normal number of chromosomes and involves two cell divisions. Karyotyping involves arranging chromosomes by size and structure to identify genetic disorders. Non-disjunction in meiosis can result in an abnormal number of chromosomes causing conditions like Down syndrome. Mutations include changes to genes, like point mutations, or chromosomes, such as deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations.
Introduction to HUMAN CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS: Conventional Karyotyping Method (G...
Introduction to HUMAN CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS: Conventional Karyotyping Method (G...SABARI KRISHNAN B. B.
This text is a report made on behalf of the training session organised by Dr M. Jeevan Kumar, PhD., Research Assistant Professor, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur. The report covers the laboratory practices involved in karyotyping (GTG Banding) human chromosome from whole blood, the explanation to each step of karyotyping, the details about the functions of each reagent, reagent preparation protocols, etc. Karyotyping was done using GenASIs BandView software. The text involves invaluable information about the landmarks of each chromosome in a much simplified and organised way and several symbols approved by the ISCN used in karyotyping routine. Wishing all the very best to the readers and young scientists, for whom this text will find worthful.Sheet1PMGT 576 Assignment Rubric – Unit 8 Assignment20Is the Lean .docx
Sheet1PMGT 576 Assignment Rubric – Unit 8 Assignment20Is the Lean Canvas complete? Do each of the canvas sections demonstrate a clear understanding of the question or item posed? 20Do each of the canvas sections provide a clear, concise, and reasonable approach or description in addressing each one?20Does the canvas demonstrate creativity and innovation in addressing each of the sections?25The text is grammatically correct and there are no spelling or punctuation errors. 15Total100
CBIO Lab: Mitosis and Meiosis p. 1/10
Name:_________________________
Instructor: ___________ Section: ___
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
One of the tenets of cell theory is that all cells come from pre-existing cells. All individual
organisms begins with one cell, and yet in multicellular organisms the number of cells in the
adult may be in the trillions. This requires cells to repeatedly divide during the life of an
organism.
The average adult human body is made up of about 37 trillion cells. Of these, approximately 50
billion are fat cells and 2 billion are heart muscle cells. By the time you finish reading this
sentence, 50 million of your cells will have died and been replaced by others. Human cells are
estimated to divide nearly 2 trillion times every day. Amazingly, humans contain at least 10
times as many bacteria cells as human cells. The 100 trillion bacterial cells are much smaller
than human cells and have a faster generation time.
Mitosis and meiosis are two processes that produce new cells through cell division, which occurs
as a part of the cell cycle. The new “daughter” cells produced by these processes are quite
different because they have different purposes. These differences occur because the processes
have several key differences as outlined in the video lecture. You will be doing several lab
activities examining mitosis and meiosis and what can happen if problems occur during these
cell division processes.
Why are we doing this lab?
1. To gain a better understanding of the mitotic and meiotic processes of cell division that
occur in humans and all other animals.
2. To examine how issues in mitosis and meiosis can lead to diseases and disorders in
humans.
CBIO Lab: Mitosis and Meiosis p. 2/10
Background: Phases of mitosis
For each phase, draw and label:
a. Chromatin or chromosomes
b. Centrosomes
c. Microtubules/spindle
d. Cell membrane
CBIO Lab: Mitosis and Meiosis p. 3/10
Activity 1: Mitosis under the microscope
1. Use Google images of mitosis (Google “mitosis of onion root tip”) to identify cells in
interphase and all phases of mitosis.
Cells in…Interphase will have chromatin, not distinct chromosomes
Prophase will have distinctly visible chromosomes
Metaphase will have chromosomes lined up along the equator of the cell
Anaphase will have chromosomes separating at the centromeres
Telophase will have chromosomes decondensing into chromatin and a .
Mitosis Exploring Cell Division in Plants andAnimalsHands-o.docx
Mitosis: Exploring Cell Division in Plants and
Animals
Hands-on labs, inc. Version 42-0095-00-01
LAB REPORT
PHOTOS – Include the digital photos with your lab report, either as separate
attachments to an e-mail or paste into your document.
1. Photo #1 – Take a photo of the setup, including labels, for the END OF S PHASE
submit only drawings of the others
2. Photo #2 – Take a photo of the setup, including labels, for the END OF ANAPHASE
3. Photo #3 - Take a photo of the setup, including labels, for the END OF TELOPHASE
Exercise 1: Modeling Mitosis
Observations:
G1 Phase
End of S Phase
Experiment
Mitosis: Exploring CEll Division in plants anD aniMals
239
©Hands-On Labs, Inc.
www.LabPaq.com
End of G2 Phase
End of Prophase
End of Metaphase
End of Anaphase
End of Telophase
Questions:
A. What types of cells use mitosis for division? List at least three types and provide a two- to
three-sentence description of when and why these cells undergo mitosis.
B. Explain why interphase must precede any type of cell division.
Exercise 2: observing Mitosis
OMIT
Exercise 3: Time for Cell Replication
Observations:
Use the following website to do the procedure instead of the slides.
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/activities/cell_cycle/cell_cycle.html
Fill in FIELD #1, Percent of total cells counted, and time in each stage.
Data Table 1: Observation data for cellular mitotic cycle. Sample class data/ actual data will vary. This data was taken from a large field of view.
Number of Cells
Percent of Total Cells Counted
Time in Each
Stage (min)
Field 1
Field 2
Field 3
Total
interphase
----------
----------
Prophase
----------
----------
Metaphase
----------
----------
Anaphase
----------
----------
Telophase
----------
----------
Total Cells Counted
Question:
A. Based on the data in Data Table 1, what can be inferred about the relative length of time an onion root-tip cell spends in each stage of cell division?
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Flow cytometry MLT 1012 Presentation
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Topic Five: Genetics
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It can be purchased from here: https://sellfy.com/p/5C1G/
Lab 5 mitosis and meiosis
1. The lab experiment involved using pop beads to simulate the phases of mitosis and meiosis in plant cell division. Students observed onion root tip cells under a microscope to identify the phases of mitosis.
2. Data was collected on the number of cells observed in each phase of mitosis and the percentage of time a cell spends in each phase was calculated. A line graph of the results was made.
3. Key differences between mitosis and meiosis were identified through the pop bead simulations and microscope observations, such as the number of resulting cells and chromosomes after each type of cell division.
A. cells and microscopy check your learning
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Week 2 DiscussionThe Cell,Lokiarcharum, and the Chemicals
Week 2 Discussion
"The Cell,
Lokiarcharum, and the Chemicals of Life"
This week is all about the some of the smallest parts of life: atoms, molecules, and cells. For your primary post, please respond to
one
of the following two topics and address all questions. Also, reply to at least one fellow student on any topic.
Topic 1 [video]: Introduction to the Cell.
Watch the Khan Academy video “Introduction to the cell” (1)* and then address the following issues.
(a) In the video, the narrator says that we might think that since cells are so small, that they must be simple, but “nothing could be further from the truth.” What did he mean by that?
(b) Describe features that are only found in eukaryotic (but not prokaryotic) cells.
(c) Did anything in this video surprise you, or was it mainly a recap of material you already knew?
Topic 2 [article]:
Lokiarchaeum.
Read about Lokiarcheum in the article by Yong (2)* and/or the article by Zimmer (3)*. Both articles describe recently discovered evidence about a previously unknown organism. Then, address the following questions:
(a) Lokiarchaeum may be a “transitional form” between archaea and eukarya. What evidence suggests this?
(b) Describe one way that this relates to this week's lesson.
Topic 3 [video]: Chemicals of Life Video
. (added on 1/8/2018) Watch Dr. Cox's video on the "Chemicals of Life" (4)* in the "Instructor Insights" area of Week 2. Then, describe three things you learned from this video.
Note: To get credit for this topic, your post
must be based on the video
. Answers based on other materials will receive a grade of zero.
References (in Strayer Writing Standards format).
Khan Academy, November 29, 2017. Introduction to the cell,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KfHxF6Vhps
Ed Yong, May 6, 2015. New Loki microbe is closest relative to all complex life,
http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2015/05/06/new-loki-microbe-is-closest-relative-to-all-complex-life/
Carl Zimmer, May 6, 2015, Under the sea, a missing link in the evolution of complex cells,
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/07/science/under-the-sea-a-missing-link-in-the-evolution-of-complex-cells.html?_r=0
James Cox, July 12, 2016, The Chemicals of Life (revised). Kaltura video found in Week 2 - Instructor Insights section.
Week 5 Discussion
"Apoptosis, Crossover, and Tumor-suppressor genes"
This week’s discussion is focused mechanisms that cells use to keep cell division under control, to prevent cancer, and to function well. For your primary post, respond to
one
of the following three topics. Also, please reply to at least one fellow student on any topic.
Topic 1 [video]: Apoptosis
. Watch the Khan Academy video about apoptosis (1)*, then answer the following questions in your own words:
(a) What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
(b) What is the role of apoptosis in the normal, healthy development of animals?
Topic 2 [article]: Crossover
.
Read the article from the University ...
Experiment 2 The Importance of Cell Cycle Control Some environm.docx
Experiment 2: The Importance of Cell Cycle Control
Some environmental factors can cause genetic mutations which result in a lack of proper cell cycle control (mitosis). When this happens, the possibility for uncontrolled cell growth occurs. In some instances, uncontrolled growth can lead to tumors, which are often associated with cancer, or other biological diseases.
In this experiment, you will review some of the karyotypic differences which can be observed when comparing normal, controlled cell growth and abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth. A karyotype is an image of the complete set of diploid chromosomes in a single cell.
Materials
*Computer Access
*Internet Access
*You Must Provide
Procedure
1. Begin by constructing a hypothesis to explain what differences you might observe when comparing the karyotypes of human cells which experience normal cell cycle control versus cancerous cells (which experience abnormal, or a lack of, cell cycle control). Record your hypothesis in Post-Lab Question 1.
Note: Be sure to include what you expect to observe, and why you think you will observe these features. Think about what you know about cancerous cell growth to help construct this information
2. Go online to find some images of abnormal karyotypes, and normal karyotypes. The best results will come from search terms such as “abnormal karyotype”, “HeLa cells”, “normal karyotype”, “abnormal chromosomes”, etc. Be sure to use dependable resources which have been peer-reviewed
3. Identify at least five abnormalities in the abnormal images. Then, list and draw each image in the Data section at the end of this experiment. Do these abnormalities agree with your original hypothesis?
Hint: It may be helpful to count the number of chromosomes, count the number of pairs, compare the sizes of homologous chromosomes, look for any missing or additional genetic markers/flags, etc.
4. Take a picture of your results. Include a note with your name and date on an index card in the picture. Insert picture here.
Data
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Experiment 1: Following Chromosomal DNA Movement through Meiosis
In this experiment, you will model the movement of the chromosomes through meiosis I and II to create gametes.
Materials
2 Sets of Different Colored Pop-it® Beads (32 of each - these may be any color)
8 5-Holed Pop-it® Beads (used as centromeres)
Procedure:
Part 1: Modeling Meiosis without Crossing Over
As prophase I begins, the replicated chromosomes coil and condense…
1. Build a pair of replicated, homologous chromosomes (Figure 3). 10 beads should be used to create each individual sister chromatid (20 beads per chromosome pair). Two five-holed beads represent each centromere. To do this...
Figure 3:Bead set-up. The blue beads represent one pair of sister chromatids and the black beads represent a second pair of sister chromatids. The black and blue pair are homologous.
a. Start with 20 beads of the same color to create your first sister chrom ...
INCLUDEPICTURE ..imageslab005banner02.jpg MERGEFORMAT.docx
INCLUDEPICTURE "../images/lab005banner02.jpg" \* MERGEFORMAT
Experiment 2: The Importance of Cell Cycle Control
Some environmental factors can cause genetic mutations which result in a lack of proper cell cycle control (mitosis). When this happens, the possibility for uncontrolled cell growth occurs. In some instances, uncontrolled growth can lead to tumors, which are often associated with cancer, or other biological diseases.
In this experiment, you will review some of the karyotypic differences which can be observed when comparing normal, controlled cell growth and abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth. A karyotype is an image of the complete set of diploid chromosomes in a single cell.
Procedure
Materials
*Computer Access
*Internet Access
*You Must Provide
1. Begin by constructing a hypothesis to explain what differences you might observe when comparing the karyotypes of human cells which experience normal cell cycle control versus cancerous cells (which experience abnormal, or a lack of, cell cycle control). Record your hypothesis in Post-Lab Question 1.
Note: Be sure to include what you expect to observe, and why you think you will observe these features. Think about what you know about cancerous cell growth to help construct this information
2. Go online to find some images of abnormal karyotypes, and normal karyotypes. The best results will come from search terms such as “abnormal karyotype”, “HeLa cells”, “normal karyotype”, “abnormal chromosomes”, etc. Be sure to use dependable resources which have been peer-reviewed
3. Identify at least five abnormalities in the abnormal images. Then, list and draw each image in the Data section at the end of this experiment. Do these abnormalities agree with your original hypothesis?
Hint: It may be helpful to count the number of chromosomes, count the number of pairs, compare the sizes of homologous chromosomes, look for any missing or additional genetic markers/flags, etc.
Data
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Post-Lab Questions
1. Record your hypothesis from Step 1 in the Procedure section here.
2. What do your results indicate about cell cycle control?
3. Suppose a person developed a mutation in a somatic cell which diminishes the performance of the body’s natural cell cycle control proteins. This mutation resulted in cancer, but was effectively treated with a cocktail of cancer-fighting techniques. Is it possible for this person’s future children to inherit this cancer-causing mutation? Be specific when you explain why or why not.
4. Why do cells which lack cell cycle control exhibit karyotypes which look physically different than cells with normal cell cycle.
5. What are HeLa cells? Why are HeLa cells appropriate for this experiment?
© 2013 eScience Labs, LLC.
All Rights Reserved
INCLUDEPICTURE "https://umuc.equella.ecollege.com/file/1ba10610-9a5e-47de-996e-659b6af22d4a/2/Labs/Lab05_7-11-14/Lab05_7-10-14/CourseRoot/images/lab005banner02.jpg" \* MERGE.
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The document discusses DNA and genetics. It explains that DNA stores and transmits genetic information that tells cells which proteins to make. It also describes the DNA double helix structure discovered by Watson and Crick. Additionally, it provides some context about the size of DNA and cells.
Human genome project
The document discusses the human genome project, which aimed to sequence the entire human genome and identify all human genes. It provides background on the human genome, describing its size, number of genes, and chromosomes. It details the goals and milestones of the human genome project from 1986 to 2003. Vectors like yeast artificial chromosomes and bacterial artificial chromosomes were used to clone large fragments of DNA for sequencing.
Histological Techniques: Perform Fixation and Tissue Processing
This document discusses fixation and tissue processing techniques in histology. It begins by describing the aims of fixation as preventing autolysis, putrefaction, and tissue distortion. An ideal fixative is said to preserve tissue structure and chemistry without shrinkage or swelling. Fixatives are classified based on their chemical properties, effects on cells and tissues, and whether they use single or multiple chemicals. Factors that affect fixation include temperature, tissue size, fixative concentration, duration of fixation, agitation, pH, and osmolality.
The document then discusses the aims of tissue processing as removing water from tissues and making them suitable for embedding in paraffin. The key steps are dehydration, clearing, and infiltration with par
Tf77799400
Somatic cells are the main building blocks of living creatures and can be observed under a microscope. A human body contains approximately 220 different types of somatic cells that perform various functions. Somatic plant cells contain additional structures like chloroplasts which enable photosynthesis and produce oxygen vital for human survival. The lesson introduces students to the main parts of somatic cells like the nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria and describes their functions. It compares somatic cells to plant cells, highlighting additional structures in plant cells. Finally, the lesson explains the process of cell division through mitosis and has students identify the phases of mitosis using 3D models.
2010 semester exam review
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These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
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Mitosis Exploring Cell Division in Plants andAnimalsHands-o.docx
Mitosis: Exploring Cell Division in Plants and
Animals
Hands-on labs, inc. Version 42-0095-00-01
LAB REPORT
PHOTOS – Include the digital photos with your lab report, either as separate
attachments to an e-mail or paste into your document.
1. Photo #1 – Take a photo of the setup, including labels, for the END OF S PHASE
submit only drawings of the others
2. Photo #2 – Take a photo of the setup, including labels, for the END OF ANAPHASE
3. Photo #3 - Take a photo of the setup, including labels, for the END OF TELOPHASE
Exercise 1: Modeling Mitosis
Observations:
G1 Phase
End of S Phase
Experiment
Mitosis: Exploring CEll Division in plants anD aniMals
239
©Hands-On Labs, Inc.
www.LabPaq.com
End of G2 Phase
End of Prophase
End of Metaphase
End of Anaphase
End of Telophase
Questions:
A. What types of cells use mitosis for division? List at least three types and provide a two- to
three-sentence description of when and why these cells undergo mitosis.
B. Explain why interphase must precede any type of cell division.
Exercise 2: observing Mitosis
OMIT
Exercise 3: Time for Cell Replication
Observations:
Use the following website to do the procedure instead of the slides.
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/activities/cell_cycle/cell_cycle.html
Fill in FIELD #1, Percent of total cells counted, and time in each stage.
Data Table 1: Observation data for cellular mitotic cycle. Sample class data/ actual data will vary. This data was taken from a large field of view.
Number of Cells
Percent of Total Cells Counted
Time in Each
Stage (min)
Field 1
Field 2
Field 3
Total
interphase
----------
----------
Prophase
----------
----------
Metaphase
----------
----------
Anaphase
----------
----------
Telophase
----------
----------
Total Cells Counted
Question:
A. Based on the data in Data Table 1, what can be inferred about the relative length of time an onion root-tip cell spends in each stage of cell division?
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LAB REPORT
PHOTOS
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Include
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attachments to an e
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mail or paste into your document.
1.
Photo #1
–
Take a photo of the setup, including labels
,
for the END OF S PHASE
submit only drawings of the others
2.
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Flow cytometry MLT 1012 Presentation
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Created by Dominique Stevens and Emily Franklin
Created for MLT 1012 (Summer Session)
Topic Five: Genetics
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It can be purchased from here: https://sellfy.com/p/5C1G/
Lab 5 mitosis and meiosis
1. The lab experiment involved using pop beads to simulate the phases of mitosis and meiosis in plant cell division. Students observed onion root tip cells under a microscope to identify the phases of mitosis.
2. Data was collected on the number of cells observed in each phase of mitosis and the percentage of time a cell spends in each phase was calculated. A line graph of the results was made.
3. Key differences between mitosis and meiosis were identified through the pop bead simulations and microscope observations, such as the number of resulting cells and chromosomes after each type of cell division.
A. cells and microscopy check your learning
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Week 2 DiscussionThe Cell,Lokiarcharum, and the Chemicals
Week 2 Discussion
"The Cell,
Lokiarcharum, and the Chemicals of Life"
This week is all about the some of the smallest parts of life: atoms, molecules, and cells. For your primary post, please respond to
one
of the following two topics and address all questions. Also, reply to at least one fellow student on any topic.
Topic 1 [video]: Introduction to the Cell.
Watch the Khan Academy video “Introduction to the cell” (1)* and then address the following issues.
(a) In the video, the narrator says that we might think that since cells are so small, that they must be simple, but “nothing could be further from the truth.” What did he mean by that?
(b) Describe features that are only found in eukaryotic (but not prokaryotic) cells.
(c) Did anything in this video surprise you, or was it mainly a recap of material you already knew?
Topic 2 [article]:
Lokiarchaeum.
Read about Lokiarcheum in the article by Yong (2)* and/or the article by Zimmer (3)*. Both articles describe recently discovered evidence about a previously unknown organism. Then, address the following questions:
(a) Lokiarchaeum may be a “transitional form” between archaea and eukarya. What evidence suggests this?
(b) Describe one way that this relates to this week's lesson.
Topic 3 [video]: Chemicals of Life Video
. (added on 1/8/2018) Watch Dr. Cox's video on the "Chemicals of Life" (4)* in the "Instructor Insights" area of Week 2. Then, describe three things you learned from this video.
Note: To get credit for this topic, your post
must be based on the video
. Answers based on other materials will receive a grade of zero.
References (in Strayer Writing Standards format).
Khan Academy, November 29, 2017. Introduction to the cell,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KfHxF6Vhps
Ed Yong, May 6, 2015. New Loki microbe is closest relative to all complex life,
http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2015/05/06/new-loki-microbe-is-closest-relative-to-all-complex-life/
Carl Zimmer, May 6, 2015, Under the sea, a missing link in the evolution of complex cells,
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/07/science/under-the-sea-a-missing-link-in-the-evolution-of-complex-cells.html?_r=0
James Cox, July 12, 2016, The Chemicals of Life (revised). Kaltura video found in Week 2 - Instructor Insights section.
Week 5 Discussion
"Apoptosis, Crossover, and Tumor-suppressor genes"
This week’s discussion is focused mechanisms that cells use to keep cell division under control, to prevent cancer, and to function well. For your primary post, respond to
one
of the following three topics. Also, please reply to at least one fellow student on any topic.
Topic 1 [video]: Apoptosis
. Watch the Khan Academy video about apoptosis (1)*, then answer the following questions in your own words:
(a) What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
(b) What is the role of apoptosis in the normal, healthy development of animals?
Topic 2 [article]: Crossover
.
Read the article from the University ...
Experiment 2 The Importance of Cell Cycle Control Some environm.docx
Experiment 2: The Importance of Cell Cycle Control
Some environmental factors can cause genetic mutations which result in a lack of proper cell cycle control (mitosis). When this happens, the possibility for uncontrolled cell growth occurs. In some instances, uncontrolled growth can lead to tumors, which are often associated with cancer, or other biological diseases.
In this experiment, you will review some of the karyotypic differences which can be observed when comparing normal, controlled cell growth and abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth. A karyotype is an image of the complete set of diploid chromosomes in a single cell.
Materials
*Computer Access
*Internet Access
*You Must Provide
Procedure
1. Begin by constructing a hypothesis to explain what differences you might observe when comparing the karyotypes of human cells which experience normal cell cycle control versus cancerous cells (which experience abnormal, or a lack of, cell cycle control). Record your hypothesis in Post-Lab Question 1.
Note: Be sure to include what you expect to observe, and why you think you will observe these features. Think about what you know about cancerous cell growth to help construct this information
2. Go online to find some images of abnormal karyotypes, and normal karyotypes. The best results will come from search terms such as “abnormal karyotype”, “HeLa cells”, “normal karyotype”, “abnormal chromosomes”, etc. Be sure to use dependable resources which have been peer-reviewed
3. Identify at least five abnormalities in the abnormal images. Then, list and draw each image in the Data section at the end of this experiment. Do these abnormalities agree with your original hypothesis?
Hint: It may be helpful to count the number of chromosomes, count the number of pairs, compare the sizes of homologous chromosomes, look for any missing or additional genetic markers/flags, etc.
4. Take a picture of your results. Include a note with your name and date on an index card in the picture. Insert picture here.
Data
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Experiment 1: Following Chromosomal DNA Movement through Meiosis
In this experiment, you will model the movement of the chromosomes through meiosis I and II to create gametes.
Materials
2 Sets of Different Colored Pop-it® Beads (32 of each - these may be any color)
8 5-Holed Pop-it® Beads (used as centromeres)
Procedure:
Part 1: Modeling Meiosis without Crossing Over
As prophase I begins, the replicated chromosomes coil and condense…
1. Build a pair of replicated, homologous chromosomes (Figure 3). 10 beads should be used to create each individual sister chromatid (20 beads per chromosome pair). Two five-holed beads represent each centromere. To do this...
Figure 3:Bead set-up. The blue beads represent one pair of sister chromatids and the black beads represent a second pair of sister chromatids. The black and blue pair are homologous.
a. Start with 20 beads of the same color to create your first sister chrom ...
INCLUDEPICTURE ..imageslab005banner02.jpg MERGEFORMAT.docx
INCLUDEPICTURE "../images/lab005banner02.jpg" \* MERGEFORMAT
Experiment 2: The Importance of Cell Cycle Control
Some environmental factors can cause genetic mutations which result in a lack of proper cell cycle control (mitosis). When this happens, the possibility for uncontrolled cell growth occurs. In some instances, uncontrolled growth can lead to tumors, which are often associated with cancer, or other biological diseases.
In this experiment, you will review some of the karyotypic differences which can be observed when comparing normal, controlled cell growth and abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth. A karyotype is an image of the complete set of diploid chromosomes in a single cell.
Procedure
Materials
*Computer Access
*Internet Access
*You Must Provide
1. Begin by constructing a hypothesis to explain what differences you might observe when comparing the karyotypes of human cells which experience normal cell cycle control versus cancerous cells (which experience abnormal, or a lack of, cell cycle control). Record your hypothesis in Post-Lab Question 1.
Note: Be sure to include what you expect to observe, and why you think you will observe these features. Think about what you know about cancerous cell growth to help construct this information
2. Go online to find some images of abnormal karyotypes, and normal karyotypes. The best results will come from search terms such as “abnormal karyotype”, “HeLa cells”, “normal karyotype”, “abnormal chromosomes”, etc. Be sure to use dependable resources which have been peer-reviewed
3. Identify at least five abnormalities in the abnormal images. Then, list and draw each image in the Data section at the end of this experiment. Do these abnormalities agree with your original hypothesis?
Hint: It may be helpful to count the number of chromosomes, count the number of pairs, compare the sizes of homologous chromosomes, look for any missing or additional genetic markers/flags, etc.
Data
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Post-Lab Questions
1. Record your hypothesis from Step 1 in the Procedure section here.
2. What do your results indicate about cell cycle control?
3. Suppose a person developed a mutation in a somatic cell which diminishes the performance of the body’s natural cell cycle control proteins. This mutation resulted in cancer, but was effectively treated with a cocktail of cancer-fighting techniques. Is it possible for this person’s future children to inherit this cancer-causing mutation? Be specific when you explain why or why not.
4. Why do cells which lack cell cycle control exhibit karyotypes which look physically different than cells with normal cell cycle.
5. What are HeLa cells? Why are HeLa cells appropriate for this experiment?
© 2013 eScience Labs, LLC.
All Rights Reserved
INCLUDEPICTURE "https://umuc.equella.ecollege.com/file/1ba10610-9a5e-47de-996e-659b6af22d4a/2/Labs/Lab05_7-11-14/Lab05_7-10-14/CourseRoot/images/lab005banner02.jpg" \* MERGE.
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Somatic cells are the main building blocks of living creatures and can be observed under a microscope. A human body contains approximately 220 different types of somatic cells that perform various functions. Somatic plant cells contain additional structures like chloroplasts which enable photosynthesis and produce oxygen vital for human survival. The lesson introduces students to the main parts of somatic cells like the nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria and describes their functions. It compares somatic cells to plant cells, highlighting additional structures in plant cells. Finally, the lesson explains the process of cell division through mitosis and has students identify the phases of mitosis using 3D models.
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This document provides a review for a semester exam covering topics in biology. It begins by defining the three types of variables in an experiment - controlled, manipulated, and responding variables. Next, it lists the eight characteristics of living things and provides examples. It defines homeostasis and discusses the importance of following safety procedures. The document then reviews experimental design and provides examples of descriptive, comparative, and experimental labs. It continues reviewing topics including the classification system, microscopes, cells, and more.
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This document summarizes a test on biology for 9th grade students. The test aims to assess students' understanding of key biology concepts across several topic areas:
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INCLUDEPICTURE ..imageslab005banner02.jpg MERGEFORMAT.docx
INCLUDEPICTURE ..imageslab005banner02.jpg MERGEFORMAT.docx
Histological Techniques: Perform Fixation and Tissue Processing
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BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
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Chromosomes and Karyotype.pptx
- 2. A karyotype is an individual's collection of chromosomes. The term also refers to a laboratory technique that produces an image of an individual's chromosomes. The karyotype is used to look for abnormal numbers or structures of chromosomes.
- 5. Create your own chromosome! Instructions: 1. Choose any of the 23 pairs of human chromosome to make a model after. 2. Label each part correctly. 3. Locate which part, that which when affected with mutation, would result in a change in its genotype and phenotype. 4. Create a model of the chosen chromosome. You may choose your material freely as long as it can support your structure (plastic, wires, wood, etc.)
- 7. 5. Make sure to create a model sturdy enough to be manipulated as you will show that through a 5-minute video presentation containing the following information: a. What chromosome is it? b. What mutation occurred? c. What are the outcomes of this mutation? Disease? Physiological changes? Elaborate. d. End with how important it is that chromosome must undergo a cell division without mistakes.
- 8. 6. This is an individual activity. You are your own support and leader. 7. Deadline: February 24, 2022 at 11:59pm through google drive. princess.sarellana@umindanao.edu.ph