The pharmacy profession is relatively new in China. Recently, the demand for pharmacists has increased
as China's hospital system has been unable to support a large patient population due to the increasing
demand for health care. This paper discusses how to improve the Chinese pharmacist law. To make
reasonable laws on pharmacists, used to regulate and manage communication between pharmacists and
patients, the ethical relationships, financial support and degree requirement, and governance of
pharmacists. Improving pharmacist laws can help improve the quality of pharmacists' work, protect patient
privacy, and enhance pharmacists' work efficiency. I will use government reports and authoritative data
collected by myself as examples to analyze what needs to be improved in pharmacist law.
Personal Health Record Management SystemYogeshIJTSRD
Good health is one of the most valuable resources for a human being. Large scale technological advancements have significantly improved human health by a large margin. But there are still several diseases whose symptoms are highly painful and debilitating for a patient. The doctor is in charge of facilitating an effective diagnosis of the patients illness and providing relief to the patient through various medications. For this purpose, the doctor has at his disposal repository of information in the form of PHR or Public Health Records which can be utilized for querying the symptoms experienced by the patient. Sometimes the Medical Institute does not have the PHR with the exact parameters and symptoms described by the patient. Due to the deficiency in the PHR database, the doctor can employ the use of a data aggregator or vendor for fulfilling the requirement from other medical institutions. The problem in this approach is that there is a lack of trust between the medical Institutions and the data aggregators, as PHR can contain sensitive and personally identifiable information that cannot be shared easily. Therefore, this Publication details the implementation of an effective access control mechanism through the use of the distributed blockchain framework along with the introduction of K means clustering and entropy analysis catalyst by the artificial neural network to alleviate the trust issues. Extensive experimentation on the proposed methodology has confirmed its superiority in comparison to the conventional approaches. Chinmayee Y. Raut | Bushra R. Inamdar | Prof. R. G. Yelalwar "Personal Health Record Management System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39900.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/39900/personal-health-record-management-system/chinmayee-y-raut
Protocols and Evidence based Healthcare: information technology tools to support best practices in health care, information technology tools that inform and empower patients.
Cost-Savings Study: Analysis of Health Management OptionsYour Health at Hand
The cost of healthcare in America is staggering. Healthcare expenditures in the United States (U.S.) surpassed $2.3 trillion in 2008, more than three times the $714 billion spent in 1990. Greater use of safe and effective over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, those available without a prescription, could help Americans cut healthcare costs while meeting their everyday healthcare needs.
Personal Health Record Management SystemYogeshIJTSRD
Good health is one of the most valuable resources for a human being. Large scale technological advancements have significantly improved human health by a large margin. But there are still several diseases whose symptoms are highly painful and debilitating for a patient. The doctor is in charge of facilitating an effective diagnosis of the patients illness and providing relief to the patient through various medications. For this purpose, the doctor has at his disposal repository of information in the form of PHR or Public Health Records which can be utilized for querying the symptoms experienced by the patient. Sometimes the Medical Institute does not have the PHR with the exact parameters and symptoms described by the patient. Due to the deficiency in the PHR database, the doctor can employ the use of a data aggregator or vendor for fulfilling the requirement from other medical institutions. The problem in this approach is that there is a lack of trust between the medical Institutions and the data aggregators, as PHR can contain sensitive and personally identifiable information that cannot be shared easily. Therefore, this Publication details the implementation of an effective access control mechanism through the use of the distributed blockchain framework along with the introduction of K means clustering and entropy analysis catalyst by the artificial neural network to alleviate the trust issues. Extensive experimentation on the proposed methodology has confirmed its superiority in comparison to the conventional approaches. Chinmayee Y. Raut | Bushra R. Inamdar | Prof. R. G. Yelalwar "Personal Health Record Management System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39900.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/39900/personal-health-record-management-system/chinmayee-y-raut
Protocols and Evidence based Healthcare: information technology tools to support best practices in health care, information technology tools that inform and empower patients.
Cost-Savings Study: Analysis of Health Management OptionsYour Health at Hand
The cost of healthcare in America is staggering. Healthcare expenditures in the United States (U.S.) surpassed $2.3 trillion in 2008, more than three times the $714 billion spent in 1990. Greater use of safe and effective over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, those available without a prescription, could help Americans cut healthcare costs while meeting their everyday healthcare needs.
Information systems for health decision making - a citizen's perspectiveErdem Yazganoglu
We make health decisions everyday. We get our information from the Internet. As a society we are investing large amounts of funding for the health information systems. In this presentation, I tried to look from the perspective of a citizen and tried bringing a different perspective.
It is defined as knowledge of fact through reading, study or practical experience on chemical substance that is used in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases.
It covers all type of information including; objective and subjective information as well as information gathered by scientific observation or practical experience.
Consumer health: time for a regulatory re-think? is a report by RB in association with PAGB, written by the Economist Intelligence Unit. It looks at the changing healthcare environment and the role self-care plays and efforts at regulatory harmonisation, the barriers they have encountered, and prospects for the future.
HealthCursor Consulting Group India- Mobile Health is going to be a 3000 crore market in India by 2017. (Source PwC). M-health (use of mobile phones) and E-health are all set to make an entry into India's primary health centres (PHCs) and sub-centres as the health ministry plans to go hi-tech. Healthcare industry is expected to show a strong growth of 23% per annum to become a US$ 77 billion industry by 2012. One of the largest sector in terms of revenue and employment has grown at 9.3% per annum between 2000-2009 with a current size at par with fastest growing developing country like China, Brazil and Mexico.Driven by various catalysts such as increasing population, rising income levels, changing demographics and illness profile with a shift from chronic to life style diseases, healthcare industry is expected to move to levels of US$ 77 billion in next 3 years. (Source: ASSOCHAM).
Empowering rural India is of utmost importance and the government needs to do so by provisioning for broadband penetration and financial inclusion. Access to quality health care is another key to achieving rural empowerment. The budget for this segment was raised marginally last year and it would be good to have an allocation for rural health care programs with provisions for technology that would help modernize this sector to expand its reach through remote healthcare solutions and telemedicine.
Furthermore, the government announced a big budget campaign 'Swabhimaan' in the budget last year to promote banking and provide services to about 20,000 villages. In order to meet this goal, the budget this year too would need to make provisions accordingly. The steering committee on health said that in the 12th plan (2012-17), all district hospitals would be linked to leading tertiary care centres through telemedicine, Skype and similar audio visual media. M-health will be used to speed up transmission of data. Disease surveillance will be put on a GIS platform.
Disease surveillance based on reporting by providers and clinical laboratories (public and private) to detect and act on disease outbreaks and epidemics would be an integral component of the system.India will also put in place a Citizen Health Information System (CHIS) - a biometric based health information system which will constantly update health record of every citizen-family. The system will incorporate registration of births, deaths and cause of death. Maternal and infant death reviews, nutrition surveillance, particularly among under-six children andwomen, service delivery in the public health system, hospital information service besides improving access of public to their own health information and medical records would be the primary function of the CHIS.
Economies of Indian states can grow 1.08 per cent faster with every 10 per cent increase in Internet and broadband connections.
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
HEALTH DISPARITIES: DIFFERENCES IN VETERAN AND NON-VETERAN POPULATIONS USING ...hiij
Introduction: This study investigated self-reported health status, health screenings, vision problems, and
vaccination rates among veteran and non-veteran groups to uncover health disparities that are critical for
informed health system planning for veteran populations.
Methods: Using public-use data from the National Health Interview Survey (2015-2018), this study adopts
an ecologic cross-sectional approach to conduct an in-depth analysis and visualization of the data assisted
by Generative AI, specifically ChatGPT-4. This integration of advanced AI tools with traditional
epidemiological principles enables systematic data management, analysis, and visualization, offering a
nuanced understanding of health dynamics across demographic segments and highlighting disparities
essential for veteran health system planning.
Findings: Disparities in self-reports of health outcomes, health screenings, vision problems, and
vaccination rates were identified, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions and policy adjustments.
Conclusion: Insights from this study could inform health system planning, using epidemiological data
assessment to suggest enhancements for veteran healthcare delivery. These findings highlight the value of
integrating Generative AI with epidemiological analysis in shaping public health policy and health
planning.
More Related Content
Similar to CHINESE PHARMACISTS LAW MODIFICATION, HOW TO PROTECT PATIENTS‘INTERESTS?
Information systems for health decision making - a citizen's perspectiveErdem Yazganoglu
We make health decisions everyday. We get our information from the Internet. As a society we are investing large amounts of funding for the health information systems. In this presentation, I tried to look from the perspective of a citizen and tried bringing a different perspective.
It is defined as knowledge of fact through reading, study or practical experience on chemical substance that is used in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases.
It covers all type of information including; objective and subjective information as well as information gathered by scientific observation or practical experience.
Consumer health: time for a regulatory re-think? is a report by RB in association with PAGB, written by the Economist Intelligence Unit. It looks at the changing healthcare environment and the role self-care plays and efforts at regulatory harmonisation, the barriers they have encountered, and prospects for the future.
HealthCursor Consulting Group India- Mobile Health is going to be a 3000 crore market in India by 2017. (Source PwC). M-health (use of mobile phones) and E-health are all set to make an entry into India's primary health centres (PHCs) and sub-centres as the health ministry plans to go hi-tech. Healthcare industry is expected to show a strong growth of 23% per annum to become a US$ 77 billion industry by 2012. One of the largest sector in terms of revenue and employment has grown at 9.3% per annum between 2000-2009 with a current size at par with fastest growing developing country like China, Brazil and Mexico.Driven by various catalysts such as increasing population, rising income levels, changing demographics and illness profile with a shift from chronic to life style diseases, healthcare industry is expected to move to levels of US$ 77 billion in next 3 years. (Source: ASSOCHAM).
Empowering rural India is of utmost importance and the government needs to do so by provisioning for broadband penetration and financial inclusion. Access to quality health care is another key to achieving rural empowerment. The budget for this segment was raised marginally last year and it would be good to have an allocation for rural health care programs with provisions for technology that would help modernize this sector to expand its reach through remote healthcare solutions and telemedicine.
Furthermore, the government announced a big budget campaign 'Swabhimaan' in the budget last year to promote banking and provide services to about 20,000 villages. In order to meet this goal, the budget this year too would need to make provisions accordingly. The steering committee on health said that in the 12th plan (2012-17), all district hospitals would be linked to leading tertiary care centres through telemedicine, Skype and similar audio visual media. M-health will be used to speed up transmission of data. Disease surveillance will be put on a GIS platform.
Disease surveillance based on reporting by providers and clinical laboratories (public and private) to detect and act on disease outbreaks and epidemics would be an integral component of the system.India will also put in place a Citizen Health Information System (CHIS) - a biometric based health information system which will constantly update health record of every citizen-family. The system will incorporate registration of births, deaths and cause of death. Maternal and infant death reviews, nutrition surveillance, particularly among under-six children andwomen, service delivery in the public health system, hospital information service besides improving access of public to their own health information and medical records would be the primary function of the CHIS.
Economies of Indian states can grow 1.08 per cent faster with every 10 per cent increase in Internet and broadband connections.
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
HEALTH DISPARITIES: DIFFERENCES IN VETERAN AND NON-VETERAN POPULATIONS USING ...hiij
Introduction: This study investigated self-reported health status, health screenings, vision problems, and
vaccination rates among veteran and non-veteran groups to uncover health disparities that are critical for
informed health system planning for veteran populations.
Methods: Using public-use data from the National Health Interview Survey (2015-2018), this study adopts
an ecologic cross-sectional approach to conduct an in-depth analysis and visualization of the data assisted
by Generative AI, specifically ChatGPT-4. This integration of advanced AI tools with traditional
epidemiological principles enables systematic data management, analysis, and visualization, offering a
nuanced understanding of health dynamics across demographic segments and highlighting disparities
essential for veteran health system planning.
Findings: Disparities in self-reports of health outcomes, health screenings, vision problems, and
vaccination rates were identified, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions and policy adjustments.
Conclusion: Insights from this study could inform health system planning, using epidemiological data
assessment to suggest enhancements for veteran healthcare delivery. These findings highlight the value of
integrating Generative AI with epidemiological analysis in shaping public health policy and health
planning.
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
BRIEF COMMENTARY: USING A LOGIC MODEL TO INTEGRATE PUBLIC HEALTH INFORMATICS ...hiij
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a watershed moment in public health surveillance, highlighting the
crucial role of data-driven insights in informing health actions and policies. Revisiting key concepts—
public health, epidemiology in public health practice, public health surveillance, and public health
informatics—lays the foundation for understanding how these elements converge to create a robust public
health surveillance system framework. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, this integration was
exemplified by the WHO efforts in data dissemination and the subsequent global response. The role of
public health informatics emerged as instrumental in this context, enhancing data collection, management,
analysis, interpretation, and dissemination processes. A logic model for public health surveillance systems
encapsulates the integration of these concepts. It outlines the inputs and outcomes and emphasizes the
crucial actions and resources for effective system operation, including the imperative of training and
capacity development.
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
AUTOMATIC AND NON-INVASIVE CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING IN PAEDIATRIC PATIENTShiij
Glycated haemoglobin does not allow you to highlight the effects that food choices, physical activity and
medications have on your glycaemic control day by day. The best way to monitor and keep track of the
immediate effects that these have on your blood sugar levels is self-monitoring, therefore the use of a
glucometer. Thanks to this tool you have the possibility to promptly receive information that helps you to
intervene in the most appropriate way, bringing or keeping your blood sugar levels as close as possible to
the reference values indicated by your doctor. Currently, blood glucose meters are used to measure and
control blood glucose. Diabetes is a fairly complex disease and it is important for those who suffer from it
to check their blood sugar (blood sugar) periodically throughout the day to prevent dangerous
complications. Many children newly diagnosed with diabetes and their families may face unique challenges
when dealing with the everyday management of diabetes, including treatments, adapting to dietary
changes, and the routine monitoring of blood glucose. Many questions may also arise when selecting a
blood glucose meter for paediatric patients. With current blood glucose meters, even with multiple daily
self-tests, high and low blood glucose levels may not be detected. Key factors that may be considered when
selecting a meter include accuracy of the meter; size of the meter; small sample size required for testing;
ease of use and easy-to-follow testing procedure; ability for alternate testing sites; quick testing time and
availability of results; ease of portability to allow testing at school and during leisure time; easyto- read
numbers on display; memory options; cost of meter and supplies. In this study we will show a new
automatic portable, non-invasive device and painless for the daily continuous monitoring (24 hours a day)
of blood glucose in paediatric patients.
INTEGRATING MACHINE LEARNING IN CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMShiij
This review article examines the role of machine learning (ML) in enhancing Clinical Decision Support
Systems (CDSSs) within the modern healthcare landscape. Focusing on the integration of various ML
algorithms, such as regression, random forest, and neural networks, the review aims to showcase their
potential in advancing patient care. A rapid review methodology was utilized, involving a survey of recent
articles from PubMed and Google Scholar on ML applications in healthcare. Key findings include the
demonstration of ML's predictive power in patient outcomes, its ability to augment clinician knowledge,
and the effectiveness of ensemble algorithmic approaches. The review highlights specific applications of
diverse ML models, including moment kernel machines in predicting surgical outcomes, k-means clustering
in simplifying disease phenotypes, and extreme gradient boosting in estimating injury risk. Emphasizing
the potential of ML to tackle current healthcare challenges, the article highlights the critical role of ML in
evolving CDSSs for improved clinical decision-making and patient care. This comprehensive review also
addresses the challenges and limitations of integrating ML into healthcare systems, advocating for a
collaborative approach to refine these systems for safety, efficacy, and equity.
BRIEF COMMENTARY: USING A LOGIC MODEL TO INTEGRATE PUBLIC HEALTH INFORMATICS ...hiij
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a watershed moment in public health surveillance, highlighting the
crucial role of data-driven insights in informing health actions and policies. Revisiting key concepts—
public health, epidemiology in public health practice, public health surveillance, and public health
informatics—lays the foundation for understanding how these elements converge to create a robust public
health surveillance system framework. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, this integration was
exemplified by the WHO efforts in data dissemination and the subsequent global response. The role of
public health informatics emerged as instrumental in this context, enhancing data collection, management,
analysis, interpretation, and dissemination processes. A logic model for public health surveillance systems
encapsulates the integration of these concepts. It outlines the inputs and outcomes and emphasizes the
crucial actions and resources for effective system operation, including the imperative of training and
capacity development.
INTEGRATING MACHINE LEARNING IN CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMShiij
This review article examines the role of machine learning (ML) in enhancing Clinical Decision Support
Systems (CDSSs) within the modern healthcare landscape. Focusing on the integration of various ML
algorithms, such as regression, random forest, and neural networks, the review aims to showcase their
potential in advancing patient care. A rapid review methodology was utilized, involving a survey of recent
articles from PubMed and Google Scholar on ML applications in healthcare. Key findings include the
demonstration of ML's predictive power in patient outcomes, its ability to augment clinician knowledge,
and the effectiveness of ensemble algorithmic approaches. The review highlights specific applications of
diverse ML models, including moment kernel machines in predicting surgical outcomes, k-means clustering
in simplifying disease phenotypes, and extreme gradient boosting in estimating injury risk. Emphasizing
the potential of ML to tackle current healthcare challenges, the article highlights the critical role of ML in
evolving CDSSs for improved clinical decision-making and patient care. This comprehensive review also
addresses the challenges and limitations of integrating ML into healthcare systems, advocating for a
collaborative approach to refine these systems for safety, efficacy, and equity.
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
The Proposed Guidelines for Cloud Computing Migration for South African Rural...hiij
It is now overdue for the hospitals in South African rural areas to implement cloud computing technologies in order to access patient data quickly in an emergency. Sometimes medical practitioners take time to attend patients due to the unavailability of kept records, leading to either a loss of time or the reassembling of processes to recapture lost patient files. However, there are few studies that highlight challenges faced by rural hospitals but they do not recommend strategies on how they can migrate to cloud computing. The purpose of this paper was to review recent papers about the critical factors that influence South African hospitals in adopting cloud computing. The contribution of the study is to lay out the importance of cloud computing in the health sectors and to suggest guidelines that South African rural hospitals can follow in order to successfully relocate into cloud computing.The existing literature revealed that Hospitals may enhance their record-keeping procedures and conduct business more effectively with the help of the cloud computing. In conclusion, if hospitals in South African rural areas is to fully benefit from cloud-based records management systems, challenges relating to data storage, privacy, security, and the digital divide must be overcome.
SUPPORTING LARGE-SCALE NUTRITION ANALYSIS BASED ON DIETARY SURVEY DATAhiij
While online survey systems facilitate the collection on copious records on diet, exercise and other healthrelated data, scientists and other public health experts typically must download data from those systems
into external tools for conducting statistical analyses. A more convenient approach would enable
researchers to perform analyses online, without the need to coordinate additional analysis tools. This
paper presents a system illustrating such an approach, using as a testbed the WAVE project, which is a 5-
year childhood obesity prevention initiative being conducted at Oregon State University by health scientists
utilizing a web application called WavePipe. This web application has enabled health scientists to create
studies, enrol subjects, collect physical activity data, and collect nutritional data through online surveys.
This paper presents a new sub-system that enables health scientists to analyse and visualize nutritional
profiles based on large quantities of 24-hour dietary recall records for sub-groups of study subjects over
any desired period of time. In addition, the sub-system enables scientists to enter new food information
from food composition databases to build a comprehensive food profile. Interview feedback from novice
health science researchers using the new functionality indicated that it provided a usable interface and
generated high receptiveness to using the system in practice.
AN EHEALTH ADOPTION FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEWhiij
#Health #clinic #education #StaySafe #pharmacy #healthylifestyle
call for papers..!
-----------------------------
Health Informatics: An International Journal (HIIJ)
ISSN : 2319 - 2046 (Online); 2319 - 3190 (Print)
Here's where you can reach us : hiij@aircconline.com
visit us on : https://airccse.org/journal/hiij/index.html
**************
published articles..!
AN EHEALTH ADOPTION FRAMEWORK FOR
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
https://aircconline.com/hiij/V10N3/10321hiij01.pdf
GENDER DISPARITYOF TUBERCULOSISBURDENIN LOW-AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES: A SY...hiij
The tuberculosis burden is higher in the population from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and
differently affects gender. This review explored risk factors that determine gender disparity in tuberculosis
in LMICs. The research design was a systematic review. Three databases; Google Scholar, PubMed, and
HINARI provided 69 eligible papers.The synthesized data were coded, grouped and written in a descriptive
narrative style. HIV-TB co-infected women had a higher risk of mortality than TB-HIV-infected men. The
risk of Vitamin-D deficiency-induced tuberculosis was higher in women than in men. Lymph node TB,
breast TB, and cutaneous and abdominal TB occurred commonly in women whereas pleuritis, miliary TB,
meningeal TB, pleural TB and bone and joint TB were common in men. Employed men had higher contact
with tuberculosis patients and an increased chance of getting the disease. Migrant women were more likely
to develop tuberculosis than migrant men. The TB programmers and policymakers should balance the
different gaps of gender in TB-related activities and consider more appropriate approaches to be genderbased and have equal access to every TB-associated healthcare.
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS DATA HYGIENE: IMPORTANT STEP IN DECISIONMAKING WITH IMPL...hiij
Medical and health data that have been entered into an electronic data system in real-time cannot be
assumed to be accurate and of high quality without verification. The adoption of the electronic health
record (EHR) by many countries to the support care and treatment of patients illustrates the importance of
high quality data that can be shared for efficient patient care and the operation of healthcare systems.
This brief communication provides a high-level overview of an EHR system and practices related to high
data quality and data hygiene that could contribute to the analysis and interpretation of EHR data for use
in patient care and healthcare system administration.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
CHINESE PHARMACISTS LAW MODIFICATION, HOW TO PROTECT PATIENTS‘INTERESTS?
1. Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ) Vol.11, No.4, November 2022
DOI : 10.5121/hiij.2022.11401 1
CHINESE PHARMACISTS LAW MODIFICATION, HOW
TO PROTECT PATIENTS‘ INTERESTS?
Longyun Wang
China World Academy
ABSTRACT
The pharmacy profession is relatively new in China. Recently, the demand for pharmacists has increased
as China's hospital system has been unable to support a large patient population due to the increasing
demand for health care. This paper discusses how to improve the Chinese pharmacist law. To make
reasonable laws on pharmacists, used to regulate and manage communication between pharmacists and
patients, the ethical relationships, financial support and degree requirement, and governance of
pharmacists. Improving pharmacist laws can help improve the quality of pharmacists' work, protect patient
privacy, and enhance pharmacists' work efficiency. I will use government reports and authoritative data
collected by myself as examples to analyze what needs to be improved in pharmacist law.
1. INTRODUCTION
Pharmacists are among the most accessible healthcare professionals, and the Chinese government
is eager to complete the Chinese Pharmacist Law. In this article, I will provide some possible
plans to provide ideas for the government to improve the details of the Chinese Pharmacist Law.
This paper will be analyzed based on accurate statistics published by real government
departments. The full paper attempts to summarize the feasible amendments to the Pharmacist
Law of the People's Republic of China by listing the data, combined with analysis and summary.
I will go through Communication & Computerized Provider Order Entry System, Ethical
Relationships, Financial Support & Pharmacists Degree Requirement to analyze the governance
of pharmacists.
In addition to the analysis of China, this paper will compare the data of the United States, discuss
the revision of the Act, find reasonable legislative points, and propose improved legislation in the
context of China.
2. COMMUNICATION & COMPUTERIZED PROVIDER ORDER ENTRY
SYSTEM
How to solve the problem of communication between pharmacists and patients? What tools can
be used?
The Third Draft Law of the People's Republic of China on Pharmacists was released in February
2021. It sets out comprehensive rules to improve the working environment and guidelines for
pharmacists and thus strictly requires the quality of their work. However, there is no mention in
the draft of the law of communication between pharmacists and patients and how to reduce the
chance of pharmacists making mistakes more effectively in their work.
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Pharmacists are responsible for preventing and resolving medication-related problems,
identifying and minimizing barriers to medication adherence, directing over-the-counter
medications, and documenting and communicating information and recommendations to
physicians and other members of the healthcare team. Drug-related problems (DRPs) frequently
occur before drug-related morbidity. A drug-related event or circumstance, or DRP, prevents a
patient from receiving the best possible medical care, either directly or indirectly. Strand and
associates identified eight DRP categories. There are eight different DRPs, which are untreated
indications, improper drug selection, subtherapeutic dosage, overdosage, failure to receive the
drug, adverse drug reaction, drug interactions, and drug use without indication. The Pharmacists
Law of the People's Republic of China was implemented to address these DRPs. Much of the
legislation in the latest draft is already well-developed, but there is no sensible regulation of
patient communication or Artificial Intelligence systems.
Communication can solve problems with improper drug selection, overdosage, and failure to
receive the drug from eight DRPs. The note emphasizes the protection of those unable to
communicate and avoid some misinformation.
I provide some optional suggestions for the Pharmacist Law of the People's Republic of China by
analyzing factors such as the average level of education in China, the division of language,
religion as well as traditional culture, and artificial intelligence systems.
I think computer-assisted medical systems can solve this problem. Such as a computerized
provider order entry system. It is a method of entering medical practitioner instructions
electronically for patient care. Computer networks are used to convey pharmaceutical entry
orders from the pharmacist to the medical staff or to the department that will fill the order, such
as the pharmacy or the laboratory. By decreasing transcribing errors (including preventing
duplicate order entry) and speeding up inventory management and billing, CPOE decreases the
time needed to dispense and fulfill orders. At the same time, patients and pharmacists can
develop effective communication and obtain an accurate diagnosis of the disease under the
supervision of the computer. In addition, the physician can give adequate attention to the patient's
problems to perform real-time condition monitoring.
Since the resulting prescriptions are frequently printed by a machine, medication errors brought
on by illegible or unreadable handwriting are eliminated. Prescribers can choose drugs with the
aid of these computerized systems. As a result, the possibility of errors is reduced. This system
also helps the pharmacist to check information about the patient's disease at any time and engages
the pharmacist to determine the type of disease more precisely, which helps the patient's
treatment. The automatic system outputs result instantaneously after input variables and
considerable factors, which increases the working efficiency.
Some patients may not be able to communicate with the pharmacist because of differences in
dialect, education, or customs. According to the seventh Chinese census, 2.67% or
37,750,200population are illiterate (those aged 15 and above who cannot read) in China. These
patients, who don't understand their doctors' prescriptions, require the help of the Computerized
Provider Order Entry system. These patients don't need to read their own doctor's report but
instead get simplified information from the system, which makes it easier for them to buy drugs
and understand what doctors are thinking. These large illiterate populations need to use the
Computerized Provider OrderEntry system.
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Figure 1. Illiterate population
Some Chinese dialects, such as the Wenzhou dialect, Shanghai dialect, and Guangzhou dialect,
are quite different from Mandarin. According to the survey results of the Ministry of Education,
PRC, the proportion of people who can communicate in Mandarin is 53.06%, that with Chinese
dialects is 86.38%, and that with minority languages is 5.46%. It proves that there are still many
local dialect speakers in China. At the same time, the Ministry of Education has been massively
popularizing the use of Mandarin, leading to more and more new doctors and medical
practitioners can only speak Mandarin. It is impossible to popularize Mandarin with all people in
a short time. The process of popularizing Mandarin will take a long time. As the consequence,
this system can help pharmacists communicate with patients. Pharmacists only need to input the
patient's information into the computer, and through the artificial intelligence algorithm
recommendation, prescriptions are produced.
Figure 2. People can speak mandarin
Figure 3. People who can only speak dialects
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In China, religious beliefs and special cultures also influence normal medical practices. Until
now, the so-called "traditional methods" have existed in rural areas of China. Most of these
traditional methods were conceived as "healing methods" in the ancient Chinese feudal period
when people believed in the existence of immortals. This leads to families living in remote areas
or elderly people being misled. In addition, there are about 5.5 million Catholics in China. The
Catholic church's ban on abortion is compulsory for all Catholics. As a result, women in the
Catholic church may miss the best time for treatment because of this rule. Based on the above
two points, the communication skills of pharmacists are very important. Pharmacists need to
build trust with patients and try to find a workable path for them, persuading them to trust science
and follow the professional advice of practitioners.
Figure 4. The increase of negative drug reaction
According to National Medical Products Administration, over 530,000 reports of adverse medical
device events were submitted to the National Medical Device Adverse Event Monitoring
Information System in 2020, or an average of 402 reports per million people. The county-level
coverage of medical device adverse event reporting reached 100% in 28 provinces (autonomous
regions and municipalities). Additionally, more than 350,000 people, including 27,195 medical
device registrants, are registered users of the medical device adverse event monitoring system at
the grassroots level. Medical security is challenged by doctors' heavy workloads, "great
pressure," "errors in busy," rapidly updating new technology, application indications, unfamiliar
operation, and others. In 2013, each doctor made 7.7 outpatient visits per day, up 13% from 2012,
and many hospitals saw more than 10,000 outpatient visits per day, according to data from the
National Health and Family Planning Commission. Drugs and medical devices were directly
linked to 11.5% of medical safety and adverse events reported online between 2012 and 2014.
More than 1.3 million reports of negative drug reactions, including 340,000 new serious reports,
were submitted to the National Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring and Reporting System in
2014, an increase of 17% from 2013. Thus, Computerized Provider Order Entry systems can help
reduce the number of medical errors. Through accurate calculation, the possibility of making
mistakes under busy people is eliminated, and interference factors are eliminated.
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Figure 5. Outpatient visits per day
Pharmacists need to master good communication skills and use the Computerized Provider Order
Entry System as a solution to communication problems and poor medical judgment.
3. ETHICAL RELATIONSHIPS
What ethical relationships exist between pharmacists and patients, and how these ethical
relationships should be legislated and protected?
Patient privacy encompasses a wide range of matters, such as one's physical space, one's
information, one's choices (including one's cultural and religious affiliations), and one's
interpersonal relationships with family and close friends (associated privacy). According to the
China Health Development Statistics Bulletin 2020, the total number of health workers in China
is 13,475,000 (0.963%), which indicates that most Chinese residents lack medical knowledge.
They need to receive professional guidance from pharmacists. Thus, pharmacists play an
important role in making critical decisions and providing accurate diagnoses.
In pharmacist legislation, it is clearly required that pharmacists must provide the best diagnostic
options for their patients. Improving the efficiency of treating patients' diseases. Patients,
however, do not know which is the best decision. This is because all diagnoses and diagnostic
methods are decided by the pharmacist himself. What ethical relationship exists between the
pharmacist and the patient? How should the pharmacist communicate with the patient to make
recommendations? All need to be added to the pharmacist law of the People's Republic of China
to improve the management system of pharmacists, to improve the efficiency of patient care, and
to protect privacy.
The ethical relationship between pharmacist and patient must be analyzed based on several
factors, such as the ethics of decision-making, privacy, and consent. Maintaining an efficient pace
of communication and an appropriate relationship during treatment can provide optimal
outcomes, save time and costs, and reduce morbidity.
The first thing that needs to be made clear is that the patient has the right to know the details of
the prescription, but at the macro level, the patient must use the pharmacist's professional advice
and not mix the prescription privately. At the same time, pharmacists must educate patients about
their condition and available treatments so that they are empowered to participate meaningfully in
healthcare decisions. For example, it requires providing accurate and sensitive presented pertinent
information, and the diagnosis, the nature and intent of suggested interventions, the costs, risks,
and anticipated advantages of each option, including forgoing treatment, should all be covered by
6. Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ) Vol.11, No.4, November 2022
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the pharmacist. Furthermore, it also requires recording the patient's choice and the informed
consent discussion in the medical file. The consent form ought to be kept in the file when the
patient or surrogate has given specific written consent. This way, pharmacists can manage
patients’ personal information, which is also helpful for regulating Computerized Medical Order
Entry Systems. The comprehensive information allows patients to directly understand their
disease without the need for a separate explanation by the pharmacist, which saves time. It also
reduces the chances of pharmacists making mistakes.
However, ethical concern also occurs if the Computerized Provider Order Entry System is
implemented. According to the 2019 Mobile App Security Observation Report in the Industry,
88.83% of apps in the medical and health industry have high-risk vulnerabilities. Attackers can
use the flaw to install malicious software, create fake apps, steal sensitive personal data without
authorization, etc. As technology brings patients and pharmacists the advanced medical system, it
also contains the risk of revealing private information. Therefore, pharmacists' law must strictly
require pharmacists to protect patients' privacy and pay attention to the rigor of electronic
information registration. On the other hand, for humanitarian reasons, the decision must be in the
hands of the patient. Furthermore, pharmacists need to adhere to specific cultures and traditions
but do not defer to the patient completely. If a pharmacist serves a minority patient or a patient
with a religious stance, an informed consent form must be signed before treatment to ensure that
the patient follows the pharmacist's advice. This is a sign of respect from the pharmacist to the
patient. Equivalently, pharmacists should make it clear to obtain consent from users when using
computer systems. According to the "Network Security Law of the People's Republic of China",
network products or services have the function of collecting user information. If users' personal
information is involved, the provisions of this law and relevant laws and administrative
regulations on protecting personal information should be complied with. Therefore, patients also
have the right to refuse to enter their information into the network system. In addition, the system
needs to be regulated by public safety. Only identification can be made, and no detailed
information can be available to prevent attackers from attacking private information, which can
avoid privacy issues.
4. FINANCIAL SUPPORT & PHARMACISTS DEGREE REQUIREMENT
How can money flow to the pharmacists, do the academic standards for pharmacists need to be
improved?
Figure 6. Pharmacists’ educational degree
7. Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ) Vol.11, No.4, November 2022
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Pharmacists’ average degree in China just requires a Bachelor of Vocational Education.
According to the report from National Medical Products Administration, licensed pharmacists
should take the official examination, and people who have a bachelor of vocation or higher
bachelor are qualified to participate in the exam. According to the Certification Center for
Licensed Pharmacists of NMPA, by June 2022, the total number of licensed pharmacists in China
will have increased to 671,594. The number of licensed pharmacists was 4.8 per 10,000 people.
The increasing market demand creates many blanks that require more labor to work as
pharmacists. The data from China Health Statistics Yearbook 2020 shows that 34.8% of
pharmacists hold a Bachelor of Vocational Education, and 24.6% of pharmacists graduate from
technical secondary school. Pharmacists must be proficient with professional skills, and they
need to be qualified to deal with emergencies, but skills that vocational school students and
secondary students don’t have, the medical and physical knowledge, are not taught to students.
Therefore, the official examinations' basic requirements should be changed to those of ordinary
four-year bachelor's degree holders.
Furthermore, the average salary of Chinese pharmacists shows an increasing trend. According to
the data from Zhiyouji, a Chinese professional statistics website, the average salary of
pharmacists rose to 6,400 Yuan per month as of July 26-22, 2022, based on 2,843 samples taken
over the past year. The huge blanks in the labor force of pharmacists make institutions eager to
find a labor force, which causes an increase in pharmacists’ salaries. However, compared with the
USA, there is insufficient financial support for pharmacists in China. Therefore, the average
salary of pharmacists in China has a large income gap compared to the US standard, which is
$106,121 per year. The government needs to figure out how to put more money into pharmacists.
In the Pharmacist Law of the People's Republic of China, many regulations prescribe strict
professional codes, academic research, and the required pharmacological skills. As previous
mentions, there are 34.8% of pharmacists graduated from vocational universities, and 24.6% of
pharmacists graduated from technical secondary schools. Vocational school students can't master
these skills. It is difficult for the Chinese government to ask students at vocational schools
without professional academic knowledge to follow strict regulations strictly. American
pharmacists require a doctor's degree to become a pharmacist. Although it seems strict, American
society places more importance on pharmacists than on China. In China, if many pharmacists are
involved in diagnostic work, it will reduce the probability of medical errors due to doctors'
mistakes. Therefore, the government should invest more money to support the Chinese
pharmacist industry and improve the basic degree requirement to attract more potential talented
pharmacists.
The Pharmacist Law of the People's Republic of China must set a higher degree requirement and
screen out qualified talent. On the other hand, it is helpful if the government pays more attention
to pharmacists. Skilled pharmacists can help physicians to decrease the possibility of medical
malpractice.
5. GOVERNANCE OF PHARMACISTS
How to unify the governance of pharmacists? How do control local governments like county
governments over pharmacists?
By lowering the availability of resources and limiting access to health care, poor governance and
corruption undermine the delivery of health care, putting the greatest burden on the
underprivileged and marginalized.
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In Chinese society, there is a problem with local autonomy. The central government distributes
powers to local governments, which may use them to gain profits. From the standards of
pharmacist legislation, the local government may completely take over the governance of
pharmacists. This leads to unprofessional management, abuse of power, and even the exploitation
of funds.
In China, the system for managing the cadre has changed. The former two-level administration
would be changed to one-level administration, and the central committee would only oversee top
officials at the central state organs and provincial levels, according to a notice on revising the list
of official titles under the administration of CPC Central Committee Cadres issued by the
organization department of the CPC Central Committee in 1984. This has increased the
administrative power of local officials. As the following consequence, local governments and
local officials became independent stakeholders, and causes the administration of pharmacists
will be entirely determined by the local government.
According to the FDA-issued Notice on the Measures for the Administration of Registration of
Licensed Pharmacists, the drug regulatory departments of the provinces, autonomous regions,
and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be responsible for the registration
of licensed pharmacists and related supervision and administration within their respective
administrative areas. Pharmacists' duties include guiding patients to buy medicines, such as the
self-service drug purchase service on APP Meituan. But pharmacists being managed by the local
department of medicine may lead to various stakeholders working together to extract additional
benefits. For example, local authorities require pharmacists to recommend drugs from local
pharmaceutical manufacturers to customers, which is a sign of corruption.
The reason for the emergence of decentralized management is based on the Chinese large
population and the complex administrative system customized. However, the medical system is
in urgent need of Chinese residents. It should be regulated by one central department, which can
alleviate the occurrence of corruption. The pharmacists’ law should stipulate one central
administration to regulate each local management unit, rather than different regional
administrations being responsible for the management of local pharmacists. All drug
recommendations and service guidelines must be set by central authorities. To achieve unified
management of pharmacists throughout the country. At the same time, the central administration
should regularly and strictly check the indicators of various places to achieve the effect of
supervision.
This central authority must be directly under the Chinese Ministry of Health because the
management of pharmacists needs the supervision of professionals rather than the unified
management of all departments by restrictions that do not know medical knowledge.
6. CONCLUSION
Communication barriers between pharmacists and patients reduce communication effectiveness
and lead to poor treatment outcomes. China is a country consisting of multi-ethnic citizens, and
the social situation is more complex and the factors to be considered are more diverse. The
formulation of the Law on Pharmacists of the People's Republic of China requires respect for
each culture and special group. The Computerized Provider Order Entry System can help
pharmacists reduce unnecessary communication and tension in the doctor-patient relationship. Of
course, the pharmacist will need to provide additional instructions for patients with different
levels of education, but the communication must be in direct language to reduce the transmission
of misleading information.
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Pharmacists are obliged to explain to patients how to use medicines and information about their
condition. Pharmacists must keep a distance from patients and protect their privacy. Pharmacists
need to make sure that the communication with patients is only general information transfer and
forbid any personal topics. This ensures that pharmacists are following industry guidelines while
helping pharmacists stay focused, reducing the likelihood of medical errors and misjudgments,
and ensuring that patients receive the most effective prescriptions.
Pharmacists are in increasing demand in China and serve a wider range of people. Thus, the
standard of pharmacists should also be raised. Pharmacists must have a degree in undergraduate
education. Because undergraduate education is different from vocational education, students can
learn ways to deal with emergencies in addition to their professional abilities. At the same time,
students with undergraduate education have stronger academic ability and executive abilities.
Pharmacists need to provide patients with the right prescription, then pharmacists need a strong
knowledge of pharmacology. Not only that, but pharmacists also need to do research and
experiments on drugs. Undergraduate students are more likely to complete these indicators. Of
course, the government also needs to pay more attention to pharmacists. They can reduce the
pressure and number of jobs for doctors in hospitals. At the same time, it can help doctors in
hospitals reduce the incidence of medical errors. Hence, the government needs to spend more
money on the training and salaries of pharmacists to attract more people to join the profession.
The government needs to set up specific government departments with expertise in managing
pharmacists separately. The central pharmacists' management unit must control pharmacists in
different regions and implement uniform management and standards. The management discipline
of pharmacists should strictly comply with the requirements of the central administration. It is
important to reduce local control and corruption. Unified management and control can reduce the
corruption risk controlled by different regions.
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