The document discusses the Ukraine crisis between Russia and Western countries in 2014. It summarizes that former Ukrainian president Yanukovych abandoned a trade deal with the EU in favor of an investment agreement with Russia, sparking mass protests. Russia then annexed Crimea after a referendum, threatening Ukraine's territorial integrity. The crisis highlighted a power struggle between Russia seeking to maintain influence and the West supporting Ukrainian sovereignty. International relations theories of realism and defensive/offensive approaches help explain Russia's aggressive actions under Putin to regain regional power lost after the Soviet Union's collapse.
Decoding china’s emerging “great power” strategy in asiangocjos
This document provides an overview of the domestic political context in China surrounding the leadership transition from Hu Jintao to Xi Jinping. It notes that the leadership transition proceeded smoothly according to the standards of the Chinese Communist Party. While there was political infighting, most notably with the downfall of Bo Xilai, the succession was relatively peaceful and on schedule. The document discusses how Xi Jinping has quickly consolidated power within the Communist Party despite constraints, accumulating more authority faster than expected. It remains to be seen how this will impact Xi's agenda and China's trajectory under his leadership.
President Nixon visited China in 1972, becoming the first US president to do so since the Communist Party came to power in 1949. This historic visit marked a major shift, as the US sought to improve relations with China during the Cold War by establishing open trade between the two countries. Nixon and Chinese leaders likely discussed issues of foreign policy and economics during their talks. The visit was considered one of the most important events of modern history because it represented a significant reduction in tensions between the US and a major Communist nation.
This document analyzes security and economic relations between China and Myanmar. It discusses how China has emerged as Myanmar's most important foreign partner due to Western sanctions. Trade and investment between the two countries has increased substantially in recent years, though China's influence is sometimes exaggerated. The relationship is complex, as China's central government, regional authorities, businesses, and other actors sometimes have differing interests and approaches regarding Myanmar. While economic ties are strong, Myanmar works to balance relations with China and other countries to maximize its own interests. Security cooperation has also improved but rumors of Chinese military bases in Myanmar remain unfounded. The relationship provides opportunities but also tensions, as China's role impacts other regional countries.
The document discusses the evolving partnership between Russia and China over the past few decades. It notes that relations have strengthened significantly since the 1990s, with the two countries establishing a strategic partnership in 1996. Key aspects of their cooperation examined include growing military exercises and arms sales between the two militaries, increasing trade volumes but a need for trade to be more balanced, cooperation on energy issues including Russian energy exports to China, and alignment on opposing US unilateralism and supporting multilateralism geopolitically. The relationship demonstrates close political, economic and military ties that are expected to deepen further.
This document discusses China's changing relationship with UN peacekeeping operations over time. It begins by noting China's initial hostility towards peacekeeping due to distrust of UN intervention and viewing it as Western imperialism. However, China gradually shifted to accepting peacekeeping through participation in missions and financial contributions. The document examines different theories for China's changing attitude, such as rationalizing sovereignty with peacekeeping, geographic interests in regional stability, and protecting economic interests abroad. It also discusses China's continued emphasis on state sovereignty and non-combat role in operations.
This document provides an overview of strategic competition in Central Asia and India's stakes in the region. It discusses how India's historical and cultural links to Central Asia have been disrupted. It outlines how major powers like Russia, China, and the US are vying for political influence and economic opportunities in Central Asia. China in particular has invested heavily in infrastructure and pursued closer economic and security ties. The document also notes political uncertainty in Central Asia as aging leaders look to maintain their hold on power without clear succession plans. It argues that India needs a more cogent policy to reengage with the region and benefit from opportunities there.
The document discusses the Ukraine crisis between Russia and Western countries in 2014. It summarizes that former Ukrainian president Yanukovych abandoned a trade deal with the EU in favor of an investment agreement with Russia, sparking mass protests. Russia then annexed Crimea after a referendum, threatening Ukraine's territorial integrity. The crisis highlighted a power struggle between Russia seeking to maintain influence and the West supporting Ukrainian sovereignty. International relations theories of realism and defensive/offensive approaches help explain Russia's aggressive actions under Putin to regain regional power lost after the Soviet Union's collapse.
Decoding china’s emerging “great power” strategy in asiangocjos
This document provides an overview of the domestic political context in China surrounding the leadership transition from Hu Jintao to Xi Jinping. It notes that the leadership transition proceeded smoothly according to the standards of the Chinese Communist Party. While there was political infighting, most notably with the downfall of Bo Xilai, the succession was relatively peaceful and on schedule. The document discusses how Xi Jinping has quickly consolidated power within the Communist Party despite constraints, accumulating more authority faster than expected. It remains to be seen how this will impact Xi's agenda and China's trajectory under his leadership.
President Nixon visited China in 1972, becoming the first US president to do so since the Communist Party came to power in 1949. This historic visit marked a major shift, as the US sought to improve relations with China during the Cold War by establishing open trade between the two countries. Nixon and Chinese leaders likely discussed issues of foreign policy and economics during their talks. The visit was considered one of the most important events of modern history because it represented a significant reduction in tensions between the US and a major Communist nation.
This document analyzes security and economic relations between China and Myanmar. It discusses how China has emerged as Myanmar's most important foreign partner due to Western sanctions. Trade and investment between the two countries has increased substantially in recent years, though China's influence is sometimes exaggerated. The relationship is complex, as China's central government, regional authorities, businesses, and other actors sometimes have differing interests and approaches regarding Myanmar. While economic ties are strong, Myanmar works to balance relations with China and other countries to maximize its own interests. Security cooperation has also improved but rumors of Chinese military bases in Myanmar remain unfounded. The relationship provides opportunities but also tensions, as China's role impacts other regional countries.
The document discusses the evolving partnership between Russia and China over the past few decades. It notes that relations have strengthened significantly since the 1990s, with the two countries establishing a strategic partnership in 1996. Key aspects of their cooperation examined include growing military exercises and arms sales between the two militaries, increasing trade volumes but a need for trade to be more balanced, cooperation on energy issues including Russian energy exports to China, and alignment on opposing US unilateralism and supporting multilateralism geopolitically. The relationship demonstrates close political, economic and military ties that are expected to deepen further.
This document discusses China's changing relationship with UN peacekeeping operations over time. It begins by noting China's initial hostility towards peacekeeping due to distrust of UN intervention and viewing it as Western imperialism. However, China gradually shifted to accepting peacekeeping through participation in missions and financial contributions. The document examines different theories for China's changing attitude, such as rationalizing sovereignty with peacekeeping, geographic interests in regional stability, and protecting economic interests abroad. It also discusses China's continued emphasis on state sovereignty and non-combat role in operations.
This document provides an overview of strategic competition in Central Asia and India's stakes in the region. It discusses how India's historical and cultural links to Central Asia have been disrupted. It outlines how major powers like Russia, China, and the US are vying for political influence and economic opportunities in Central Asia. China in particular has invested heavily in infrastructure and pursued closer economic and security ties. The document also notes political uncertainty in Central Asia as aging leaders look to maintain their hold on power without clear succession plans. It argues that India needs a more cogent policy to reengage with the region and benefit from opportunities there.
Law and order big challenge for pakistansaleem khan
The document discusses the law and order situation in Pakistan. It faces political and security uncertainties since its inception. Its strategic location also makes it susceptible to instability in neighboring countries like India, China, Afghanistan. The fight between political parties and sectarian violence have exacerbated targeting killing and bombings. This has negatively impacted the economy through reduced investments and growth. Improving the judicial system and having all stakeholders like political parties and security forces work together with effective plans is needed to address this major challenge facing Pakistan.
The document summarizes China's efforts through its United Front Work Department to influence Taiwan and incorporate the island into mainland China. It details how the United Front targets Taiwanese businessmen, students, academics and local leaders through activities aimed at softening opposition to China and building support for reunification. It also discusses how the United Front helps mobilize Taiwanese businessmen in China to support Taiwan's ruling party which favors closer ties to China.
This document summarizes Ukraine's ongoing struggles with reforms, security challenges, and anti-corruption efforts since the 2014 Euromaidan revolution. Key points include:
1) Ukraine faces ongoing security threats from Russian aggression and interference while also struggling with reforms in governance, economic policy, and anti-corruption efforts due to resistance from entrenched political and business interests.
2) Significant reforms have been undertaken in some areas like macroeconomic policy, energy sector, and banking, but resistance remains for deeper reforms in governance, rule of law, and reducing the influence of oligarchs.
3) Civil society has played an important role in supporting reforms but faces challenges in connecting with citizens and maintaining reform momentum against powerful
NARENDRA MODI’S AND XI JINPING’S HISTORIC ROLES AMID THREATS AND CHALLENGESKeshav Prasad Bhattarai
Includes- Contradictions in India and China Relations ,India and China: Living with the Common Threats of Terrorism and Joint Responsibility of Modi and Jinping
This document discusses Russia's growing interests in Central Asia after the 9/11 attacks. It outlines Russia's security, economic, and political interests in the region. Russia aims to counter threats from Islamic extremism emanating from Afghanistan. It also wants to restore Soviet-era trade infrastructure and influence over Central Asian energy exports to Europe. Russia uses its dominance in the energy sector and state-owned banks/companies to consolidate political and economic power in the region, especially in Kazakhstan. It also aims to have more involvement in Central Asian water resources and hydroelectric projects. Overall, the document examines how Russia is pursuing greater influence in Central Asia through diplomatic and economic means rather than military force.
Abstract: The Central African Republic like the heart World, through the vicissitudes given its geographical position. Its accession in 1960 to the Maoist movement has been consolidated by the China-Africa Forum held in October 2000 in Beijing. It is in this perspective that President François Bozize, September 10, 2009, appealed to his Chinese counterpart Hu Jintao to invest in his country. Which marks the presence of China at the head of the CAR in the peace process and economic rehabilitation. But many development projects have been suspended for the seizure of power by the Seleka coalition March 24, 2013. However, CAR continues to rely on the strategic actions of China in the field of new technology for its agro-pastoral development to food self-sufficiency.
National security is a state or condition where our most cherished values and beliefs, our democratic way of life, our institutions of governance and our unity, welfare and well-being as a nation and people are permanently protected and continuously enhanced
The document discusses national security issues facing India, including trends in geopolitics, economics, military affairs, and socio-cultural dimensions. It analyzes India's responses over time and the security situations in India's neighborhood, including Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Key challenges include terrorism, regional instability, and the growing influence of other powers like China and Pakistan in the region.
The document discusses Pakistan's national security challenges from external threats. It outlines several threats: from India due to territorial disputes over Kashmir; from Afghanistan due to instability; from Iran over border issues; and from Baloch insurgents fighting for independence. It also discusses threats from sectarian terrorism within Pakistan and how terrorism has impacted relations with the US. Pakistan faces a complex set of external security challenges from its neighbors and internal threats from non-state actors that complicate its national security environment.
India has undergone significant domestic transformations that have enhanced its potential role as a global power. It has experienced rapid economic growth, greater political competition, and military expansion. These changes have impacted India's foreign policy pursuits of security, regional influence, and global governance. Key will be India's ability to manage relations with neighbors like Pakistan and major powers like the US and China. If India continues economic growth and pragmatic diplomacy, it could substantially increase its international role over the next 15 years. However, setbacks like renewed India-Pakistan conflicts could undermine its trajectory.
Japan vs. China in Asean- A Research Proposal in the Political Motives in Fig...Ardin Yeo Jia Xiong
In the past semester, as part of the Princeton University-Rutgers University exchange program, I took a PhD-level class in Political Economy of Development at Princeton for my graduate degree's second concentration in International Development. As part of my intellectually challenging and stimulating experience, I completed the front-end of my first-ever theoretical politics and economics-style academic journal research paper.
- The document summarizes tensions and cooperation in China-India relations, focusing on security and economic issues. It describes the ongoing border dispute and Chinese incursions as a key security tension, as well as competition over influence in the Indian Ocean. Economically, it notes India's large trade deficit with China and competing needs for energy access. However, leadership changes in both countries in recent years have also created opportunities for increased cooperation on issues like Afghanistan and climate change. While relations have improved, the potential for conflict stemming from these tensions and areas of competition persists.
Internal Dynamics of Pakistan and its Impact on National SecurityFarooq Ahmad Butt
This document discusses the internal dynamics and security situation within Pakistan. It outlines several divisive forces like religious extremism, sectarian violence, ethnic separatist movements, and provincial tensions that are destabilizing Pakistan and impacting its national security. The Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, Balochistan conflict, urban terrorism in Karachi, and center-province relations are highlighted as major challenges. The document also notes Pakistan's economic problems and how militancy has exploited poverty. It warns that if the internal chaos continues, Pakistan risks a fate similar to Yugoslavia through balkanization.
Future projections and policy recommendationsJ-Ahmedi
The document discusses future projections and policy recommendations for the region following the US drawdown from Afghanistan. It predicts that regional instability could spread from Afghanistan to Pakistan if political tensions grow along ethnic or religious lines. An unstable Pakistan could further destabilize Afghanistan. It recommends that the US engage in trilateral counter-terrorism cooperation with India, Pakistan, and China while also continuing to support the Afghan peace process and encouraging economic development through projects like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Strengthening relationships and cooperation between regional powers could help address security challenges in a sustainable manner.
Pakistan faces numerous internal and external security challenges. Internally, it struggles with religious sectarianism, ethnic tensions, large refugee populations, terrorism, crime, poverty, water disputes between provinces, and other issues. Externally, its main security threats come from India due to their disputes over Kashmir and from Afghanistan due to political instability spilling over the border. The 9/11 attacks exacerbated threats from Afghanistan by bringing US and NATO forces into the region long-term. Going forward, Pakistan remains at risk from direct attacks and attempts to provoke conflict between its forces and others in the region.
The document analyzes the current security situation of Pakistan. It identifies external threats such as embargoes imposed by the US, opposition from India to China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, and subversive activities supported by India, Afghanistan, and other countries. Internal threats include a lack of public awareness, weak political institutions, religious and ethnic divides, poverty, a poor education system, terrorism, and overpopulation. Recommendations include strengthening cooperation with China in defense and industry, revising education to promote skilled labor, increasing public political awareness, strengthening state institutions, improving foreign policy, and supporting local industry and security forces.
Pakistan has played a key role in supporting the US war on terror by providing military bases and supply routes for over 75% of US and NATO supplies. However, the war has come at a huge cost to Pakistan with over 80,000 civilians and 4,795 soldiers killed and $68 billion in economic losses. In response, Pakistan has undertaken military operations like Zarb-e-Azb in North Waziristan and Karachi operations to crackdown on terrorist groups and over 20,000 terrorists have been killed. Pakistan's future strategy includes strengthening security forces and establishing domestic defense production to better combat terrorism within its borders.
Presentation Pakistan Regional Apparatus; Challenges & ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens. For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies.
Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilising the foreign relations of a country
This presentation attempts to explain foreign policy challenges of Pakistan in its rapidly changing regional apparatus and how to respond to them
Kindly do read Part 1 & 2 of this series for acquainting yourself with the basic concepts of foreign policy and history of foreign relations of Pakistan
Japan turns on the charm in myanmar in effort to counter china ဂ်ပန္ေတြ ျမန္မ...MYO AUNG Myanmar
Japan has intensified its investment efforts in Myanmar in recent years in an attempt to counter China's growing influence in the region. The number of Japanese businesses in Myanmar has grown sixfold since the country's political transition in 2011, with billions of dollars invested in industrial projects and social development. Japan was well positioned during Myanmar's opening as it had maintained relations even during Western sanctions, while Myanmar also wanted to reduce dependence on China. However, Japan faces uncertainties under Myanmar's new civilian government led by Aung San Suu Kyi as some question its closeness to the previous regime.
MYANMAR: ANNUAL REPORT COUNTRY ENTRY 2016 By Amnesty International, ENGLISH V...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa16/3511/2016/my/
ENGLISH VERSION-
MYANMAR: ANNUAL REPORT COUNTRY ENTRY 2016
By Amnesty International, 24 February 2016, Index number: ASA 16/3511/2016
Authorities failed to address rising religious intolerance and incitement to discrimination and violence against
Muslims, allowing hardline Buddhist nationalist groups to grow in power and influence ahead of the November
general elections. The situation of the persecuted Rohingya deteriorated still further. The government
intensified a clampdown on freedoms of expression, association and peaceful assembly. Reports of abuses of
international human rights and humanitarian law in areas of internal armed conflict persisted. Security forces
suspected of human rights violations continued to enjoy near-total impunity.
Law and order big challenge for pakistansaleem khan
The document discusses the law and order situation in Pakistan. It faces political and security uncertainties since its inception. Its strategic location also makes it susceptible to instability in neighboring countries like India, China, Afghanistan. The fight between political parties and sectarian violence have exacerbated targeting killing and bombings. This has negatively impacted the economy through reduced investments and growth. Improving the judicial system and having all stakeholders like political parties and security forces work together with effective plans is needed to address this major challenge facing Pakistan.
The document summarizes China's efforts through its United Front Work Department to influence Taiwan and incorporate the island into mainland China. It details how the United Front targets Taiwanese businessmen, students, academics and local leaders through activities aimed at softening opposition to China and building support for reunification. It also discusses how the United Front helps mobilize Taiwanese businessmen in China to support Taiwan's ruling party which favors closer ties to China.
This document summarizes Ukraine's ongoing struggles with reforms, security challenges, and anti-corruption efforts since the 2014 Euromaidan revolution. Key points include:
1) Ukraine faces ongoing security threats from Russian aggression and interference while also struggling with reforms in governance, economic policy, and anti-corruption efforts due to resistance from entrenched political and business interests.
2) Significant reforms have been undertaken in some areas like macroeconomic policy, energy sector, and banking, but resistance remains for deeper reforms in governance, rule of law, and reducing the influence of oligarchs.
3) Civil society has played an important role in supporting reforms but faces challenges in connecting with citizens and maintaining reform momentum against powerful
NARENDRA MODI’S AND XI JINPING’S HISTORIC ROLES AMID THREATS AND CHALLENGESKeshav Prasad Bhattarai
Includes- Contradictions in India and China Relations ,India and China: Living with the Common Threats of Terrorism and Joint Responsibility of Modi and Jinping
This document discusses Russia's growing interests in Central Asia after the 9/11 attacks. It outlines Russia's security, economic, and political interests in the region. Russia aims to counter threats from Islamic extremism emanating from Afghanistan. It also wants to restore Soviet-era trade infrastructure and influence over Central Asian energy exports to Europe. Russia uses its dominance in the energy sector and state-owned banks/companies to consolidate political and economic power in the region, especially in Kazakhstan. It also aims to have more involvement in Central Asian water resources and hydroelectric projects. Overall, the document examines how Russia is pursuing greater influence in Central Asia through diplomatic and economic means rather than military force.
Abstract: The Central African Republic like the heart World, through the vicissitudes given its geographical position. Its accession in 1960 to the Maoist movement has been consolidated by the China-Africa Forum held in October 2000 in Beijing. It is in this perspective that President François Bozize, September 10, 2009, appealed to his Chinese counterpart Hu Jintao to invest in his country. Which marks the presence of China at the head of the CAR in the peace process and economic rehabilitation. But many development projects have been suspended for the seizure of power by the Seleka coalition March 24, 2013. However, CAR continues to rely on the strategic actions of China in the field of new technology for its agro-pastoral development to food self-sufficiency.
National security is a state or condition where our most cherished values and beliefs, our democratic way of life, our institutions of governance and our unity, welfare and well-being as a nation and people are permanently protected and continuously enhanced
The document discusses national security issues facing India, including trends in geopolitics, economics, military affairs, and socio-cultural dimensions. It analyzes India's responses over time and the security situations in India's neighborhood, including Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Key challenges include terrorism, regional instability, and the growing influence of other powers like China and Pakistan in the region.
The document discusses Pakistan's national security challenges from external threats. It outlines several threats: from India due to territorial disputes over Kashmir; from Afghanistan due to instability; from Iran over border issues; and from Baloch insurgents fighting for independence. It also discusses threats from sectarian terrorism within Pakistan and how terrorism has impacted relations with the US. Pakistan faces a complex set of external security challenges from its neighbors and internal threats from non-state actors that complicate its national security environment.
India has undergone significant domestic transformations that have enhanced its potential role as a global power. It has experienced rapid economic growth, greater political competition, and military expansion. These changes have impacted India's foreign policy pursuits of security, regional influence, and global governance. Key will be India's ability to manage relations with neighbors like Pakistan and major powers like the US and China. If India continues economic growth and pragmatic diplomacy, it could substantially increase its international role over the next 15 years. However, setbacks like renewed India-Pakistan conflicts could undermine its trajectory.
Japan vs. China in Asean- A Research Proposal in the Political Motives in Fig...Ardin Yeo Jia Xiong
In the past semester, as part of the Princeton University-Rutgers University exchange program, I took a PhD-level class in Political Economy of Development at Princeton for my graduate degree's second concentration in International Development. As part of my intellectually challenging and stimulating experience, I completed the front-end of my first-ever theoretical politics and economics-style academic journal research paper.
- The document summarizes tensions and cooperation in China-India relations, focusing on security and economic issues. It describes the ongoing border dispute and Chinese incursions as a key security tension, as well as competition over influence in the Indian Ocean. Economically, it notes India's large trade deficit with China and competing needs for energy access. However, leadership changes in both countries in recent years have also created opportunities for increased cooperation on issues like Afghanistan and climate change. While relations have improved, the potential for conflict stemming from these tensions and areas of competition persists.
Internal Dynamics of Pakistan and its Impact on National SecurityFarooq Ahmad Butt
This document discusses the internal dynamics and security situation within Pakistan. It outlines several divisive forces like religious extremism, sectarian violence, ethnic separatist movements, and provincial tensions that are destabilizing Pakistan and impacting its national security. The Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, Balochistan conflict, urban terrorism in Karachi, and center-province relations are highlighted as major challenges. The document also notes Pakistan's economic problems and how militancy has exploited poverty. It warns that if the internal chaos continues, Pakistan risks a fate similar to Yugoslavia through balkanization.
Future projections and policy recommendationsJ-Ahmedi
The document discusses future projections and policy recommendations for the region following the US drawdown from Afghanistan. It predicts that regional instability could spread from Afghanistan to Pakistan if political tensions grow along ethnic or religious lines. An unstable Pakistan could further destabilize Afghanistan. It recommends that the US engage in trilateral counter-terrorism cooperation with India, Pakistan, and China while also continuing to support the Afghan peace process and encouraging economic development through projects like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Strengthening relationships and cooperation between regional powers could help address security challenges in a sustainable manner.
Pakistan faces numerous internal and external security challenges. Internally, it struggles with religious sectarianism, ethnic tensions, large refugee populations, terrorism, crime, poverty, water disputes between provinces, and other issues. Externally, its main security threats come from India due to their disputes over Kashmir and from Afghanistan due to political instability spilling over the border. The 9/11 attacks exacerbated threats from Afghanistan by bringing US and NATO forces into the region long-term. Going forward, Pakistan remains at risk from direct attacks and attempts to provoke conflict between its forces and others in the region.
The document analyzes the current security situation of Pakistan. It identifies external threats such as embargoes imposed by the US, opposition from India to China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, and subversive activities supported by India, Afghanistan, and other countries. Internal threats include a lack of public awareness, weak political institutions, religious and ethnic divides, poverty, a poor education system, terrorism, and overpopulation. Recommendations include strengthening cooperation with China in defense and industry, revising education to promote skilled labor, increasing public political awareness, strengthening state institutions, improving foreign policy, and supporting local industry and security forces.
Pakistan has played a key role in supporting the US war on terror by providing military bases and supply routes for over 75% of US and NATO supplies. However, the war has come at a huge cost to Pakistan with over 80,000 civilians and 4,795 soldiers killed and $68 billion in economic losses. In response, Pakistan has undertaken military operations like Zarb-e-Azb in North Waziristan and Karachi operations to crackdown on terrorist groups and over 20,000 terrorists have been killed. Pakistan's future strategy includes strengthening security forces and establishing domestic defense production to better combat terrorism within its borders.
Presentation Pakistan Regional Apparatus; Challenges & ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
The prime objective of a state is to improve the quality of life of its citizens. For this, the state formulates a comprehensive set of interdependent policies.
Foreign policy is one such policy formulated to achieve the above objectives by utilising the foreign relations of a country
This presentation attempts to explain foreign policy challenges of Pakistan in its rapidly changing regional apparatus and how to respond to them
Kindly do read Part 1 & 2 of this series for acquainting yourself with the basic concepts of foreign policy and history of foreign relations of Pakistan
Japan turns on the charm in myanmar in effort to counter china ဂ်ပန္ေတြ ျမန္မ...MYO AUNG Myanmar
Japan has intensified its investment efforts in Myanmar in recent years in an attempt to counter China's growing influence in the region. The number of Japanese businesses in Myanmar has grown sixfold since the country's political transition in 2011, with billions of dollars invested in industrial projects and social development. Japan was well positioned during Myanmar's opening as it had maintained relations even during Western sanctions, while Myanmar also wanted to reduce dependence on China. However, Japan faces uncertainties under Myanmar's new civilian government led by Aung San Suu Kyi as some question its closeness to the previous regime.
MYANMAR: ANNUAL REPORT COUNTRY ENTRY 2016 By Amnesty International, ENGLISH V...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa16/3511/2016/my/
ENGLISH VERSION-
MYANMAR: ANNUAL REPORT COUNTRY ENTRY 2016
By Amnesty International, 24 February 2016, Index number: ASA 16/3511/2016
Authorities failed to address rising religious intolerance and incitement to discrimination and violence against
Muslims, allowing hardline Buddhist nationalist groups to grow in power and influence ahead of the November
general elections. The situation of the persecuted Rohingya deteriorated still further. The government
intensified a clampdown on freedoms of expression, association and peaceful assembly. Reports of abuses of
international human rights and humanitarian law in areas of internal armed conflict persisted. Security forces
suspected of human rights violations continued to enjoy near-total impunity.
Opening Up Remedies in Myanmar Understanding the Range of Options for Dealing...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.ictj.org/news/paper-range-options-myanmar-troubled-past
Th is year has been pivotal for Myanmar: Elections were held in November and an 18-month negotiation process between the government and ethnic armed organizations resulted in a partial Nationwide Ceasefi re Agreement signed in October.1
Despite the many limitations of each, the elections and ceasefi re represent a step toward democracy and sustainable peace, and there is a general feeling that a better future is possible in Myanmar. However, systems of oppression and the legacy of impunity act as some of the biggest barriers to this future.Whenever a challenge or mild opposition arises, security forces default to their brutal traditions of violence and repression. For instance, memories of the 1988 protests and crackdown surfaced during the repression of student protests in March 2015, fueling public outrage and fear. Eff orts to end decades of armed confl ict between ethnic armed groups and the Myanmar military are also impacted by the past. Broken promises, confl icting narratives and the refusal to acknowledge grave abuses committed by the military lead to mistrust among leaders and between civilians and the government. Further, the culture of impunity leads to continuing human rights violations, including sexual violence and torture, which fuel confl ict. Victims and their families suff er enormous physical, psychological, social, and economic impacts from violations that do not ease with time. Th ese violations also contribute to displacement, as civilians fl ee their homes and communities to avoid not only direct confl ict but the accompanying abuses against civilians. Fear of retribution for past misdeeds lurks behind the military’s refusal to give up their constitutionally mandated 25 percent of parliamentary seats.In spite of existing misgivings, a measured and responsible process of dealing with the past could help break the cycle of violence and human rights violations. An honest and open acknowledgment by the government of past violations and its responsibility to provide a remedy, combined with practical steps to fulfi ll that responsibility, would go a long way toward building trust and promoting reconciliation.
RUSSIA IN MYANMAR FOR ARMS-GOLD-URANIUM-IRON etcsMYO AUNG Myanmar
Abstract
To date, few political scientists have researched the political,economic, and social relationships between Russia and Myanmar. The two countries, which at first glance may seem to have little in common,have intensified their cooperation in recent years. This data explores
the ties between the two countries, not only the MUTUAL development and the dimensions of the relationship, but it also examines the current advantages and disadvantages of the relationship. Is Myanmar Russia’s open door to the region in order for it to become a significant player in the Asia-Pacific region? Can Russia provide a ‘counterbalance’ for the
smaller Southeast Asian countries against the great powers such as China and India? Will this relationship be a pivotal one for both countries in the future, or will it remain a limited partnership, restricted to particular interest.But main thing interested in Natural resources in Myanmar.
ALL ABOUT WA STATE TIN MINE IN MYANMAR DATA COLLECTION BY MYO AUNG-EX-EXPLORA...MYO AUNG Myanmar
1. Mysterious tin mines in Myanmar's Wa State near the Chinese border have emerged as a major global supplier of tin, satisfying about a third of China's demand.
2. The mines are controlled by the United Wa State Army, an armed ethnic group that has close ties to China. Production from the mines has increased over 10-fold in the past four years.
3. The sudden rise of Myanmar as a major tin producer has depressed tin prices but prices are now rising as production may be peaking. The future of Myanmar's natural resources will be important for peace negotiations aiming to end decades of conflict in the country.
The Discourse of Land Grabbing and Resistance in Newly Reforming Myanmar: The...MYO AUNG Myanmar
The document summarizes a study analyzing media discourse surrounding protests against the expansion of the Monywa copper mine in Myanmar. The study examined over 170 articles from national, local, Chinese, and international news sources between 2012-2013. It identified several dominant themes in the coverage over time: land grabbing, compensation, negative environmental impacts, the act of protesting, a violent police raid of protest camps in November 2012, and injuries sustained by monks during the raid. The expansion project affected 26 villages and concerns were raised over inadequate compensation and environmental damage. The protests gained momentum in late 2012 before diminishing after an investigative committee was formed, though resistance continues over land rights and environmental issues.
Tectonic Processes and Metallogeny along the Tethyan Mountain Ranges of the M...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309130798_Tectonic_Processes_and_Metallogeny_along_the_Tethyan_Mountain_Ranges_of_the_Middle_East_and_South_Asia_Oman_Himalaya_Karakoram_Tibet_Myanmar_Thailand_Malaysia
The genesis of mineral deposits has been widely linked to speci c tectonic settings, but has less frequently been linked to tectonic processes. Understanding processes of oceanic and continental collision tectonics is crucial to understanding key factors leading to the genesis of magmatic-, metamorphic-, hydrothermal-, and sedimentary-related mineral deposits. Geologic studies of most ore deposits typically focus on the nal stages of concentration and emplacement. The ultimate source (mantle, lower crust, upper crust) of mineral deposits in many cases remains more cryptic. Uniquely, along the Tethyan collision zones of Asia, every stage of the conver- gence process can be studied from the initial oceanic settings where ophiolite complexes were formed, through subduction zone and island-arc settings with ultrahigh- to high-pressure metamorphism, to the continental col- lision settings of the Himalaya, and advanced, long-lived collisional settings such as Afghanistan, the Karakoram Ranges, and the Tibetan plateau. The India-Asia collision closed the intervening Neotethys ocean at ~50 Ma and resulted in the formation of the Himalayan mountain ranges, and increased crustal thickening, metamor- phism, deformation, and uplift of the Karakoram-Hindu Kush ranges, Tibetan plateau, and older collision zones across central Asia. Metallogenesis in oceanic crust (hydrothermal Cu-Au; Fe, Mn nodules) and mantle (Cr, Ni, Pt) can be deduced from ophiolite complexes preserved around the Arabia/India-Asia collision (Oman, Ladakh, South Tibet, Myanmar, Andaman Islands). Tectonic-metallogenic processes in island arcs and ancient subduc- tion complexes (VMS Cu-Zn-Pb) can be deduced from studies in the Dras-Kohistan arc (Pakistan) and the various arc complexes along the Myanmar-Andaman segment of the collision zone. Metallogenesis of Andean- type margins (Cu-Au-Mo porphyry; epithermal Au-Ag) can be seen along the Jurassic-Eocene Transhimalayan ranges of Pakistan, Ladakh, South Tibet, and Myanmar. Large porphyry Cu deposits in Tibet are related to both precollisional calc-alkaline granites and postcollisional alkaline adakite-like intrusions. Metallogenesis of continent-continent collision zones is prominent along the Myanmar-Thailand-Malaysia Sn-W granite belts, but less common along the Himalaya. The Mogok metamorphic belt of Myanmar is known for its gemstones associated with regional high-temperature metamorphism (ruby, spinel, sapphire, etc). In Myanmar it is likely that extensive alkaline magmatism has contributed extra heat during the formation of high-temperature meta- morphism. This paper attempts to link metallogeny of the Himalaya-Karakoram-Tibet and Myanmar collision zone to tectonic processes derived from multidisciplinary geologic studies.
Needs Assessment for Effective Implementation of the Environment Conservation...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7MShrr-WugZbEt6Q0FKaDlhRkU/view
Needs Assessment for Effective Implementation of the Environmental Conservation Law in Myanmar
Authors
Mikael Hildén, Kirsi Mäkinen, Jorma Jantunen, Mikko Jokinen, Raimo Lilja, Maung Maung Than, Salla Rantala, Thiri Aung
Acknowledgements
This study was undertaken with the financial support of the Government of Finland, Ministry for Foreign
Affairs, in co-operation with UNDP and the Government of Myanmar. Important support and guidance
throughout the study was provided by the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry (MOECAF).
Other Ministries in Myanmar with tasks connected to environmental matters were also open and supportive
and provided important information and insightful comments for the study. A large number of international
organisations, domestic civil society organisations and non-governmental organisations, environmental
consultants and experts in regional and local governments used their time for the study and contributed
with their views, knowledge and experiences to provide a rich picture of the environmental governance in
Myanmar and visions for the future. Numerous development partners also took an active interest in the work
and provided both critical remarks and encouragement. All of these contributions are gratefully acknowledged
CHINA IN MYANMAR(BURMA) FOR ARMS-LOGGING-DAM-COPPER-JADE etcs-PART ONEMYO AUNG Myanmar
ABSTRACT
Commercial relations
Bilateral trade between China and Burma exceeds $1.4 billion.[6] Chinese imports to Myanmar typically focus around oil, steel and textile products, while Myanmar imports range from natural rubber to raw wood. China is providing extensive aid and helping to develop industries and infrastructure in Burma and aims to be the chief beneficiary from cultivating Burma's extensive oiland natural gas reserves.China Power Investment Corporation's investment in the $3.6 billion Myitsone hydropower station on the Irrawaddy River has hit a snagged in early October 2011 as Burmese government suspended construction due to local residents' concern about the human, environmental impact and perceived benefits.
Strategic relations
China is the most important supplier of military aid and maintains extensive strategic and military cooperation.Since 1989, China has supplied Burma with jet fighters, armored vehicles andnaval vessels and has trained Burmese army, air force and naval personnel. Access to Burma's ports and naval installations provide China with strategic influence in the Bay of Bengal, in the wider Indian Ocean region and in Southeast Asia.
CHINA IN MYANMAR(BURMA) FOR ARMS-LOGGING-DAM-COPPER-JADE etcs-PART TWOMYO AUNG Myanmar
ABSTRACT
Commercial relations
Bilateral trade between China and Burma exceeds $1.4 billion.[6] Chinese imports to Myanmar typically focus around oil, steel and textile products, while Myanmar imports range from natural rubber to raw wood. China is providing extensive aid and helping to develop industries and infrastructure in Burma and aims to be the chief beneficiary from cultivating Burma's extensive oiland natural gas reserves.China Power Investment Corporation's investment in the $3.6 billion Myitsone hydropower station on the Irrawaddy River has hit a snagged in early October 2011 as Burmese government suspended construction due to local residents' concern about the human, environmental impact and perceived benefits.
Strategic relations
China is the most important supplier of military aid and maintains extensive strategic and military cooperation.Since 1989, China has supplied Burma with jet fighters, armored vehicles andnaval vessels and has trained Burmese army, air force and naval personnel. Access to Burma's ports and naval installations provide China with strategic influence in the Bay of Bengal, in the wider Indian Ocean region and in Southeast Asia.
http://www.transparency.org/cpi2015
Transparency International is a global movement with one vision: a world in which government, business, civil society and the daily lives of people are free of corruption. With more than 100 chapters worldwide and an international secretariat in Berlin, we are leading the fight against corruption to turn this vision into reality.
www.transparency.org
DIFFERENT BETWEEN YANGON AND BANGKOK SUBSIDENCE STUDYMYO AUNG Myanmar
This document summarizes a study on the potential seismicity of the Yangon region in Myanmar from a geological perspective. Some key points:
- Yangon sits on an active seismic zone, located on a spur of the NNW-SSE trending Bago anticline ridge near the Sagaing Fault zone, which has caused damaging earthquakes in the past.
- The region has experienced earthquakes in 1927 and 1930 that caused damage in Yangon and Bago. A 1978 quake of magnitude 5.7 also struck Yangon.
- The structures, surface geology, and soil characteristics of the alluvial deposits Yangon is built on make it prone to seismic activity from movement along local faults
INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW ENGLISH-BURMESE VERSIONMYO AUNG Myanmar
What is international humanitarian law?
Legal factsheet31 DECEMBER 2014
Fact sheet providing a summary description of the sources, content and field of application of international humanitarian law.
International humanitarian law is a set of rules which seek, for humanitarian reasons, to limit the effects of armed conflict. It protects persons who are not or are no longer participating in the hostilities and restricts the means and methods of warfare. International humanitarian law is also known as the law of war or the law of armed conflict.
International humanitarian law is part of international law, which is the body of rules governing relations between States. International law is contained in agreements between States – treaties or conventions –, in customary rules, which consist of State practise considered by them as legally binding, and in general principles.
International humanitarian law applies to armed conflicts. It does not regulate whether a State may actually use force; this is governed by an important, but distinct, part of international law set out in the United Nations Charter.
https://www.icrc.org/en/document/what-international-humanitarian-law
https://www.facebook.com/zin.linn.9/posts/10208644837335021?pnref=story
Tectono-magmatic Development of Accreted West Burma Block from Gondwana Land-...MYO AUNG Myanmar
Western Myanmar, between the strike-slip Sagiang Fault in the east and the frontal thrusts of the Indo-Burman Ranges in the west, was identified by Mitchell (1989) as an allochthonous continental block, now largely overlain by Cenozoic sediments and an active magmatic arc.
Mitchell (1989) named this continental block ‘Mount Victoria Land’ from an occurrence of metamorphic rocks, taken to represent the outcrop of the continental basement. This block has been termed the ‘West Burma Block’ by Hutchison (1989).
ChinaThe Third RevolutionXi Jinping and the New Chinese Sta.docxbissacr
China:
The Third Revolution
Xi Jinping and the New Chinese State
Elizabeth Economy
Elizabeth Economy, PhD
Council on Foreign Relations:
C. V. Starr senior fellow
Director for Asia studies
Hoover Institution of Stanford University
Visiting Fellow
She is an acclaimed author and expert on Chinese domestic and foreign policy, writing on topics ranging from China's environmental challenges to its role in global governance.
BA – Swarthmore; MA – Stanford; PhD – University of Michigan
Primary Theses
1. Xi Jinping has steered politics and economics towards repression, state control, and confrontation
Xi Jinping has used his power to reassert dominance of the Communist Party and of his own position within it
As part of the campaign against corruption, he has purged potential rivals
He has executed sweeping reorganization of the People’s Liberation Army to ensure loyalty of the military to the party and to him personally
Mr. Xi has imprisoned supporters of Western liberal reform and stamped out criticism of the party and government in the media and online
He has created a surveillance state to monitor discontent and deviance.
China increasingly controls business as an arm of state power
Made in China 2025 plan uses subsidies and protection to create world leadership in ten industries including aviation, tech & energy
Belt and Road Initiative subsidizes infrastructure development in Asia and Africa in return for Chinese trade agreements
c. Regional production chains or production networks are the mechanism by which China influences Asian economies and integrates itself with the global economy.
Enables higher degree of specialization and integration
Facilitates exploitation of scale and scope economies
Ideologically, Chinese path is captured in the “Chinese Dream”
The Third Revolution
The Rejuvenation of the Great Chinese Nation
Common Factors that Explain Takeoff
Openness to trade and investment – higher than rest of world
Strong Export Demand in advanced industrial economy
Increasing intra-regional trade
High Domestic Savings & Investment Rates
Strengthened physical and digital infrastructure
Improved quality of human capital
Active Government Involvement in Economy
Openness to trade
Share of Asian trade as % total world trade increasing at expense of European and Russian trade
North American trade relatively stable.
China: export partners in 2016, by export value
(in billion yuan)
United States
“…other than trade and FDI (foreign direct investment), regional production chains or production networks became a mechanism by which Asian economies tangibly influenced each other as well as integrated in a market-led manner. As barriers to the movement of goods, services and factors of production are dropped further, Asian economies would integrate more with each other as well as with the global economy.” Das, p. 13
Enables higher degree of specialization and integration
Facilitates .
This document provides an overview of the political and economic developments in Myanmar. Politically, Myanmar has transitioned to a civilian government in 2011 after decades of military rule. Key political milestones include Aung San Suu Kyi's landslide victory in the 2012 by-elections and the suspension of most sanctions by the EU and US. Economically, Myanmar remains one of the last frontier markets in Asia, but it is rich in natural resources and undergoing reforms. Geopolitically, Myanmar is strategically located between China and India, and its political opening could shift regional trade routes and make it a hub for energy and trade.
The paper deals with the changing nature and manifestation of the ‘World Order’. The focus has been on nthe South Asian region. China has been undertaken the driver of this ‘New World Order’, and it is discussed that how it has become a challenge to the Indian Foreign Policy in the recent times – both regionally and globally. Chinese policies and India’s responses has been discussed. It further deals with the inherent weaknesses in the Chinese model and discusses that how the post-Cold war, globalized world is essentially a multi-polar world and no one country can establish itself as the superpower. The paper
attempts to deal with the various facets – from hard to soft power – and explains the nuances of the recent developments in the region and its implications at the global level and vice versa.
This document discusses China's relationship with Myanmar and examines the reasons behind it. It makes three key points:
1. While energy security is often cited as the main driver of China's support for Myanmar, the relationship predates China's major focus on energy security and Myanmar contributes little oil.
2. Claims that China seeks military bases in Myanmar are unfounded as there is no evidence the facilities are under Chinese control.
3. China's partnership with Myanmar must be viewed in the regional context, as other countries in Southeast Asia have also maintained relations with the military junta. Myanmar has used its ties with China to its advantage in relations with neighbors.
With the fall of the Iron Curtain in Eastern Europ.docxambersalomon88660
With the fall of the Iron Curtain in Eastern Europe, Russia's command economy opened up to the world. The resulting globalization brought about great economic and political changes. While the new market economy promoted growth and modernization, it also deepened the country's class divide. Further, the quick transition from a planned economy to a free market opened the door for rampant corruption. Oligarchs who where friends of the old state where sold sectors of industry for pennies on the dollar. So while globalization paved the way for industrialization and modernization, particularly in the oil industry in Russia, the corruption and class divide brought with it make it a double edged sword.
Like every country in the world, Russia enjoys the benefits of globalization. They have been active in world trade and financial markets. In doing so, they agree to the rules of the games established way before they decided to join. "The global financial system resembles a somewhat democratic society where the voice of a very powerful and representative segment of society is manifested not by vote, but by instant and unambiguous money flows" (Marmolejo, 2014).
However, Russia is new to this game. "The Moscow Exchange was established on December 19, 2011, by the merger of the Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange and the Russian Trading System. The Moscow Exchange operates all financial assets across the board: equities, bonds, derivatives, currencies, money markets, and precious metals; in addition, the Moscow Exchange also operates Russia’s Central Securities Depositary and the country’s largest clearing service provider" (Marmolejo, 2014). It resides about in the middle regarding a current per capita GDP of approximately $18,100 (US), with an abundance of corruption, extreme ends of the spectrum regarding the haves and have nots, not to mention the many ethnic conflicts (Marmolejo, 2014). They are largely dependent upon the export of raw materials, such as oil, gas and other related products, but have "a third-world-like economic structure" (Marmelejo, 2014). Despite their antiquated economic structure, they have the largest landmass in the world with the 10th largest population in the world.
With Capitalization now taking over some previously communist countries, Putin is slowly destroying the country. His militarist attitude is going to put Russia back to where there were.
Marmolejo, M. (March 12, 2014). "Putin, Russia, Ukraine, and the Globalized World." Globalization: Opportunities & Implications. Retrieved on October 22, 2014 from url http://www.understandglobalization.com/2014/03/12/putin-russia-ukraine-and-the-globalized-world/
The global economy is an interconnected marketplace. Speaking from a political and economist perspective, globalization increases integration in the scope of business, values, technology, and various aspects of culture; it fosters interaction between people, organizations, and governments. In pertinen.
ICAS Bulletin Special Edition: Belt and Road Initiative May 2017Brien Desilets
The document summarizes discussions and commentary on China's Belt and Road Initiative from a forum organized by the Institute for China-America Studies. It includes summaries of speeches by Chinese President Xi Jinping promoting the initiative and its progress in connecting infrastructure and increasing trade and investment. Commentators discuss both the opportunities and challenges presented by the initiative, including concerns around debt sustainability and the need for greater transparency from China.
The red pen campaign document discusses censorship of news coverage in Myanmar leading up to the 2010 election. It describes how stories touching on the election were almost certainly cut or rejected by censors. One story about currency fluctuations was rejected despite mentioning possible reasons for changes unrelated to the election. Not surprisingly, the launch of the election campaign was the lead story, though with some minor but mystifying cuts. Censorship also affected stories about government leaders and facts of Myanmar's history under military rule since 1962.
China has experienced rapid economic growth since adopting more capitalist policies in 1978, but maintains tight authoritarian control politically. Globalization is challenging this model in several ways. It is harder for China to censor foreign media and control the flow of information online and through technology. Major events like earthquakes have led Chinese media to defy propaganda restrictions and report more openly. As globalization increases interconnection and access to outside information, it will be difficult for China to sustain its closed political system long-term.
Comparative Analysis of US China Relations during Trump Administrationijtsrd
This article examines crucial issues in the US Chinese relations during the Trump administration considering the issues like Trade war and geopolitical situation in Asia Pacific region. This research explores the main directions of Sino American relations in the period of presidency of Donald Trump, as well as the recent trends and perspectives on cooperation between the two states. The following conclusions are coming to end First, the U.S. government can continue, in the nearest future, to put pressure on China on issues such as human rights, civil society development, and Internet freedom. This pressure will be reflected in China, especially among educated youth and the growing middle class. The preservation and consolidation of American positions in the waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans is forcing Beijing to focus on the resource and transit potential of mainland Eurasia One Belt One Road , highlighting the growing importance of Russia and Central Asia for China’s strategy. Second, the U.S. administration’s attitude toward China remains moderate, despite occasional changes. The tendency for bilateral dialogue and mutually beneficial cooperation prevails. Third, there was unequivocal support from both houses of Congress for the Trump administration’s new tough demands on China. Existing problems between the parties, in particular, China’s close cooperation with Russia, further complicate the situation to the detriment of China. Fourth, the positive development of bilateral relations will contribute to ensuring international political, economic, environmental stability and global security. Fifth, China’s economic development and growing international position are intensifying competition in bilateral relations not only in the Asia Pacific region, but also in the rest of regions of the Globe. Uchkun Dustov "Comparative Analysis of US- China Relations during Trump Administration" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/38540/comparative-analysis-of-us-china-relations-during-trump-administration/uchkun-dustov
MYANMAR'S STALLED TRANSITION
https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/296-long-haul-ahead-myanmars-rohingya-refugee-crisis
Myanmar's State Counsellor and Foreign Minister Aung San Suu Kyi looks on during the 9th ASEAN UN Summit in Manila, Philippines, 13 November 2017. REUTERS/Linus Escandor Ii/Pool
BRIEFING 151 / ASIA 28 AUGUST 2018
Myanmar’s Stalled Transition
Aung San Suu Kyi’s government appears stuck amid international condemnation of the Rohingya's mass displacement and domestic unease about the economy. To nudge Myanmar’s post-junta transition forward, the UN should combine engagement with pressure for accountability for crimes against humanity and eventual refugee return.
MYANMAR'S STALLED TRANSITION
https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/296-long-haul-ahead-myanmars-rohingya-refugee-crisis
Myanmar's State Counsellor and Foreign Minister Aung San Suu Kyi looks on during the 9th ASEAN UN Summit in Manila, Philippines, 13 November 2017. REUTERS/Linus Escandor Ii/Pool
BRIEFING 151 / ASIA 28 AUGUST 2018
Myanmar’s Stalled Transition
Aung San Suu Kyi’s government appears stuck amid international condemnation of the Rohingya's mass displacement and domestic unease about the economy. To nudge Myanmar’s post-junta transition forward, the UN should combine engagement with pressure for accountability for crimes against humanity and eventual refugee return.
China advanced more in term of technology and being shortlist as a second super world economic, China engaged into different Africa’s construction projects, mostly of Africa infrastructure project improved effective after rebuild their economy relations with Chinese governments, Chinese government helped African to utilize and expanded their natural resources for maximize standard product. The study was examine the factor that influence trade business relationship between Tanzania and China with a deeper view the information on implication to Tanzania economy, through the critical examine relationship between Tanzania and China, also we assessed the perceptions of entrepreneurship and rapid growth of manufacture with reflect to current global situation of trade statistics between Tanzania and China. Tanzania gain more from the China’s since the model of production (Socialism model of production) on that situation both two countries were the same model of production and share everything the same for fighting their independence and other supports, recently China growth rapid for manufacturing expertise and become the second world economic. The study was advise the Tanzania government should massive encourage rapid manufacture growth and production facilities with motivate direct investment by the Chinese company to create more job opportunity for Tanzania rather than focus on political issue or other relations.
This document provides context on past, present, and future military cooperation between Vietnam and the United States from the Vietnamese perspective. It discusses Vietnam's reasons for closer cooperation with the US, including concerns about China's rise and actions in the South China Sea. The document then outlines the development of the military relationship since 1995, starting with cooperation on recovering MIA soldiers and moving to increased exchanges, training programs, and high-level visits between the two countries. It concludes by noting Vietnam's calculations in strengthening ties with the US while avoiding provoking China.
The document analyzes how China uses soft power through media and foreign policy to enhance its global image. It discusses how China portrays itself on the international stage and examines Western media coverage of China's rise. The author finds that China's economic growth and involvement in international affairs have increased Western interest in China over the past few decades as reflected by growing media coverage. The media plays an important role in shaping other countries' perceptions and policies toward China as its global influence rises.
https://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/policy-reports/dj-vu-in-myanmar.html - Over the past two months, Myanmar has plunged into a political crisis. Myanmar’s tentative political transition towards democracy, which started in 2010 and gained momentum after the 2015 elections, has been reversed. The military (Tatmadaw) has staged a coup d’état and arrested democratically elected leaders, including President Win Myint and State Counsellor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi.
This document provides a summary of regional news from Asia and the Pacific. It discusses several topics:
- The Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement was signed by 12 Pacific Rim countries, but concerns remain about how difficult it will be to get national approval and enforce provisions across many different countries.
- Vietnam is expected to benefit the most economically from increased access to markets like the US under the TPP. Other countries like South Korea that are not part of the deal may face more competition.
- India is trying to reduce its large gold imports by promoting financial schemes to invest in gold differently and increasing domestic gold production, but changing ingrained traditions and reviving mining may prove challenging.
State Counselor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi Delivering The State of the Union addres...MYO AUNG Myanmar
One Year On, Aung San Suu Kyi Struggles to
Unite a Fractured Myanmar
http://time.com/4714808/myanmar-burma-aung-san-suu-kyi-anniversary/
ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္၏အတုိင္ပင္ခံပုဂၢိဳလ္ေဒၚေအာင္ဆန္းစုၾကည္ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္အစိုးရတာဝန္ယူမႈ တစ္ႏွစ္ျပည့္ အထိမ္းအမွတ္မိန္႔ခြန္း (၃၀-၃-၂၀၁၇)
http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1040154.shtml#.WNzwSBp9A1F.linkedin
The document discusses leadership changes in China and the US and the challenges in the relationship between the two countries. It summarizes Xi Jinping's diplomatic visit to the US in February as he prepared to take over leadership in China. While there are disagreements, both countries recognize their economic interdependence and the importance of cooperation. The leadership transitions in both countries will shape how China-US relations are redefined during a time of global challenges.
China has expanded its economic and diplomatic relations with Latin America since the 1970s. It views the region as important for trade, investment, and asserting its role as a global power. Key aspects of the relationship include:
1) Growing trade and investment ties, including free trade agreements and Chinese financing of infrastructure projects in the region.
2) China sees Latin America as a source of natural resources and a market for its exports, while Latin American countries see China as an alternative partner to the US and Europe.
3) There are some concerns about the environmental and social impacts of Chinese investment in sensitive areas and state-led development model undermining governance, but overall the relationship is seen as mutually beneficial.
Early Warning Memo for the United States Governmen.docxsagarlesley
Early Warning Memo for the United States Government
How to Deal with the Potential Conflicts in Cross-Strait Relations
between the PRC and the ROC
Table of Contents
1.0 Executive Summary
2.0 Key Facts
2.1 The Cross-Strait Relations between the PRC and the ROC
2.2 An Important External Factor – the United States
3.0 What is at Stake?
4.0 The Important Characteristic of the Conflict Situation
4.1 The Constraints of History
4.2 The Boundedness of International Mediation
4.3 The “Mess” of Various Aspects of Cross-Strait Relations between the PRC and the ROC
5.0 The Reasons Why Prevention Action is Merited
6.0 Future Scenarios
6.1 Lower Feasibility - Standing with the ROC
6.2 Medium Feasibility - Exiting the “Game” or Keeping Silent
6.3 Higher Feasibility - Standing with the PRC
7.0 Conclusion
References
1.0 Executive Summary
In my 2017, the 23rd annual meeting of North American Taiwan Studies Association (NATSA) was held at Stanford University. The experts and scholars, who focused on researching the relevant issues about Asian-Pacific region, such as Kharis Templeman, Erin Baggott Carter, Thomas Fingar, and Lanhee J. Chen, analyzed the potential conflicts in Cross-Strait relations between People’s Republic of China (PRC-China) and Republic of China (ROC-Taiwan) on this meeting.[footnoteRef:1] During the process of discussing the potential conflict between PRC and ROC, the United States was highlighted as the most important mediator that could influence the trends of the conflict between PRC and ROC, and that was able to provide it with windows of opportunity. This early warning policy memo will examine the three scenarios with different degrees of feasibilities by regarding the United States government as the most suitable mediator. The key facts of Cross-Strait relations between the PRC and the ROC will be demonstrated, and the important characteristic of the conflict situation will also be analyzed. Based on them, this memo will discuss the points that are at stake, and the reasons why prevention action is merited for Cross-Strait relations between the PRC and the ROC. After analyzing the pros and cons of three future scenarios, the last one, which the United States government stands with the PRC and supports “One-China” policy, reveals the relatively higher feasibility. [1: Williams, Jack F. China Review International 10, (2017): 382-85. ]
2.0 Key Facts
2.1 The Cross-Strait Relations between the PRC and the ROC
Since the second Chinese Civil War happened in 1937, the issues about the relations between PRC and POC, which were also called as Cross-Strait relations (Haixia Liangan Guanxi), have become seriously sensitive topics in both of the two political entities that were geographically separated by the Taiwan Strait in the west Pacific Ocean. In 1949, the second Chinese Civil War led to the political status that the mainland of China being governed by the PRC, instead, Taiwan pertains to the ROC, wh ...
This document provides a Chinese perspective on China's changing role in Asia. It examines China's response to perceptions of its rise and discusses the principal concerns that shape its strategy toward Asia. China's strategy is also considered in relation to its relations with the United States. The document analyzes China's approach to regional economic cooperation and security issues, as well as its strategic vision for its role in the regional and global order.
Similar to CHINESE INFLUENCE FACES UNCERTAIN FUTURE IN MYANMAR (20)
Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma) AAPP report in Burmese The Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), also known as AAPP,
is a non-profit human rights organization based in Mae Sot, Thailand. AAPP was founded in 2000
by former political prisoners living in exile on the Thai/Burma border.
Since then, the organization has been run by former political prisoners,
with two offices being opened inside Burma in 2012, one in Rangoon and the other in Mandalay.
AAPP advocates and lobbies for the release of remaining political prisoners and
for the improvement of the lives of political prisoners after their release.
The various assistance programs for political prisoners and their family members
are aimed at ensuring they have access to education, vocational trainings, mental
health counseling and healthcare.
Identity crisis ethnicity and conflict in myanmar crisis groupMYO AUNG Myanmar
REPORT 312 / ASIA 28 AUGUST 2020
Identity Crisis: Ethnicity and Conflict in Myanmar
Ethnicity and conflict are tightly linked in Myanmar, as communal groups take up arms to press grievances for which they have found no other recourse. The problem calls for dialogue and deep reform, but meanwhile authorities can take smaller steps to indicate their positive intent.
https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/312-identity-crisis-ethnicity-and-conflict-myanmar?utm_source=Sign+Up+to+Crisis+Group%27s+Email+Updates&utm_campaign=1732944c02-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_01_28_08_41_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_1dab8c11ea-1732944c02-359431769
Asia Foundation. Note that the data are from 2016, so this map does not represent the current situation on
CHINA IS PLAYING MYANMAR GROUND THE KYAUKPHYU SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE AND CHIN...MYO AUNG Myanmar
CHINA IS PLAYING MYANMAR GROUND THE KYAUKPHYU SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE AND CHINA STRATEGIC DEEP-SEA PORT PROJECT
https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/chinas-strategic-port-project-moves-step-closer-reality-myanmar-oks-joint-venture.html
China’s Strategic Port Project Moves Step Closer to Reality as Myanmar OKs Joint Venture
https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/construction-chinas-bri-deep-sea-port-start-soon-myanmars-rakhine-state-govt.html
Construction on China's BRI Deep Sea Port to Start Soon in Myanmar's Rakhine State: Govt
https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/minister-rejects-fears-debt-trap-chinese-backed-port.html
Minister Rejects Fears of Debt Trap Over Chinese-Backed Port
https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/editorial/kyaukphyu-danger-slipping-hands.html
Is Kyaukphyu in Danger of Slipping Out of Our Hands?
http://www.thaibizmyanmar.com/th/news/detail.php?ID=2948
An industrial zone project within the Kyaukphyu Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in Rakhine State will be developed for US$30 billion
4 มีนาคม 2563
https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/first-phase-of-kyaukphyu-deep-seaport-project-expected-to-cost-13-bln
First phase of Kyaukphyu Deep Seaport project expected to cost $ 1.3 bln
http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/18/c_138716099.htm
Xinhua Headlines: Kyaukpyu port to become model project in China-Myanmar BRI cooperation
Source: Xinhua| 2020-01-18 20:49:31|Editor: huaxia
http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/20/c_138720186.htm
Feature: How the development of Myanmar's Kyaukpyu port won the hearts of locals
Source: Xinhua| 2020-01-20 11:27:42|Editor: Wang Yamei
https://www.thestar.com.my/news/regional/2020/02/17/china039s-citic-to-build-myanmar039s-huge-kyaukphyu-deep-seaport-first-phase-to-cost-us13-bln
China's CITIC to build Myanmar's huge Kyaukphyu Deep Seaport, first phase to cost US$1.3 bln
ASEANPLUS NEWS
Monday, 17 Feb 2020
1:35 PM MYT
https://splash247.com/china-inks-kyaukphyu-development-deal-with-myanmar/#:~:text=China%20has%20signed%20an%20agreement,visit%20to%20Myanmar%20last%20weekend.
China inks Kyaukphyu development deal with Myanmar
Jason Jiang Jason JiangJanuary 20, 2020
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyaukphyu
https://asiatimes.com/2019/07/china-led-port-project-inches-ahead-in-myanmar/
AT FINANCE, MYANMAR
China-led port project inches ahead in Myanmar
CITIC-led consortium this month started legally required impact assessments but the controversial $1.3 billion mega-project is still far from a done deal
By THOMPSON CHAU
JULY 15, 2019
The climate crisis and threats against land and environmental defendersMYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/environmental-activists/defending-tomorrow/
Report / July 29, 2020
DEFENDING TOMORROW
The climate crisis and threats against land and environmental defenders
The climate crisis is arguably the greatest global and existential threat we face. As it escalates, it serves to exacerbate many of the other serious problems in our world today – from economic inequality to racial injustice and the spread of zoonotic diseases.
For years, land and environmental defenders have been the first line of defence against the causes and impacts of climate breakdown. Time after time, they have challenged those companies operating recklessly, rampaging unhampered through forests, skies, wetlands, oceans and biodiversity hotspots.
https://youtu.be/FM7X1tnT4Sc
Download the full report Defending Tomorrow: The climate crisis and threats against land and environmental defenders (High resolution, 28.4MB, PDF)
Download the full report Defending Tomorrow: The climate crisis and threats against land and environmental defenders (Low resolution, 6.6MB, PDF)
User Privacy or Cyber Sovereignty Freedom House Special Report 2020MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/user-privacy-or-cyber-sovereignty?utm_source=Newsletter&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=SPOTLIGHTFRDM_072720
Special Report 2020
User Privacy or Cyber Sovereignty?
Assessing the human rights implications of data localization
WRITTEN BY-Adrian Shahbaz-Allie Funk-Andrea Hackl
https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/FINAL_Data_Localization_human_rights_07232020.pdf
USER PRIVACY OR CYBER SOVEREIGNTY?
Assessing the human rights implications of data localization
Freedom of Expression Active and Seeking Justice from MyanmarMYO AUNG Myanmar
Freedom of Expression Active and seeking justice from MYANMAR
https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/2020/07/16/seeking-justice-an-analysis-of-obstacles-and-opportunities-for-civil-society-groups-pursuing-accountability-for-human-rights-violations-in-domestic-courts-in-kachin-and-northern-shan-states/
SEEKING JUSTICE: AN ANALYSIS OF OBSTACLES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR CIVIL SOCIETY GROUPS PURSUING ACCOUNTABILITY FOR HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN DOMESTIC COURTS IN KACHIN AND NORTHERN SHAN STATES
Kachin Women’s Association – Thailand (KWAT) and Asia Justice and Rights (AJAR) are releasing a new report on access to justice in Burma, in which we identify strategies for local civil society groups, demand political and legal reforms, and call on donor agencies to better support assistance to victims of the most serious human rights violations.
https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/EngA-Chance-to-Fix-in-Time.pdf
“A Chance to Fix in Time”
Analysis of Freedom of Expression in
Four Years Under the Current Government
https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/2020/07/16/%e1%80%a1%e1%80%81%e1%80%bb%e1%80%ad%e1%80%94%e1%80%ba%e1%80%99%e1%80%ae%e1%80%95%e1%80%bc%e1%80%84%e1%80%ba%e1%80%86%e1%80%84%e1%80%ba%e1%80%81%e1%80%bd%e1%80%84%e1%80%ba%e1%80%b7-%e1%80%a1-2/
အချိန်မီပြင်ဆင်ခွင့် – အစိုးရသက်တမ်း ၄နှစ်အတွင်း လွတ်လပ်စွာထုတ်ဖော်ပြောဆိုခွင့်ကို ဆန်းစစ်ခြင်းအစီရင်ခံစာ
SHWE KOKKO BORDER KAYIN STATE PROJECT COLLECTIONMYO AUNG Myanmar
ALL ABOUT SHWE KOKKO PROJECT KAYIN STATE COLLECTIONS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shwe_Kokko Shwe Kokko https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/shwe-kokko-a-paradise-for-chinese-investment/ Shwe Kokko: A paradise for Chinese investment SEPTEMBER 5, 2019 http://karennews.org/2020/03/shwe-koko-big-winners-burma-army-and-international-crime-syndicates-at-expense-of-karen-people-knu-community-groups-want-it-stopped/ Shwe Koko: Big Winners – Burma Army and international Crime Syndicates at Expense of Karen People – KNU, Community Groups Want it Stopped Karen News Send an emailMarch 26, 2020 https://asiatimes.com/2019/03/a-chinatown-mysteriously-emerges-in-backwoods-myanmar/ A Chinatown mysteriously emerges in backwoods Myanmar Shwe Kokko, a remote town along Myanmar's Moei River, is the latest odd and bold outpost of China's Belt and Road Initiative By BERTIL LINTNER MARCH 1, 2019 https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/305-commerce-and-conflict-navigating-myanmars-china-relationship https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/305-commerce-and-conflict-myanmar-china%20(1)_0.pdf Commerce and Conflict: Navigating Myanmar’s China Relationship Asia Report N°305 | 30 March 2020 https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/chinas-thai-myanmar-border-investment-shwe-kokko-chinatown-mega-project CHINA’S THAI-MYANMAR BORDER INVESTMENT: Shwe Kokko Chinatown mega-project http://monnews.org/2020/03/28/gambling-away-our-land-kpsn-report-raises-questions-about-shwe-kokko-extension-project/ ‘Gambling Away Our Land’; KPSN report raises questions about Shwe Kokko Extension project https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=900Fzrn8DzY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Etlg2eYn7HM https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/the-mystery-man-behind-the-shwe-kokko-project/?f
Myanmar language version of the UN Charter.Yangon charter myanmarMYO AUNG Myanmar
Myanmar language version of the UN Charter.
Source: https://unic.un.org/aroundworld/unics/common/documents/publications/uncharter/yangon_charter_myanmar.pdf
https://unic.un.org/aroundworld/unics/common/documents/publications/uncharter/yangon_charter_myanmar.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3tttG9XprzHH4_yCQNOg8_u8g6z23fqYLqeCUvvIkHAqzTLKjSnB1OT3g
WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2020 BY UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELO...MYO AUNG Myanmar
WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2020
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT UNCTAD
ttps://unctad.org/en/pages/newsdetails.aspx?OriginalVersionID=2396&utm_source=CIO+-+General+public&utm_campaign=5e26d15771-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_05_17_11_42_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_3d334fa428-5e26d15771-70594621
Global foreign direct investment projected to plunge 40% in 202016 June 2020
COVID-19 causes steep drop in investment flows, hitting developing countries hardest. Recovery is not expected before 2022, says new UNCTAD report.
Myanmar Amber traps scientists in ethical dilemma over funding warMYO AUNG Myanmar
Myanmar is a major producer of amber, a fossilized tree resin. Amber is valued for jewelry, and also serves as a sort of time capsule that provides scientific clues to prehistoric life with fossilized inclusions such as insects, birds and dinosaur footprints.
Meanwhile, the main amber-mining areas in the country are located in an internal conflict zone where an ethnic minority is fighting against the national armed forces, and the amber also comes with problems of human rights violations and smuggling.
https://asia.nikkei.com/Location/Southeast-Asia/Myanmar-amber-traps-scientists-in-ethical-dilemma-over-funding-war
Myanmar amber traps scientists in ethical dilemma over funding war
Fossils like those in 'Jurassic Park' draw scrutiny as Kachin conflict drags on
https://www.facebook.com/MYOAUNGNAYPYIDAW/posts/2839212596177214
သယံဇာတစစ်ပွဲ
မြန်မာ့ပယင်းရဲ့ သိပ္ပံပညာရှင်တွေကို စွဲဆောင်နိုင်မှုက ကျင့်ဝတ်ဆိုင်ရာ အကျပ်ရိုက်မှုဖြစ်စေပြီး စစ်ပွဲတွေအတွက် ငွေကြေးထောက်ပံ့ရာလမ်းကြောင်းဖြစ်နေ
SITUATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS OVERVIEW IN BURMA (JANUARY – APRIL 2020)MYO AUNG Myanmar
The document provides an overview of the human rights situation in Burma from January to April 2020. It discusses concerns around the militarized COVID-19 response, censorship of free press and ongoing conflicts in Rakhine, Shan and Karen states that are displacing civilians and restricting access to aid. Human rights abuses documented included killings, torture, arrests and restrictions on media that were primarily committed by the Burma Army across the ethnic states. Civil society groups are working to address humanitarian needs but fighting continues despite calls for ceasefires.
2019 country reports on human rights practices burma united state of america ...MYO AUNG Myanmar
Myanmar Aung
21 mins ·
https://burmese.voanews.com/a/us-state-depart…/5325155.html…
ကမ္ဘာလုံးဆိုင်ရာ ကန်အစီရင်ခံစာထဲက မြန်မာလူ့အခွင့်အရေး အခြေအနေ
https://www.state.gov/…/…/BURMA-2019-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf
https://www.state.gov/…/2019-country-reports-on-human-righ…/
2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
The annual Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – the Human Rights Reports – cover internationally recognized individual, civil, political, and worker rights, as set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international agreements. The U.S. Department of State submits reports on all countries receiving assistance and all United Nations member states to the U.S. Congress in accordance with the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and the Trade Act of 1974.
MARCH 11, 2020
https://www.state.gov/assistant-secretary-for-democracy-hu…/
Assistant Secretary for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor Robert A. Destro On the Release of the 2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
SPECIAL BRIEFING
ROBERT A. DESTRO, ASSISTANT SECRETARY
BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR
PRESS BRIEFING ROOM
WASHINGTON, D.C.
MARCH 11, 2020
Executive Summary of Independent Commission of Enquiry "ICOE" Final Report En...MYO AUNG Myanmar
Executive Summary Of Independent Commission of Enquiry-ICOE' Final Report ENGLISH-BURMESE
https://www.facebook.com/myanmarpresidentoffice.gov.mm/posts/2632138836833836
ENGLISH VERSION
Independent Commission of Enquiry (ICOE)
https://www.icoe-myanmar.org/
Executive Summary Of Independent Commission of Enquiry-ICOE' Final Report
https://www.facebook.com/myanmarpresidentoffice.gov.mm/posts/2632129370168116
BURMESE VERSION
လွတ်လပ်သောစုံစမ်းစစ်ဆေးရေးကော်မရှင် (Independent Commission of Enquiry-ICOE) ၏ အပြီးသတ်အစီရင်ခံစာ အကျဉ်းချုပ်\
2019 ANNI Report on the Performance and Establishment of National Human Right...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.forum-asia.org/?p=29979&nhri=1
2019 ANNI Report on the Performance and Establishment of National Human Rights Institutions in Asia
7 October 2019 2:36 pm
https://www.forum-asia.org/uploads/wp/2019/10/3.0-Online-ANNI-Report-2019.pdf
https://www.forum-asia.org/?p=29931
Myanmar: Promote press freedom, and end reprisals against Development Media Group
3 October 2019 3:58 pm
https://www.forum-asia.org/uploads/wp/2019/10/Press-release-Myanmar-DMG.pdf
ALL ABOUT INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (ICJ) AND MYANMARMYO AUNG Myanmar
ALL ABOUT INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (ICJ) AND MYANMAR
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations and began work in April 1946.
The seat of the Court is at the Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands). Of the six principal organs of the United Nations, it is the only one not located in New York (United States of America).
The Court’s role is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by States and to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies.
The Court is composed of 15 judges, who are elected for terms of office of nine years by the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council. It is assisted by a Registry, its administrative organ. Its official languages are English and French.
https://www.icj-cij.org/en/court
https://www.icj-cij.org/en-basic-toolkit
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE ICJ
Information Department
information@icj-cij.org
https://opiniojuris.org/2019/11/13/the-gambia-v-myanmar-at-the-international-court-of-justice-points-of-interest-in-the-application/
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/cases-brought-myanmar-deliver-justice-rohingya-191117174800430.html
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/14/war-crimes-judges-approve-investigation-violence-against-rohingya-icc-myammar
https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-situation-of-the-rohingya-is-there-a-role-for-the-international-court-of-justice/
https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/gambia-files-lawsuit-against-myanmar-international-court-justice
STIMSON INNOVATIVE IDEAS CHANGING THE WORLD AND CHINA-MEKONG RIVER AND MYANMARMYO AUNG Myanmar
STIMSON INNOVATIVE IDEAS CHANGING THE WORLD AND CHINA-MEKONG RIVER AND MYANMAR
The Stimson Center is a nonpartisan policy research center working to protect people, preserve the planet, and promote security & prosperity. Stimson’s award-winning research serves as a roadmap to address borderless threats through concerted action. Our formula is simple: we gather the brightest people to think beyond soundbites, create solutions, and make those solutions a reality. We follow the credo of one of history’s leading statesmen, Henry L. Stimson, in taking “pragmatic steps toward ideal objectives.” We are practical in our approach and independent in our analysis. Our innovative ideas change the world.
https://www.stimson.org/sites/default/files/file-attachments/Cronin-China%20Supply%20Chain%20Shift.pdf
https://www.stimson.org/sites/default/files/file-attachments/SC_EnergyPublication.FINAL_.pdf
https://www.stimson.org/content/powering-mekong-basin-connect
https://www.stimson.org/sites/default/files/file-attachments/WEB-FEB_Cambodia%20Report.pdf
https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/slower-smaller-cheaper-the-reality-of-the-china-myanmar-economic-corridor
Slower, smaller, cheaper: the reality of the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor
https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/peace-through-development-chinas-experiment-in-myanmar
Peace through development: China’s experiment in Myanmar
https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/China-walks-political-tightrope-in-Myanmar
China walks political tightrope in Myanmar
Beijing should leverage its influence with military
https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/why-china-is-sceptical-about-the-peace-process
Why China is sceptical about the peace process
https://www.stimson.org/content/%E2%80%98loose-end%E2%80%99-peace-process
The ‘loose end’ of the peace process
The Stimson Center
communications@stimson.org
THE ASSIATANCE ASSOCIATION FOR POLITICAL PRISONERS (BURMA)MYO AUNG Myanmar
The Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma),
https://aappb.org/background/about-aapp/
The Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), otherwise known as AAPP, is a human rights organization based in Mae Sot, Thailand and Rangoon, Burma. AAPP advocates for the release of all remaining political prisoners in Burma and for the improvement of their quality of life during and after incarceration. AAPP has developed rehabilitation and assistance programs for those political activists who have been released while continuing to document the ongoing imprisonment of political activists in Burma.
As long as political prisoners exist inside Burma, Burma will not be free. They represent the struggle for democracy, human rights, equality and freedom for the people of Burma. This makes the immediate and unconditional release of all political prisoners an integral part of Burma’s drive for national reconciliation.
THE HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER A GUIDE FOR FIRST NATIONS COMUNITIES AND ADVOCATES MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/water1019_brochure_web.pdf
THE HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER A GUIDE FOR FIRST NATIONS COMUNITIES AND ADVOCATES
https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/canada0616web.pdf
Make it Safe
Canada’s Obligation to End the First Nations Water Crisis
https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/canada0616_brochure_web.pdf
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Natural Resource Governance Reform and the Peace Process in MyanmarMYO AUNG Myanmar
NATURAL RESOURCE GOVERNANCE REFORM AND THE PEACE PROCESS IN MYANMAR
KEVIN M. WOODS
https://www.forest-trends.org/publications/natural-resource-governance-reform-and-the-peace-process-in-myanmar/
FORESTS OCT 18, 2019
Natural Resource Governance Reform and the Peace Process in Myanmar
By Kevin M. Woods
https://www.forest-trends.org/publications/executive-summary-of-natural-resource-governance-and-the-peace-process-in-myanmar/
https://www.forest-trends.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Forest-Trends_NRG_Peace_Myanmar_Final_ES.pdf
https://www.forest-trends.org/publications/forest-trends-comments-on-myanmar-draft-forest-rules-2019-regarding-land-rights/
Forest Trends Comments on Myanmar Draft Forest Rules (2019) Regarding Land Rights
https://www.forest-trends.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Forest-Rules-Brief-2019-FINAL-Letter.pdf
https://www.forest-trends.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Forest_Rules_Brief_2019_FINAL_A4_BURMESE-FINAL.pdf
https://www.forest-trends.org/publications/what-is-in-myanmars-first-eiti-forestry-reports/
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
04062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
CHINESE INFLUENCE FACES UNCERTAIN FUTURE IN MYANMAR
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Publication: China Brief Volum e: 16 Issue: 4
February 23, 2016 08:39 AM Age: 3 days
NLD Chairperson Aung San Suu Kyi visits
with Chinese President Xi Jinping in June of
2015. The NLD has since won a major
electoral victory.
C hine se Influe nce F ace s U nce rtain F uture in M yanm ar
By: Sudha Ramachandran
At the beginning of February, m em bers of Myanm ar’s National
League for Dem ocracy (NLD) took their seats in the national
parliam ent (People’s Daily, February 2). Though the transition
w as peaceful, Myanm ar’s neighbors are anticipating political
instability and ethnic unrest to escalate in the com ing m onths,
and Myanm ar’s neighbors, including China, are anxious that the
resulting population flow s across borders could inflam e ethnic
insurgencies in volatile border areas. As the new governm ent
navigates these dom estic and international currents, China is
w atching to see if the NLD w ill rush to em brace the W est, or adopt
a m ore cautious approach.
The NLD’s connections to W estern nations are w ell established. Since its founding in 1988, the NLD
has had a w arm relationship w ith W estern countries and received full support for its struggle against
m ilitary rule in Myanm ar. Indeed, the United States’ policy tow ard Myanm ar, especially its decisions to
im pose, extend, and lift econom ic sanctions w ere reportedly influenced, even determ ined by the view s
of Aung San Suu Kyi, the NLD’s chairperson (Mizzim a, January 23, 2012). In contrast, there w as little
engagem ent betw een the W est and Myanm ar’s m ilitary rulers, pushing the latter to build relations
w ith China, India and m em ber countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), w ho
rarely criticized the generals for suppressing dem ocracy in Myanm ar. China in particular strongly
backed m ilitary rule in Myanm ar and provided it w ith generous political, diplom atic, econom ic and
m ilitary support. This support helped the generals not only survive the W est’s sanctions, but also
consolidate their iron-grip over the country, prolonging the NLD’s struggle against m ilitary rule.
C h in a se e m s “cle a rly a n x io u s” th a t th e W e stw a rd sh ift in M ya n m a r’s fo re ig n p o licy w a s
se t in m o tio n u n d e r P re sid e n t T h e in S e in ’s q u a si- civilia n g o ve rn m e n t co u ld “g o e ve n
fu rth e r in th a t d ire ctio n ” u n d e r th e civilia n a n d p ro - W e st N LD g o ve rn m e n t (M ya n m a r
T im e s, Ja n u a ry 8 ). H o w e ve r, th e N LD ca n n o t ig n o re th e “lo g ic o f g e o g ra p h y” ste m m in g
fro m th e le n g th y b o rd e r M ya n m a r sh a re s w ith C h in a (Indian Express, June 14, 2015). W hile
diversifying its partners to correct the extrem e pro-China tilt of the past 25 years in Myanm ar’s
foreign policy, the NLD can be expected to avoid entering into a close relationship w ith the W est.
China w ill have to contend w ith com petition from other countries, though it w ill rem ain a m ajor
source of investm ent and trade for Myanm ar.
C h in a ’s C o n ce rn s
In 1988, Myanm ar abandoned roughly four decades of non-alignm ent to becom e a close ally of
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China. The ruling junta, w hich w as ostracized by the W est for its violent suppression of protests in
Yangon and other cities that year, turned to China for econom ic aid to help w eather a crippling
econom ic crisis and w eapons to deal w ith dom estic unrest and the threat of a W estern invasion. The
“explicitly close partnership” betw een the m ilitary rulers and China in the period betw een 1988–2010
saw China em erge as Myanm ar’s largest foreign investor, its second largest trade partner and top
m ilitary supplier. [1 ] Chinese cum ulative investm ent in Myanm ar in this period reached $9.6 billion, a
third of w hich w ent into oil, natural gas and hydropow er projects (Mizzim a, February 22, 2011).
China’s heavy investm ent in natural resources and transport infrastructure in Myanm ar has facilitated
extraction and im port of its electricity, oil, gas, tim ber, and gem s and has enabled it to acquire
enorm ous influence over Myanm ar’s econom y. Myanm ar’s value to China goes beyond its natural
resources. Like the China-Pakistan Econom ic Corridor (CPEC), Myanm ar provides an alternate
overland route to the Indian Ocean, reducing threats to its energy supply lines through the South
China Sea (China Brief, July 31, 2015; China Brief, April 12, 2006). Several of Myanm ar’s ports w ere
m odernized by China and Chinese naval ships have docked in Myanm ar’s ports in recent years
(Youku, August 30, 2010).
China’s presence and influence in Myanm ar has suffered setbacks in recent years. Political reform s
initiated in 2011 triggered protests against China-backed infrastructure projects w hose term s w ere
m uch m ore favorable for China. The $3.6 billion Myitsone Dam project, for exam ple, w as to send 90
percent of the electricity generated to China (Mizzim a, March 12, 2012). The Thein Sein governm ent
subsequently suspended a num ber of projects including the Myitsone project and the $1 billion
Leptadaung copper m ine project (Global Tim es, Novem ber 27, 2013). The 2011 reform s also
prom pted the W est to begin lifting trade and investm ent restrictions, paving the w ay for m ore diverse
sources of investm ent. For the first tim e in over tw o decades, Chinese investors faced com petition
from W estern and Japanese investors, resulting in Chinese investm ent in Myanm ar plunging from $12
billion in 2008–2011 to just $407 m illion in 2012–2013 (The Irraw addy, January 1, 2013; The
Irraw addy, Septem ber 17, 2013; Global Tim es, March 27, 2014).
This decline in Chinese investm ent in Myanm ar is expected to accelerate w ith the NLD’s ascent to
pow er. Although there is disappointm ent in the W est over Suu Kyi’s autocratic style of functioning and
her silence on the violence unleashed against the Rohingya Muslim m inority, the U.S. is expected to
perm anently lift sanctions if Myanm ar’s m ilitary continues to respect the electoral verdict (The
Irraw addy, Novem ber 13, 2015). Cancellation of Chinese infrastructure projects w ould not only
w eaken Myanm ar’s capacity to be China’s corridor to the Indian Ocean but also it could erode its
grand plans for the Maritim e Silk Route (MSR) initiative, part of China’s “Belt and Road” project to
connect China w ith m arkets across Eurasia. Rail and gas-pipelines linking Myanm ar’s Kyaukpyu port
city w ith Kunm ing in China’s Yunnan Province are a key part of the MSR. The Myanm ar side of the
Kyaukpyu-Kunm ing rail project has run into trouble, though w ork continues on the Chinese side
(Phoenix New s, July 23, 2014; China Econom ic Net, Decem ber 7, 2015). If the NLD governm ent scraps
the project, it w ill further underm ine the MSR (The Hindu, August 21, 2015).
C h in a ’s O u tre a ch to th e N LD
According to an analyst at Myanm ar’s Institute of Strategic and International Studies, China “did not
have to w orry about com petition from the U.S.” in the 1988–2010 period. By im posing sanctions and
refusing to engage the ruling junta, the U.S. and other countries “voluntarily cut them selves out of
Myanm ar’s econom ic and strategic space.” That changed in 2011 w hen China had to contend w ith
“m ounting com petition from W estern countries and im portantly Japan” in Myanm ar.” [2 ] As it becam e
apparent that reform s w ould lead to a larger role for the NLD in politics, non-engagem ent of the NLD
w as “no longer a sensible or practical strategy” (Myanm ar Tim es, Decem ber 16, 2015).
W ith the aim of protecting its econom ic and strategic interests in Myanm ar, China sought to broaden
its base of support in Myanm ar. It reached out to m ajor political parties and civil society organizations
at the national and regional level. China sw itched from ignoring the NLD and its leadership to courting
them instead. Chinese envoys and officials visited NLD leaders, especially Suu Kyi, and NLD delegations
w ere invited to China (Myanm ar Tim es, May 1, 2013; Mizzim a, May 8, 2013; The Irraw addy, January
17, 2014).
In July 2015, the Chinese Com m unist Party (CCP) invited Suu Kyi to Beijing prior to the anticipated NLD
victory in the general elections scheduled for Novem ber. This m arked the first tim e China had invited
an opposition leader from Myanm ar to the country (Myanm ar Tim es, October 26, 2015). Indeed, the
state-run Global Tim es described the invitation of Suu Kyi as a “strategic m ove from China to
safeguard ties w ith its southern neighbor,” since the NLD’s influence w as “projected to grow in the
upcom ing elections” (Global Tim es, June 10, 2015). Suu Kyi m et w ith Chinese President and CCP
leader Xi Jinping, Prem ier Li Keqiang, form er foreign m inister and current State Councilor Yang Jiechi
and a host of other top officials, treatm ent usually reserved for heads of state— not leaders of
opposition parties. Clearly, China w as preparing the stage for a new era in its relations w ith Myanm ar.
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3. W h a t Lie s A h e a d
Despite anticipation of close relations betw een an NLD governm ent and the W est, Suu Kyi has show n
herself to be “a hard-nosed and pragm atic politician and that in dealing w ith foreign policy issues she
w ill be ruled by her head, not heart.” [3 ] Suu Kyi has also indicated that she w ill not oppose
infrastructure projects sim ply because they are Chinese. As head of a parliam entary panel probing the
Letpadaung copper m ine project, she recom m ended continuing the controversial project, despite
local opposition to it, on the ground that shutting it dow n w ould turn aw ay foreign investors. She is
“deeply aw are that Myanm ar needs Chinese investm ent.” [4 ] “W e have to get along w ith [China]
w hether w e like it or not,” she told villagers protesting against the project (Mizzim a, March 13, 2015).
At the sam e tim e, Myanm ar’s relations w ith W estern countries can be expected to expand. For one,
especially in the context of the United States’ pivot to Asia and Myanm ar possibly em erging a “crucial
piece” in that policy, W estern interest and investm ent in Myanm ar w ill intensify in the com ing years.
The NLD governm ent w ould w elcom e investm ent from the W est, “not because of its pro-W est leaning
but because it w ould be keen to diversify its partners and reduce dependence on China.” [5 ] Suu Kyi’s
statem ent praising China’s Belt and Road initiative indicates that Myanm ar under the NLD could
continue to w elcom e Chinese investm ent, only it w ould seek to ensure that this investm ent is m utually
beneficial (Xinhuanet, Novem ber 17, 2015).
New investm ent and trade partners from the W est, Japan, and other Asian countries could put the NLD
governm ent in a “far stronger position” than its m ilitary and quasi-civilian predecessors to bargain
w ith China on econom ic deals. In the 1990s, the junta w as dependent on China and engaged Beijing
from a position of w eakness. This resulted in deals that w ere favorable to China. In contrast, the NLD
governm ent w ill have com panies in the W est eager to invest and trade w ith Myanm ar. Burm ese
international affairs analysts em phasize that w ith “other options available it need not settle for w hat
Chinese com panies offer.” This could result in investm ent and trade agreem ents w ith China that are
“m ore favorable to Myanm ar” than they have been in the past. [6 ]
Despite its W estern support, the NLD governm ent is unlikely to put Myanm ar on a pro-W est path. It
cannot afford to do so. China, after all, is a pow erful neighbor that continues to w ield im m ense
influence in Myanm ar. It can incite unrest and instability in Myanm ar and fuel its ethnic insurgencies
(Mizzim a, March 5, 2015). Mem ories of China’s role in supporting ethnic insurgencies in Myanm ar in
the early post-independence decades, even instigating a Com m unist uprising in Myanm ar in the late
1960s rem ain vivid in the country. Recent reports of Chinese com plicity in Myanm ar’s Kokang conflict
and its support to ethnic m ilitias like the United W a State Arm y (UW SA) as w ell as allegations that it
encouraged the UW SA and the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO) to refrain from signing the
ceasefire agreem ent indicate that Beijing is not averse to disrupting Myanm ar’s peace process. Its
influence over groups like the UW SA provides Beijing w ith a bargaining chip in negotiations w ith
Naypyidaw (Mizzim a, June 2, 2015; The Irraw addy, July 13, 2015; Mizzim a, October 9, 2015). At a tim e
w hen it is struggling to put in place a peace process to end the country’s m ultiple ethnic conflicts,
Myanm ar cannot afford Chinese interference.
C o n clu sio n
The NLD already faces m ultiple challenges, nam ely a highly politicized m ilitary, w hich rem ains
exceedingly pow erful. W hile the generals are by and large suspicious of China’s intentions, several
prom inent m ilitary officials have lucrative business dealings w ith the China and w ould likely oppose
w eakening ties (The Irraw addy, October 23, 2015). Thus, the NLD could com e under conflicting
pressures from the m ilitary in the conduct of its China policy. At a tim e w hen it is figuring out its
relationship w ith the m ilitary, the NLD w ill avoid opening up contentious subjects like relations w ith
China. It w ill thus adopt a cautious foreign policy that seeks som e distance from China, even as it
avoids ruffling feathers am ong its ow n generals or in Beijing.
Myanm ar’s history is replete w ith exam ples of its rulers adopting a cautious approach tow ard China.
The sw ift recognition that its civilian governm ent (1948–1960) accorded Com m unist China in
Decem ber 1949 w as reportedly aim ed at deterring a possible Chinese invasion. Again, even w hen
relations turned hostile in 1969, Myanm ar’s junta sought rapprochem ent w ith China. [7 ] More
recently, the Thein Sein governm ent preferred suspending the Myitsone Dam project, rather than
cancelling it. Sim ilar caution w ill color the NLD’s approach to China, as w ell.
Over the past 25 years, Myanm ar’s foreign policy had a pro-China tilt that saw it m ove aw ay from the
neutrality of the preceding 40 years. Under an NLD governm ent, this tilt is likely to be corrected. It w ill
seek to m ove Myanm ar aw ay from abnorm al proxim ity to China to a m ore norm al relationship.
How ever, it w ill avoid replacing this w ith a w estw ard tilt and refrain from entering into a close
em brace w ith the W est, especially of the United States W hile the NLD w ill be open to Chinese
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