China advanced more in term of technology and being shortlist as a second super world economic, China engaged into different Africa’s construction projects, mostly of Africa infrastructure project improved effective after rebuild their economy relations with Chinese governments, Chinese government helped African to utilize and expanded their natural resources for maximize standard product. The study was examine the factor that influence trade business relationship between Tanzania and China with a deeper view the information on implication to Tanzania economy, through the critical examine relationship between Tanzania and China, also we assessed the perceptions of entrepreneurship and rapid growth of manufacture with reflect to current global situation of trade statistics between Tanzania and China. Tanzania gain more from the China’s since the model of production (Socialism model of production) on that situation both two countries were the same model of production and share everything the same for fighting their independence and other supports, recently China growth rapid for manufacturing expertise and become the second world economic. The study was advise the Tanzania government should massive encourage rapid manufacture growth and production facilities with motivate direct investment by the Chinese company to create more job opportunity for Tanzania rather than focus on political issue or other relations.
The document analyzes how China uses soft power through media and foreign policy to enhance its global image. It discusses how China portrays itself on the international stage and examines Western media coverage of China's rise. The author finds that China's economic growth and involvement in international affairs have increased Western interest in China over the past few decades as reflected by growing media coverage. The media plays an important role in shaping other countries' perceptions and policies toward China as its global influence rises.
The document summarizes China's efforts through its United Front Work Department to influence Taiwan and incorporate the island into mainland China. It details how the United Front targets Taiwanese businessmen, students, academics and local leaders through activities aimed at softening opposition to China and building support for reunification. It also discusses how the United Front helps mobilize Taiwanese businessmen in China to support Taiwan's ruling party which favors closer ties to China.
Xi Jinping in full power: what's next? (2017)levdlc
A political study by China Trade Winds, developing the portraits of each one of the China Communist Party all-powerful Politburo and Standing Committee members – 25 leading politicians who will call the shots until 2022!
It analyses the new Politburo composition (political leanings, different balance of power compared to the 18th Congress, no nominee for 2022,) and also new government bodies, set to be launched in 2018.
Please find the synopsis and an extract of Li Zhanshu's profile, Xi Jinping's chief of staff.
To book, contact us for more details: levdlc@leventdelachine.com
www.leventdelachine.com
The document discusses the print media landscape in Pakistan. It provides an overview of the key print media organizations in the country, including their functions and roles. It also outlines some of the laws and factors influencing the print media industry in Pakistan. Additionally, it examines the relationship between print media and public policymaking by highlighting how print media can draw attention to issues and help convey public opinion to the government.
This (final exam) is part of the requirement for Southeast Asian Studies, a course I took at Mahidol University International College. There are five different responses, which all discuss social issues related to Southeast Asia.
The document summarizes the intern's activities during a 7-week internship at the ASEAN-Korea Center. During the internship, the intern conducted research on topics related to ASEAN countries' relations with Korea and each other, the ASEAN Economic Community, and attended meetings. The intern helped prepare for and support the 8th Annual ASEAN-Korea Council Director Meeting and presented their research findings to ASEAN students.
The document analyzes how China uses soft power through media and foreign policy to enhance its global image. It discusses how China portrays itself on the international stage and examines Western media coverage of China's rise. The author finds that China's economic growth and involvement in international affairs have increased Western interest in China over the past few decades as reflected by growing media coverage. The media plays an important role in shaping other countries' perceptions and policies toward China as its global influence rises.
The document summarizes China's efforts through its United Front Work Department to influence Taiwan and incorporate the island into mainland China. It details how the United Front targets Taiwanese businessmen, students, academics and local leaders through activities aimed at softening opposition to China and building support for reunification. It also discusses how the United Front helps mobilize Taiwanese businessmen in China to support Taiwan's ruling party which favors closer ties to China.
Xi Jinping in full power: what's next? (2017)levdlc
A political study by China Trade Winds, developing the portraits of each one of the China Communist Party all-powerful Politburo and Standing Committee members – 25 leading politicians who will call the shots until 2022!
It analyses the new Politburo composition (political leanings, different balance of power compared to the 18th Congress, no nominee for 2022,) and also new government bodies, set to be launched in 2018.
Please find the synopsis and an extract of Li Zhanshu's profile, Xi Jinping's chief of staff.
To book, contact us for more details: levdlc@leventdelachine.com
www.leventdelachine.com
The document discusses the print media landscape in Pakistan. It provides an overview of the key print media organizations in the country, including their functions and roles. It also outlines some of the laws and factors influencing the print media industry in Pakistan. Additionally, it examines the relationship between print media and public policymaking by highlighting how print media can draw attention to issues and help convey public opinion to the government.
This (final exam) is part of the requirement for Southeast Asian Studies, a course I took at Mahidol University International College. There are five different responses, which all discuss social issues related to Southeast Asia.
The document summarizes the intern's activities during a 7-week internship at the ASEAN-Korea Center. During the internship, the intern conducted research on topics related to ASEAN countries' relations with Korea and each other, the ASEAN Economic Community, and attended meetings. The intern helped prepare for and support the 8th Annual ASEAN-Korea Council Director Meeting and presented their research findings to ASEAN students.
The document summarizes a study on Xi Jinping and China's new leadership following the 18th Party Congress. It provides profiles of over 40 members of the new governing bodies, and analyzes policies around agriculture, the environment, corruption and other issues. It also introduces two important members of the new government: Xu Shaoshi, the new head of the National Development and Reform Commission, who has power over China's economy but whose focus on development raises environmental concerns; and Jiang Jiemin, who now heads the State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission despite being responsible for previous oil spills as head of CNPC, indicating the ongoing influence of patron Zhou Yongkang. The study provides insight into China's
The document discusses key challenges facing the North Eastern states of India, including insurgency, lack of infrastructure, and poor governance. It argues that developing tourism and border trade could help address high unemployment and low GDP in the region by generating jobs and revenue. Specifically, the region has great potential for eco and adventure tourism due to its natural beauty and cultural heritage. Border trade could revive local industries and provide access to new markets, fulfilling the goals of India's "Look East" policy. However, more work is still needed to improve infrastructure and overcome security challenges and isolationist mindsets that have hindered economic development.
Competing World-Visions? China’s and the EU’s Africa-PoliciesGlobusHamburg
As European politicians realized that China’s successful Africa-strategy potentially undermines their traditional influence in Africa, they started to question their normative policy-approach. While Europe conducts a policy that is based on ethical and normative considerations, such as good governance, democracy, human rights and the promotion of sustainable economic development, China promotes a no-strings-attached, business-like approach. In contrast to the EU, China presents itself rather as an investor who wants to do business rather than donor who wants to provide aid.
This paper will shed light on the differences between China’s and the EU’s Africa policies. It argues that China’s engagement has contributed to the fact that Africa has again become a priority of the European political agenda.
The Coordination of China BRI with Thailand and CLMV Countries' Development PathKlangpanya
The document discusses the coordination of China's Belt and Road Initiative with Thailand and other countries in the region. It makes three main points:
1) The Belt and Road Initiative is complementary to existing frameworks for regional cooperation like the ASEAN Connectivity Master Plan. Adhering to principles of mutual benefit and cooperation will promote the initiative.
2) Key challenges to the Belt and Road Initiative include building trust, financing large infrastructure projects, ensuring political stability, and managing strategic competition.
3) Countries must seek mutual understanding and make adjustments to cooperate, as called for in Mao Zedong's doctrine of seeking truth from facts. With joint efforts and patience, countries can overcome difficulties and complement regional development plans.
This document is a MA thesis submitted to China Foreign Affairs University that examines China's foreign aid to Papua New Guinea. It consists of five chapters that analyze various aspects of China's aid to Pacific island nations, with a focus on Papua New Guinea. The introduction provides background on China's foreign aid and establishes the significance of studying its impacts on Papua New Guinea's economic development. Subsequent chapters analyze the features and reasons for China's aid to Pacific countries, its effects on Papua New Guinea's economy, and different perspectives on China's aid from the international community, PNG government, and Papua New Guinean people. The conclusion reflects on lessons learned and provides recommendations to maximize the benefits of foreign aid.
United Nations Assistance Mission in AfghanistanYoonee Jeong
The document summarizes the role of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) in coordinating international assistance efforts in the country. It discusses UNAMA's mandate to promote peace and stability and lead international civilian coordination. While some progress has been made in reconstruction, security remains a major challenge. The report examines key issues facing UNAMA, including the deteriorating security situation, upcoming elections, and improving aid effectiveness.
Effects Of Political Advertising on Political socialization IFFAT MASOOD
This document is a thesis submitted by Iffat Masood to the University of Management and Technology Lahore in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an M.Phil degree in Media and Communication Studies. The thesis aims to test the relationship between political advertising and the political socialization of educated youth in Pakistan from 2015-2017, with a focus on the post-2013 general election period when political advertising was used significantly. The theoretical frameworks used are the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion and the AIDA Model. The thesis involves a survey of 200 young people from three universities in Lahore to measure political socialization indicators and their relationship with variables like exposure to political advertising and TV watching habits.
Taiwan's Politics_A Look at the 2008 Presidential Election_DabneyNicole Dabney
- The 2008 Taiwanese presidential election was important as it could mark Taiwan's transition to a consolidated democracy according to political science standards, but it has been marred by widespread corruption scandals involving both main candidates.
- Corruption has long been an issue in Taiwanese politics and both major parties, the ruling DPP and opposition KMT, have been affected by recent scandals, weakening public approval and trust in the political system.
- The election will likely focus on the defining issue of Taiwanese national identity and its relationship with China, as the deep divisions between those supporting independence and reunification have continued.
This document summarizes a study on Chinese business people's views regarding engaging in business partnerships with foreign firms, particularly Australian firms. The study was conducted in two phases, with phase one involving in-depth interviews of 6 Chinese business people in managerial positions. Phase two surveyed 49 additional Chinese business people to further understand social, cultural, and institutional factors that may influence their decisions to engage in international business partnerships. Key factors examined included the importance of relationships and trust between partners, as well as differences between more impersonal Western styles of business versus more personal and long-term relationship-focused business in China.
Roehampton University MBA-The Reform Party, SingaporeNorainiYunus1
The document discusses plans and strategies for the Reform Party of Singapore to prepare for and participate in the next general election, which must be held by 2021. It outlines the party's leadership, past electoral performance, proposed campaign strategies including expanding candidate fields and social media outreach, and proposed changes to election laws and procedures to streamline the process.
NARENDRA MODI’S AND XI JINPING’S HISTORIC ROLES AMID THREATS AND CHALLENGESKeshav Prasad Bhattarai
Includes- Contradictions in India and China Relations ,India and China: Living with the Common Threats of Terrorism and Joint Responsibility of Modi and Jinping
This dissertation examines the relationship between financial deregulation, partisan politics, and economic inequality in the United States from 1914 to 2012. Using time-series regression analysis and process-tracing of legislative debates, it analyzes how deregulation of the financial sector impacted market-based income inequality. It finds that deregulation increased income shares for the top 0.01% and top 5% of earners. Process-tracing shows that both political parties converged in the 1980s-1990s behind neoliberal ideology, supporting deregulation through laws like the Riegle-Neal Act and Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act despite risks of rising inequality. The study aims to better understand how government policy shapes financial markets and economic well-
Advantages of creation of Bangladesh to pakistan.M Akram Niazi
The document discusses the advantages of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) separating from Pakistan. It argues that the separation relieved Pakistan of an economic burden, as East Pakistan had scarce resources and high poverty. It also allowed Pakistan to pursue economic policies without considering East Pakistan's interests. Politically, it ended Bengali domination of assemblies and removed criticism of Pakistan's ideology. Militarily, it eliminated India's ability to pressure Pakistan by threatening its geographically distant and vulnerable East Pakistan. Socially, it stopped the flow of migrants from East Pakistan and allowed local languages and culture to flourish in West Pakistan. The author concludes that the separation created new freedom and opportunities for both Pakistan and Bangladesh.
This document is a CV for Xiaoxiao Li that provides biographical and professional information. It includes details about her education such as obtaining a PhD from Northeast Normal University and an MBA from the University of Central Oklahoma. It lists her work experience including positions at various companies and as an adjunct professor teaching economics, management, Chinese, and international business courses. It also outlines her areas of specialty including relationships with Chinese government agencies and experience in import/export, international management, and marketing research. Publications and areas of research are mentioned.
The document discusses Pak-Afghan relations and offers suggestions for improving them. It notes that both countries face security threats from militancy and terrorism. It suggests that Pakistan and Afghanistan establish joint border security, enhance economic cooperation, and resolve disputes over Taliban sanctuaries and Indian influence in a spirit of mutual understanding and respect for sovereignty. Former Afghan president Hamid Karzai also provided a two-point solution: jointly fighting terrorism and Pakistan accepting Afghanistan's sovereignty and non-interference in its foreign relations. Experts say the countries must cooperate regionally and normalize bilateral relations.
Future projections and policy recommendationsJ-Ahmedi
The document discusses future projections and policy recommendations for the region following the US drawdown from Afghanistan. It predicts that regional instability could spread from Afghanistan to Pakistan if political tensions grow along ethnic or religious lines. An unstable Pakistan could further destabilize Afghanistan. It recommends that the US engage in trilateral counter-terrorism cooperation with India, Pakistan, and China while also continuing to support the Afghan peace process and encouraging economic development through projects like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Strengthening relationships and cooperation between regional powers could help address security challenges in a sustainable manner.
This document is a research report analyzing the relationship between external debt and economic growth in Tanzania. It provides background on Tanzania's increasing external debt from the 1970s due to economic difficulties, which led the government to take on more debt. Despite debt relief initiatives, Tanzania's debt increased to over $7.9 billion by 2011 and absorbed about 40% of government expenditures. The report will examine how external debt impacts economic growth using time series data and regression analysis. It aims to provide recommendations on managing Tanzania's debt levels and reliance on external borrowing.
Abstract: The Central African Republic like the heart World, through the vicissitudes given its geographical position. Its accession in 1960 to the Maoist movement has been consolidated by the China-Africa Forum held in October 2000 in Beijing. It is in this perspective that President François Bozize, September 10, 2009, appealed to his Chinese counterpart Hu Jintao to invest in his country. Which marks the presence of China at the head of the CAR in the peace process and economic rehabilitation. But many development projects have been suspended for the seizure of power by the Seleka coalition March 24, 2013. However, CAR continues to rely on the strategic actions of China in the field of new technology for its agro-pastoral development to food self-sufficiency.
China and Singapore- what does China get from us and what goes beyond academi...Dickson Yeo
Singapore and China are physically and population wise on opposite ends of the spectrum. But the state construction of elites facilitates a great deal of collaboration and synthesis.
By needing to rely on each other's macroeconomic and facilitative abilities within the Washington Consensus framework. A powerful synthesis is created.
However, do they see each other clearly?
Tunisia has made progress in its democratic transition since 2014 elections but still faces threats of violent extremism. USIP supports peacebuilding in Tunisia through programs engaging local and national actors to develop civil society and government institutions. Recent USIP work includes training mediators and facilitators, fostering regional peer learning among them, and facilitating police-community dialogues to build relationships and identify security solutions.
The document summarizes a study on Xi Jinping and China's new leadership following the 18th Party Congress. It provides profiles of over 40 members of the new governing bodies, and analyzes policies around agriculture, the environment, corruption and other issues. It also introduces two important members of the new government: Xu Shaoshi, the new head of the National Development and Reform Commission, who has power over China's economy but whose focus on development raises environmental concerns; and Jiang Jiemin, who now heads the State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission despite being responsible for previous oil spills as head of CNPC, indicating the ongoing influence of patron Zhou Yongkang. The study provides insight into China's
The document discusses key challenges facing the North Eastern states of India, including insurgency, lack of infrastructure, and poor governance. It argues that developing tourism and border trade could help address high unemployment and low GDP in the region by generating jobs and revenue. Specifically, the region has great potential for eco and adventure tourism due to its natural beauty and cultural heritage. Border trade could revive local industries and provide access to new markets, fulfilling the goals of India's "Look East" policy. However, more work is still needed to improve infrastructure and overcome security challenges and isolationist mindsets that have hindered economic development.
Competing World-Visions? China’s and the EU’s Africa-PoliciesGlobusHamburg
As European politicians realized that China’s successful Africa-strategy potentially undermines their traditional influence in Africa, they started to question their normative policy-approach. While Europe conducts a policy that is based on ethical and normative considerations, such as good governance, democracy, human rights and the promotion of sustainable economic development, China promotes a no-strings-attached, business-like approach. In contrast to the EU, China presents itself rather as an investor who wants to do business rather than donor who wants to provide aid.
This paper will shed light on the differences between China’s and the EU’s Africa policies. It argues that China’s engagement has contributed to the fact that Africa has again become a priority of the European political agenda.
The Coordination of China BRI with Thailand and CLMV Countries' Development PathKlangpanya
The document discusses the coordination of China's Belt and Road Initiative with Thailand and other countries in the region. It makes three main points:
1) The Belt and Road Initiative is complementary to existing frameworks for regional cooperation like the ASEAN Connectivity Master Plan. Adhering to principles of mutual benefit and cooperation will promote the initiative.
2) Key challenges to the Belt and Road Initiative include building trust, financing large infrastructure projects, ensuring political stability, and managing strategic competition.
3) Countries must seek mutual understanding and make adjustments to cooperate, as called for in Mao Zedong's doctrine of seeking truth from facts. With joint efforts and patience, countries can overcome difficulties and complement regional development plans.
This document is a MA thesis submitted to China Foreign Affairs University that examines China's foreign aid to Papua New Guinea. It consists of five chapters that analyze various aspects of China's aid to Pacific island nations, with a focus on Papua New Guinea. The introduction provides background on China's foreign aid and establishes the significance of studying its impacts on Papua New Guinea's economic development. Subsequent chapters analyze the features and reasons for China's aid to Pacific countries, its effects on Papua New Guinea's economy, and different perspectives on China's aid from the international community, PNG government, and Papua New Guinean people. The conclusion reflects on lessons learned and provides recommendations to maximize the benefits of foreign aid.
United Nations Assistance Mission in AfghanistanYoonee Jeong
The document summarizes the role of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) in coordinating international assistance efforts in the country. It discusses UNAMA's mandate to promote peace and stability and lead international civilian coordination. While some progress has been made in reconstruction, security remains a major challenge. The report examines key issues facing UNAMA, including the deteriorating security situation, upcoming elections, and improving aid effectiveness.
Effects Of Political Advertising on Political socialization IFFAT MASOOD
This document is a thesis submitted by Iffat Masood to the University of Management and Technology Lahore in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an M.Phil degree in Media and Communication Studies. The thesis aims to test the relationship between political advertising and the political socialization of educated youth in Pakistan from 2015-2017, with a focus on the post-2013 general election period when political advertising was used significantly. The theoretical frameworks used are the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion and the AIDA Model. The thesis involves a survey of 200 young people from three universities in Lahore to measure political socialization indicators and their relationship with variables like exposure to political advertising and TV watching habits.
Taiwan's Politics_A Look at the 2008 Presidential Election_DabneyNicole Dabney
- The 2008 Taiwanese presidential election was important as it could mark Taiwan's transition to a consolidated democracy according to political science standards, but it has been marred by widespread corruption scandals involving both main candidates.
- Corruption has long been an issue in Taiwanese politics and both major parties, the ruling DPP and opposition KMT, have been affected by recent scandals, weakening public approval and trust in the political system.
- The election will likely focus on the defining issue of Taiwanese national identity and its relationship with China, as the deep divisions between those supporting independence and reunification have continued.
This document summarizes a study on Chinese business people's views regarding engaging in business partnerships with foreign firms, particularly Australian firms. The study was conducted in two phases, with phase one involving in-depth interviews of 6 Chinese business people in managerial positions. Phase two surveyed 49 additional Chinese business people to further understand social, cultural, and institutional factors that may influence their decisions to engage in international business partnerships. Key factors examined included the importance of relationships and trust between partners, as well as differences between more impersonal Western styles of business versus more personal and long-term relationship-focused business in China.
Roehampton University MBA-The Reform Party, SingaporeNorainiYunus1
The document discusses plans and strategies for the Reform Party of Singapore to prepare for and participate in the next general election, which must be held by 2021. It outlines the party's leadership, past electoral performance, proposed campaign strategies including expanding candidate fields and social media outreach, and proposed changes to election laws and procedures to streamline the process.
NARENDRA MODI’S AND XI JINPING’S HISTORIC ROLES AMID THREATS AND CHALLENGESKeshav Prasad Bhattarai
Includes- Contradictions in India and China Relations ,India and China: Living with the Common Threats of Terrorism and Joint Responsibility of Modi and Jinping
This dissertation examines the relationship between financial deregulation, partisan politics, and economic inequality in the United States from 1914 to 2012. Using time-series regression analysis and process-tracing of legislative debates, it analyzes how deregulation of the financial sector impacted market-based income inequality. It finds that deregulation increased income shares for the top 0.01% and top 5% of earners. Process-tracing shows that both political parties converged in the 1980s-1990s behind neoliberal ideology, supporting deregulation through laws like the Riegle-Neal Act and Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act despite risks of rising inequality. The study aims to better understand how government policy shapes financial markets and economic well-
Advantages of creation of Bangladesh to pakistan.M Akram Niazi
The document discusses the advantages of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) separating from Pakistan. It argues that the separation relieved Pakistan of an economic burden, as East Pakistan had scarce resources and high poverty. It also allowed Pakistan to pursue economic policies without considering East Pakistan's interests. Politically, it ended Bengali domination of assemblies and removed criticism of Pakistan's ideology. Militarily, it eliminated India's ability to pressure Pakistan by threatening its geographically distant and vulnerable East Pakistan. Socially, it stopped the flow of migrants from East Pakistan and allowed local languages and culture to flourish in West Pakistan. The author concludes that the separation created new freedom and opportunities for both Pakistan and Bangladesh.
This document is a CV for Xiaoxiao Li that provides biographical and professional information. It includes details about her education such as obtaining a PhD from Northeast Normal University and an MBA from the University of Central Oklahoma. It lists her work experience including positions at various companies and as an adjunct professor teaching economics, management, Chinese, and international business courses. It also outlines her areas of specialty including relationships with Chinese government agencies and experience in import/export, international management, and marketing research. Publications and areas of research are mentioned.
The document discusses Pak-Afghan relations and offers suggestions for improving them. It notes that both countries face security threats from militancy and terrorism. It suggests that Pakistan and Afghanistan establish joint border security, enhance economic cooperation, and resolve disputes over Taliban sanctuaries and Indian influence in a spirit of mutual understanding and respect for sovereignty. Former Afghan president Hamid Karzai also provided a two-point solution: jointly fighting terrorism and Pakistan accepting Afghanistan's sovereignty and non-interference in its foreign relations. Experts say the countries must cooperate regionally and normalize bilateral relations.
Future projections and policy recommendationsJ-Ahmedi
The document discusses future projections and policy recommendations for the region following the US drawdown from Afghanistan. It predicts that regional instability could spread from Afghanistan to Pakistan if political tensions grow along ethnic or religious lines. An unstable Pakistan could further destabilize Afghanistan. It recommends that the US engage in trilateral counter-terrorism cooperation with India, Pakistan, and China while also continuing to support the Afghan peace process and encouraging economic development through projects like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Strengthening relationships and cooperation between regional powers could help address security challenges in a sustainable manner.
This document is a research report analyzing the relationship between external debt and economic growth in Tanzania. It provides background on Tanzania's increasing external debt from the 1970s due to economic difficulties, which led the government to take on more debt. Despite debt relief initiatives, Tanzania's debt increased to over $7.9 billion by 2011 and absorbed about 40% of government expenditures. The report will examine how external debt impacts economic growth using time series data and regression analysis. It aims to provide recommendations on managing Tanzania's debt levels and reliance on external borrowing.
Abstract: The Central African Republic like the heart World, through the vicissitudes given its geographical position. Its accession in 1960 to the Maoist movement has been consolidated by the China-Africa Forum held in October 2000 in Beijing. It is in this perspective that President François Bozize, September 10, 2009, appealed to his Chinese counterpart Hu Jintao to invest in his country. Which marks the presence of China at the head of the CAR in the peace process and economic rehabilitation. But many development projects have been suspended for the seizure of power by the Seleka coalition March 24, 2013. However, CAR continues to rely on the strategic actions of China in the field of new technology for its agro-pastoral development to food self-sufficiency.
China and Singapore- what does China get from us and what goes beyond academi...Dickson Yeo
Singapore and China are physically and population wise on opposite ends of the spectrum. But the state construction of elites facilitates a great deal of collaboration and synthesis.
By needing to rely on each other's macroeconomic and facilitative abilities within the Washington Consensus framework. A powerful synthesis is created.
However, do they see each other clearly?
Tunisia has made progress in its democratic transition since 2014 elections but still faces threats of violent extremism. USIP supports peacebuilding in Tunisia through programs engaging local and national actors to develop civil society and government institutions. Recent USIP work includes training mediators and facilitators, fostering regional peer learning among them, and facilitating police-community dialogues to build relationships and identify security solutions.
Chinese economic activities and interests in developing countries have rapidly increased since China's economic reforms in 1978. Chinese firms are now actively investing in Latin America and Africa, challenging American and European companies. This paper examines China's role and interests in developing countries, why it prefers to invest in these regions, and the effects of Chinese economic activities in Latin America and Africa. It finds that China pursues its national interests in developing countries, such as natural resources, to fuel its own economy. While Chinese investment has benefits such as infrastructure development, it is also motivated by accessing resources rather than political solidarity. Chinese firms have also been more successful than Western firms in some developing countries due to their non-interventionist approach and unconditional economic operations.
This document discusses the contributions of African diaspora communities in China and Chinese diaspora communities in Africa to strengthening Africa-China relations. It argues that diaspora groups play important socio-economic, socio-political, and socio-cultural bridging roles between their homelands and host countries. While some members engage in negative activities, many Africans in China contribute through business, investment, remittances, and assisting diplomatic functions. Similarly, Chinese communities in Africa contribute through small businesses and investment. The document advocates recognizing and promoting these positive diaspora contributions to develop people-to-people relations under the Forum on Africa-China Cooperation.
The document discusses the history and development of relations between Pakistan and China over the past 60 years. It notes that Pakistan was the first country to recognize China and establish diplomatic relations in 1950. Since then, the two countries have developed increasingly strong political, economic, and military cooperation. Major areas of cooperation include infrastructure projects, weapons development, and supporting each other's positions on international issues. The strong partnership is based on shared interests and has benefited both countries economically and strategically.
The scope of the paper provides a different view than the current debate that tracks the historical
trajectory of the relationship between China and Africa. The widely discussed economic influence of China in
Africa comes from the end of WWII and has not been built in the last decade, as has been recently reported in
many parts of the press. To understand this international relationship, it is important to put the events in the
right historical perspective. This aspect is particularly true for a nation like China, which has a long-term
vision for its diplomacy with respect to Western countries. However, the main economic and political
connections between China and Africa and their mutual influences are examined in detail.
On 20 November 2012, the programme Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration (RCI) in Asia of Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH convened a workshop on “Social Implications of Economic Integration” in Vientiane, Lao PDR. This document summarise thepurpose, main themes and results of this event.
Dr. Tamunopubo Big-Alabo,
2Dr. Emmanuel C. MacAlex-Achinulo Department of Political and Administrative Studies
University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Email Id: tamunopubo_big-alabo@uniport.edu.ng,
Contact no: 2347063775335
Abstract: This study examined China’s foreign policy in Africa and Nigeria development. The study was anchored on the dependency theory as propounded by Dos Santos in 1970. The study adopted ex-post research design while
data was gotten from a secondary source such as textbooks, journal articles, newspapers, magazines and internet
and the data generated was analyzed through content analysis. The findings of the study showed that China's
foreign policy interests in Africa is centered on political, economic and security interest and China’s foreign policy
has not resulted in development in Nigeria, as Chinese firms in Nigeria employ more than 84 percent of local
labour, despite the fact that few of these employees are technical or managerial staffs. Based on the findings the
study recommended among others; that Africa should take advantage of China’s economic, political and
ideological interest in Africa as China should be encouraged to strengthen and improve its co-operation with
Africa in other areas such as engineering and technology and the government of Nigeria should put down strong
laws as well as implement the laws, that will lead to Chinese firms putting more Nigerians into managerial and
technical positions.
ChinaThe Third RevolutionXi Jinping and the New Chinese Sta.docxbissacr
China:
The Third Revolution
Xi Jinping and the New Chinese State
Elizabeth Economy
Elizabeth Economy, PhD
Council on Foreign Relations:
C. V. Starr senior fellow
Director for Asia studies
Hoover Institution of Stanford University
Visiting Fellow
She is an acclaimed author and expert on Chinese domestic and foreign policy, writing on topics ranging from China's environmental challenges to its role in global governance.
BA – Swarthmore; MA – Stanford; PhD – University of Michigan
Primary Theses
1. Xi Jinping has steered politics and economics towards repression, state control, and confrontation
Xi Jinping has used his power to reassert dominance of the Communist Party and of his own position within it
As part of the campaign against corruption, he has purged potential rivals
He has executed sweeping reorganization of the People’s Liberation Army to ensure loyalty of the military to the party and to him personally
Mr. Xi has imprisoned supporters of Western liberal reform and stamped out criticism of the party and government in the media and online
He has created a surveillance state to monitor discontent and deviance.
China increasingly controls business as an arm of state power
Made in China 2025 plan uses subsidies and protection to create world leadership in ten industries including aviation, tech & energy
Belt and Road Initiative subsidizes infrastructure development in Asia and Africa in return for Chinese trade agreements
c. Regional production chains or production networks are the mechanism by which China influences Asian economies and integrates itself with the global economy.
Enables higher degree of specialization and integration
Facilitates exploitation of scale and scope economies
Ideologically, Chinese path is captured in the “Chinese Dream”
The Third Revolution
The Rejuvenation of the Great Chinese Nation
Common Factors that Explain Takeoff
Openness to trade and investment – higher than rest of world
Strong Export Demand in advanced industrial economy
Increasing intra-regional trade
High Domestic Savings & Investment Rates
Strengthened physical and digital infrastructure
Improved quality of human capital
Active Government Involvement in Economy
Openness to trade
Share of Asian trade as % total world trade increasing at expense of European and Russian trade
North American trade relatively stable.
China: export partners in 2016, by export value
(in billion yuan)
United States
“…other than trade and FDI (foreign direct investment), regional production chains or production networks became a mechanism by which Asian economies tangibly influenced each other as well as integrated in a market-led manner. As barriers to the movement of goods, services and factors of production are dropped further, Asian economies would integrate more with each other as well as with the global economy.” Das, p. 13
Enables higher degree of specialization and integration
Facilitates .
China has experienced rapid economic growth averaging 9.4% annually over the past 30 years, increasing its GDP from $3.42 trillion in 2007. However, this growth has exacerbated income inequality and caused environmental issues like pollution. Key challenges China faces include a shortage of power infrastructure to support continued growth, a growing wealth gap between urban and rural areas, potential problems in its property market, inefficiencies in state-owned banks, and unemployment despite strong GDP expansion.
African Francophone countries are increasingly engaging with China politically, socially, culturally and economically since 1958, through bilateral and multilateral cooperation especially the machinations of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) create in Beijing on 2000.The recent growth of Chinese influence and companies across Africa in general, Africa Francophone in particular has drawn African and world attention. As a result, both economic and political implications are emerging at the global level, raising concerns among actors in the global economy. Most critic and literature to date that appears to borrow from the logic of dependency theory presents African Francophone Countries as pawns, subject to the demands of exploitative and dominant China, who is benefiting at Africa Francophone‟s expense. So for that reason, the relations between China and African Francophone require close examination, and this document seeks to address two major issues. First, it tries to and investigates whether or not dependency theory explains the nature of African Francophone nations and China‟s relationship, using Republic of Mali as a case study. Furthermore, it will address whether dependency theory can correctly describe this relationship. In this research we refer to Dos Santos‟ assertion. According to Dos Santos‟s assertion “the dependency is a historical condition in which the economy of a certain group of countries is conditioned by the development and expansion of another economy to which their own is subjected” (1). Some publication claim that the impact of Chinese engagement in Africa Francophone, whether positive or negative, whether on a comprehensive scale or a small scale benefiting the leaders class and a circle of privileges people, will be determined by African Francophone governments and their policies regarding China. While it is clear that African Francophone States have found a new partner for diplomatic support, trade, and aid even to resist Western interventions and initiated policies. It is also apparent that to accrue any sort of lasting benefit, African Francophone Nations must actively manage their relationship with China. Existing research has yet to adequately address the motivations of African Francophone who choose to engage with China and African Francophone perspectives on this growing relationship. This paper will attempt to address these questions in part by exploring Mali‟s China policy
The Image of Africa in China: The Emerging Role of Chinese Social MediaEric Olander
China and Africa are both developing at a fast pace and consolidating their relationship with each other, constituting another pole of the world, as described by the Chinese Premier Li Keqiang during his visit to the African Union in May 2014. China is taking a more active lead in terms of this relationship. Its investments in African infrastructure, agriculture, manufacturing industry, mining, and trade have brought noteworthy positive impacts on the continent’s social and economic development, but some of them have resulted in controversy and serious local debates due to the Chinese lack of knowledge regarding local customs, legal systems, and lifestyles. Thus how the Chinese perceive Africa and how they receive information about Africa has become a serious factor in this bilateral relationship’s sustainable and mutually beneficial future.
The Communist Party of China is the ruling party and exercises power through the Central Committee. China's government is divided into four tiers of provinces, prefectures, counties, and townships. Hu Jintao served in various government and party roles from the 1960s until becoming General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee in 2002. Chinese laws are based on Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong thought and criminalize acts that endanger public security. China has a large population and economy but also faces issues of economic disparity between urban and rural areas. The government is taking measures to expand imports and financial access in rural areas to restructure the economy. Chinese culture features many arts and crafts demonstrating excellent
This document provides a summary of a weekly intelligence report on the latest activities of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It discusses the establishment of an innovation partnership between China and Switzerland, meetings between Chinese and Nigerian leaders, and the Chinese State Council's report on U.S. human rights issues. It also covers United Front work to manage diverse intellectuals, Party discipline rules, a CMC vice chairman's visit to the Spratly Islands, and Xi Jinping's comments on protecting cultural relics during economic development.
Weekly intelligence report on the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The CCP focuses on building legal protections in order to foster innovation. The Party also keeps up pressure on Taiwan's incoming president and strengthens its strategic partnership with Russia.
This document provides an update paper for the African Union committee at the National High School Model United Nations conference in March 2015. It discusses two topics: Chinese investment in Africa's development, and conflict introduced by the blood diamond supply chain. For the first topic, it outlines recent increases in Chinese investment and influence on the African continent, and some African nations' approaches to managing this influence. For the second topic, it notes increasing criticism of the Kimberley Process certification system for diamonds and efforts to address issues within the blood diamond supply chain. The document provides context and issues for delegates to consider in addressing these important topics facing the African Union.
1CHAPTER 6 CHINAChinaBook ReferenceTerrill, R. J. (EttaBenton28
1
CHAPTER 6: CHINA
China
Book Reference
Terrill, R. J. (2016). World criminal justice systems: A comparative survey. Routledge.
Concepts to Know
· Kuomintang
· Cultural Revolution
· Deng Xiaoping
· National People’s Congress
· Standing Committee
· The “Mass Line”
· Ministry of Public Security
· Residents’ Committees
· Criminal Detention
· Adjudication Committees
· Political-legal Committees
· Supreme People’s Court
· Basic People’s Courts
· Procuratorate
· People’s Assessor
· Confucians
· Legalists
· Compulsory Measures
· Administrative Regulations
· Labor Camps
· Death Penalty
· Bang-jiao
Introduction
CHINA is an ancient country that has one of the oldest civilizations on earth. Its written history is almost 4,000 years old, and throughout much of its existence, its cultural traditions have had a profound impact on the entire East Asian region. China occupies much of the mainland of East Asia and shares land borders with 14 countries (Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Vietnam). With a geographical area of about 3.7 million square miles, China is slightly larger than the United States (see Figure 6.1). Among the countries of the world, only Russia and Canada are larger in area. Unlike the United States, where almost 20 percent of the land is utilized for agriculture, China cultivates around 10 percent of its land on a permanent basis.
Because of rugged and inhospitable geographical conditions, particularly in the western regions, large areas of China are uninhabited. As a result, approximately two-thirds of the population live along the east coast, which represents about one-fifth of the land. China has long held the distinction of having the world’s largest population at more than 1.3 billion. This figure is greater than the combined populations of Europe, Russia, and the United States. More than 91 percent of the people belong to the Han ethnic group. All of the other ethnic minorities represent less than 1 percent of the population, with the exception of the Zhuang minority at 1.3 percent of the total population.
Approximately 31 percent of the labor force is employed in agriculture and forestry, with industrial and service ventures employing 30 and 36 percent, respectively. Iron, steel, and textiles are among the more prominent industries. In 1978, Chinese leaders initiated a program to modernize agriculture, industry, science and technology, and national defense. Their goal was to achieve a fairly advanced industrialized country by the year 2000. This program was prompted, in part, by the fact that the standard of living had been in a considerable state of decline since the 1950s.
Throughout China’s more recent political history under communism, the state essentially owned the industrial enterprises and commercial ventures of the country. Because people were guaranteed life-long employment, concerns about workforce productivity had been negl ...
The Great Leap Forward was an ambitious but disastrous economic campaign launched by Mao Zedong in 1958 to rapidly industrialize and modernize China's economy. Conservative leaders like Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping disagreed with Mao's policies, which led to a massive famine and economic crisis. Mao believed the new policies would dramatically increase agricultural and industrial output, but he and his advisers failed to consider what would happen if productivity estimates were wrong or people lacked the necessary skills, leading to widespread failure of the projects and hardship for the Chinese people.
Similar to Critical examination of the factors that influence business relationship between tanzania and china (20)
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NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...BBPMedia1
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INCLUDED FRAMEWORKS/MODELS:
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2. IDEO’s Human-Centered Design
3. Strategyzer’s Business Model Innovation
4. Lean Startup Methodology
5. Agile Innovation Framework
6. Doblin’s Ten Types of Innovation
7. McKinsey’s Three Horizons of Growth
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13. The Double Diamond
14. Lean Six Sigma DMAIC
15. TRIZ Problem-Solving Framework
16. Edward de Bono’s Six Thinking Hats
17. Stage-Gate Model
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2. product qualities and quantities, and logistic operations,
(Matevž Rašković, 2012 )
According to (Awan, 2013), the major objective of
relationship development between countries should
ensure the satisfaction of human needs and aspirations
of a material kind. It emphasized the fact that over
exploitation of resources may compel human societies to
compromise their ability to meet the essential needs of
their people in future.
TANU vs COMMUNIST PARTY
(Altorfer-Ong, 2009 ) The Chinese Communist Party
policy at the time still did not allow for official relations
with non-Communist parties, but visits by TANU party
officials were facilitated through a broad range of
solidarity organizations. Among the visitors to China were
a TANU Youth League delegation in June, which met
with Vice-Premier Chen Yi and their Chinese
counterparts. The following month, the Tanzanian
Women’s Union, led by Mrs. Karume, was host by the All
China Women’s Union. They also met with Mao, Liu and
his wife. The Tanzanian Assistant Attorney-General,
Mark Bomani visited in September, at the invitation of the
China Political Law Association. In November, a
Tanzania - Zanzibar agriculture inspection group was in
China and their delegation leader was received by Vice-
Premier Tan Zhenlin. The final high-level visit of the year
was by Second Vice-President Kawawa, who visited
China
Historical relationship Tanzania vs China
(Altorfer-Ong, 2009 )Tanzania itself had accepted
Chinese military support following the rifles mutiny and
the pullout of West German instructors in 1964, a move
which led to intense criticism from (mostly) Western
governments. Until the end of 1964 though, the Chinese
government had only given modest amounts of aid.
Having enjoyed a somewhat limited but promising
relationship with the Chinese government up till that
point, Nyerere decided to visit China in February 1965.
Tanzania’s first Ambassador to China, Tewa Saidi Tewa,
presented his credentials to Vice-Premier Chen Yi on 8
February and met Premier Zhou Enlai the next day.
Tanzania and China are brothers, in the struggle against
imperialism, we are in the same camp. China’s
experience will help to guard against new, old colonialism
and imperialism, especially the American’s united front.’
He believed that Nyerere would be given the warmest
welcome in China. The Chinese embassy in Dar es
Salaam was the center of Chinese activity in East Africa
since the arrival of New China News Agency
representative Kao Liang in December 1961’– and had a
Katanga 45
large workforce of 50 staff and around 90 economic
technicians. The city was also the departure point for
Africans from the region who were invited to China by
various solidarity organizations. Military training and
materiel support for liberation groups like FRELIMO were
also coordinated by the Chinese embassy in Dar. The
following down a list shown (Table 1) Chinese leader who
visits in Tanzania.
DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS OF INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONSHIP SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
International Sustainable relationship development
between countries has many dimensions categories.
Some of them can be described as follow:-
Social relationship Dimension
• Workers conducive environment.
• Quality life of Local communities and their Impact
example standard of living.
• Briefly benefits to social responsibility.
Economic Dimension
Creation of wide marketing opportunities for optimize
sales for example china build up GUANGZHOU and
YIWU INTERNATIONAL MARKETING. These are
biggest marketing in the world.
• Reduce the international transaction cost example
tax for import and export commodities.
• Creation value of commodities which produce.
Environmental Dimension
• Reduced amount of waste product to the
environment.
• Reduced to produce the product which is impact
on human health.
• Implement the alternative way to preserve
environment like renewable raw materials.
Effort of Legacy President Mwalimu Nyerere on
making relationship
(Centre for Chinese studies, November 2006 )Tanzania’s
first president, Julius Nyerere, was active in establishing
political relations with China and visited the PRC five
times during his presidency, with numerous other visits
3. 46 Inter. J. Econ. Bus. Manage.
Table 1. OFFICIAL VISITS OF CHINESE LEADERS TO TANZANIA
DATE VISITOR PURPOSE
February
2003
Li Ruihuan
Chairman of the National committee of the Chines people’s
political consultative conference
TAZARA project
February
2005
Lichang Chun
Member of standing committee of the Political Bureau of the
CPC central committee
New agreement of economic and
technology cooperation
June 2006
Wen Jiabao
Prime Minister
Aid package
February
2009
Hu Jintao
President
State Visit
January 2010
Chen Deming
Minister of Commerce
2 economic and technical cooperation
agreement
November
2011
Liu Yushan
Head of the propaganda Department of the CPC central
committee
Party-party
September
2012
Hui Liangyu
Vice premier
Various agreements of economics and
technology cooperation
Source of data: (Shi, April 2013)
thereafter.
(Altorfer-Ong, 2009) Nyerere recalled that in his
meeting with Chairman Mao Zedong, President Liu
Shaoqi and Premier Zhou Enlai, Liu had inquired what
Tanzania needed most at that time. Nyerere was
reluctant to mention the rail link at first because he was
aware of the extent of poverty in China. But he eventually
did and Liu replied. Mao replied that China, which had
gained independence earlier, was ‘duty-bound’ to help
those which are in the process of being emancipated,
and that they would ‘build the best railway for you’ That
offer was made on 18 February for the entire rail route,
including the Zambian section, and with it came the
Chinese government’s assurance that full ownership
would be handed over to Tanzania and Zambia upon the
project’s completion, along with the relevant technology
and equipment. According to Nyerere’s priorities to the
Tan-Zam rail link emerged at the forefront of the
Tanzanian government’s agenda as a key supporter of
the southern African liberation struggle. Second, the
significance of the high-level visits made by Tanzanian
and Chinese representatives which marked the growing
relationship between the governments as well as the
political importance of the relationship to their respective
foreign policies. Nyerere’s consolidation of power
enabled him to manage the highly politicized,
domestically within his government and internationally, in
order to secure a sponsor for the link.
Economic history
(OECD Investment Policy Reviews, 2013) From 1961 to
1967, Tanzania promoted the market economy it had
inherited from colonial times. Economic policies
considered the public sector as a source of support for
private sector growth. To implement import substitution
policies, investment programs targeted capital intensive
industrial sector and infrastructure projects and
concentrated in urban areas. At the same time,
government efforts focused on increasing agricultural
productivity and raising living standards in rural areas.
(PWC, SUMMER, 2013) Chinese investors are
particularly well positioned to take advantage of the
improved economic environment in Africa. The typical
Chinese firm operating there is a large state-owned
enterprise. These tend not to be the most efficient
companies. But they do have a major competitive edge:
they can avail themselves of subsidized credit from their
deep-pocketed home. Whatever their concerns about the
conduct of foreign investors, many Africans recognize the
benefits of their presence. For example, China’s
investments in trade enabling infrastructure, such as
ports and railways, are helping to drive both the level and
diversification of Africa’s exports
China’s become a world super power
(AYOOLA, 2013) Until 1980, China was grouped with the
poorest countries in the world. The rise of China from a
poor, stagnant country to a major economic power in the
last three decades has been described as the greatest
economic success stories in modern times. Prior to 1979,
China maintained a centrally planned, or command,
4. economy where a large share of the country’s economic
output was directed and controlled by the state, which set
production goals, controlled prices and allocated
resources throughout most of the economy. In an attempt
to support rapid industrialization, the central government
undertook large – scale investments in physical and
human capital. By 1978, nearly three- fourths of industrial
production was produced by centrally controlled state –
owned enterprises subject to centrally planned output
targets. Private enterprises and foreign investment were
nearly nonexistent. A central goal of the Chinese
government was to make China’s economy relatively self
– sufficient. Foreign trade was generally limited to
obtaining only those goods that could not be made in
China. Beginning in 1979, the Chinese government
launched several economic reforms which included inter
alia, price and ownership subsidies for farmers,
establishment of special economic zones for the purpose
of attracting foreign direct investment, importing high –
technology products into China, decentralization of
economic policymaking. Since the introduction of these
economic reforms, China has grown from a poor country
to a major economic power in the world and as the
world’s second largest economy with the potentials of
being the largest within a decade from now. China’s rule
as the world super-power has been attributed to the
following:
(i) High Savings and Investment: China had a large
accumulation of capital and vast improvements in
productivity. Improved productivity increased
growth and generated funds used for investment.
The country also had large pool of domestic
savings to draw from to finance investment.
Savings as a percentage of GDP has risen above
52%;
(ii) Foreign Direct Investment: China’s trade and
investment reforms led to a surge in foreign direct
investment (FDI), which had been a major source
of China’s capital growth;
(iii) Productivity Increase: Productivity gains have
been a major cause of China’s rapid economic
growth since reforms were implemented.
According to Goldman Sachs, the productivity
gains were the result of China’s extremely low
starting point of economic development when
reforms began and a profound evolution of
government policies that have gradually but
consistently reduced inefficiencies in the system;
(iv) Increasing inputs of human and physical capital
(for instance, investment in plant and equipment,
education, infrastructure) and/or labour (i.e.,
growth in the labour force);
(v) China invested heavily in their own proprietary
national skills and this helped in developing high
technology industrial sectors; and
Katanga 47
(vi) The country adopted an outward-oriented
strategy which started with the utilization of their
most abundant resource, unskilled labour, to
produce labour-intensive manufactured products
for exports because they had comparative
advantage in them.
China aid to Tanzania
(Johanna Jansson, October 2009 )Tanzania has received
more than 100 cooperation projects and programs
totaling over US$ 2 billion since the early 1960s, although
exact calculations are not available. The majority of
earlier aid projects were undertaken in the form of
turnkey projects, of which the most famous is the
Tanzania-Zambia (TAZARA) railway linking Tanzania’s
Dar es Salaam with Zambia’s Kapiri Mposhi in the
Copper Belt. Tazara is one of the largest foreign aid
projects China has ever undertaken, financed through an
interest free loan of US$ 500 million and built at the
height of Cold War hostilities by the Chinese Railway
Engineering Corporation (CREC) between 1970 and
1976.4
(Shi, April 2013) No other country in Africa has been
closely connected to China as Tanzania, with an
uninterrupted flow of aid since the 1960s. Since its
independence and unification of Tanzania, China has
supported it with more than 140 development projects in
forms of grants and concessional loans. During the height
of Tanzania’s Ujamaa movement led by its founding
father Julius Nyerere and in order to build a developed
socialist country in the 1960s and 1970s, the most
famous project of this long-time cooperation was the
famous railway that connects Zambia and Tanzania until
today
Agreement relationship China vs Tanzania
(Embassy of the people republic of China in the united
republic of Tanzania, 22/04/2008)Tanzanian first
president Julius Nyerere visited China for five times
during his presidency (1964-1985). In 1965, China and
Tanzania signed "The Treaty of Friendship between the
People's Republic of China and the United Republic of
Tanzania". Many other agreements on bilateral co-
operation in the fields of economy, trade, culture and
health were also signed between the two countries.
(Centre for Chinese studies, November 2006) In June
1964 the two governments signed The Agreement on
Economic and Technical Cooperation, according to which
China agreed to provide economic and technical
assistance to Tanzania in the form of equipment, goods
and technical expertise to the value of $US 28 million as
an interest-free loan payable over 10 years with no
5. 48 Inter. J. Econ. Bus. Manage.
conditions, Bilateral agreements relationship Tanzania-
China
The Agreement on Economic and Technical
Cooperation between the People's Republic of
China and the United Republic of Tanzania, June
1964.
The Trade Agreement between the People's
Republic of China and the United Republic of
Tanzania, February 1965.
The Agreement between the Government of the
People's Republic of China and the Government
of the United Republic of Tanzania and the
Government of Republic of Zambia on the
Construction of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway,
September 1967.
The Barter Trade Protocol between the People's
Republic of China and the United Republic of
Tanzania, March 1984.
The Agreement between the Government of the
People's Republic of China and the Government
of the United Republic of Tanzania on the
Establishment of a Joint Economic and Trade
Commission, August 1985.
The Framework Agreement between the
Government of the People's Republic of China
and the Government of the United Republic of
Tanzania for the Provision of an Interest-
Subsidized Preferential Credit by China to
Tanzania, 1996 and 1997.
Trade relationship
(Mtui, March 2008)Trade Chinese-Tanzania trade
relations have seen a change in the trade composition
between the two countries during 1996-2006. This
change has also led to a realignment of trade relations
with Tanzania’s traditional trade partners. The trade
relations between China and Tanzania have both direct
and indirect impact on the economy of the latter. The
direct impacts range from increased export volumes and
prices of certain raw materials, to availability of Chinese
products which are accessible to a broad spectrum of
consumers and thus improve their welfare.
(Centre for Chinese studies, November 2006 )Trade
volumes between Tanzania and China have seen
extraordinary growth since 1965. Between 2000 and
2005, bilateral trade between the two countries increased
by 524 percent to reach over US$475 million. China's
main exports to Tanzania are foodstuffs, vehicles,
textiles, light industrial products, chemical products,
mechanical equipment, electric appliances and steel.
Tanzania's main exports to China are iron and copper
ore, cotton, tobacco, seafood, raw leather and timber
China registration companies in Tanzania
(Centre for Chinese studies, November 2006 )In
December 1997, the China Investment and Trade
Promotion Centre was established in Tanzania to offer
assistance in linking businesses in the two countries, list
below are some Chinese Companies Registered in
Tanzania
CADASP Tanzania Ltd.
China Civil Engineering and Construction Corporation
China Geo-Engineering Corporation
China Henan International Cooperation Group Co. Ltd.
China Huashi Enterprises Corporation
China Railway Jiangchang Engineering Co. Tanzania
Ltd.
China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd.
China Sichuan International Cooperation Co. Ltd.
MCC 20 – Hainan International Ltd.
Yuetan Engineering and Construction Ltd.
China Jiangsu International Economic-Technical
Cooperation
Corporation East African Company Ltd.
Sinohydro Ltd.
Beijing Engineering
China Chongqing International Construction
China project
Bagamoyo vs Kigoma project
(Johanna Jansson, October 2009 )In April 2008, Chinese
President Hu Jintao and Tanzanian president Mr Jakaya
Kikwete met and discussed the possibility of Chinese
investment in a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in
Tanzania as a key initiative to stimulate trade and
employment creation. In August 2008, two proposals
were submitted to China Development Bank (CDB). The
first proposal concerned the Mbegani-Bagamoyo SEZ
that would be based 7 km south of Bagamoyo and 60 km
north of Dar es Salaam. The Zone would include an
international airport, a deep sea port and satellite
communications equipment, and the total value of the
investment would be an estimated US$ 2 billion. The
second proposal concerns the establishment of an SEZ
to be created in Kigoma, one of the busiest ports on Lake
Tanganyika with a functioning railway connection and a
direct link to the seaport at Dares Salaam. Improvement
of the infrastructure conditions at Kigoma are expected to
improve conditions for trade. However, at the time of
writing, no decision has yet been made on either
proposal
Tazara Railway project
(Halmilton, June 14,2013)In 1970, China began its $500
6. million investment with the funding for the TAZARA
Railway. The railway ultimately connected Zambia to
Tanzania’s largest city, Dar es Salaam, and China.
(Centre for Chinese studies, November 2006 )The
project was financed through an interest-free loan of
US$500 million from the Chinese government. Built
during the height of the Cold War, it is interesting to note
that the USA financed part of a road that ran parallel to
much of the railway track. The survey and design of this
project started in May 1968 and the railway’s
construction, carried out by the Chinese Civil Engineering
Construction Corporation, began in October 1970. The
project was completed in 1975 and handed over to the
government of Tanzania in July 1976. This project was
approximately 50,000 Chinese technicians and workers.
The project required the construction of 320 bridges
totaling 16,520 meters in length; 22 tunnels with a total
length of 8898 meters; and 93 stations with a total floor
space of 376 000 square meters. In order to guarantee
the smooth operation of the railway, China continued to
provide interest-free loans, rendered technical assistance
and cooperation by sending experts and technicians to
assist with management or to act as consultants
Shinyanga Project
(Centre for Chinese studies, November 2006 )In
February 2004, the Tanzanian Ministry of Water and
Livestock Production signed an agreement with the China
Civil Engineering Construction Company for the
construction of a major water project aimed at increasing
water supplies to towns and villages in north Tanzania
Chalinze Project
(Centre for Chinese studies, November 2006 )In 2001,
the Chinese government provided US$11.73 million for
the Chalinze water supply project in the Chalinze area of
Bagamoyo District. The area, which had long faced an
acute shortage of water, had been relying on the 54
water wells dug by the villagers under a self-help
development scheme; however, many had begun to dry
up. Initiated in 2001and completed in December 2003,
the project provides over 7 million litres of clean water a
day to 105,000 residents
National Stadium project
(Centre for Chinese studies, November 2006 )In
November 2004, China agreed to cover half the cost of a
national stadium in Dar es Salaam. The stadium,
scheduled to be completed within 26 months, is designed
according to the standards and specifications of the
Katanga 49
Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)
and the International Olympic Committee. With a
seating capacity of 60,000 people, the stadium is already
being earmarked to host national and continental soccer
matches. Construction on the project by Beijing
Engineering began in January 2005 and is scheduled for
completion at the end of 2006 with the handover
scheduled for mid-February 2007. The estimated total
cost of the stadium is over US$40 million, of which China
will contribute US$20.5 million
Tanzania vs Mozambique Bridge project
(Centre for Chinese studies, November 2006 )The
governments of Tanzania and Mozambique contracted a
Chinese company in October 2005 for a US$24 million
bridge connecting the two countries across the Rovuma
River. The two-lane 720 meter long bridge will be 13.8
meters wide, with a height of between 7.5 and 10 meters,
and is to be fully funded by the governments of both
countries. It is scheduled for completion in 2008. The
plans include building five kilometer-long access roads on
either side of the river.
Urafiki Textile Mill project
(Shi, April 2013)Tanzania-China Friendship Textile Co.,
Ltd, or Urafiki Textile Mill, a name well received by most
of the elderlies living in Dares Salaam, is another good
case that connects China’s past aid and continuous
commitments to Tanzania. The mill was built in the year
of 1968 with an interest-free loan from the Chinese
government, planning to enhance Tanzania’s own ability
of textile production both for domestic and neighbouring
markets. It was one of the largest textile mills in East
Africa at that time, with more than 20buildings and 2,000
workers during its heyday. According to the original
blueprint, the mill had been managed and operated
completely by Tanzanians, while the Chinese side had
provided merely technical support
Morogoro-Chinese Agricultural Technology project
(Shi, April 2013)The center is located in a town called
Cholima in the Morogoro province 225 kilometers west to
Dar es Salaam. The selection of site was recommended
by the Ministry of Agriculture of Tanzania together with
three alternatives, and was decided by the Chinese
experts. The Tanzanians prioritized this region because
of its rural geographic advantages. First of all, it is one of
the main agricultural regions in Tanzania, possessing
relatively better agricultural infrastructures, particularly a
nearby large state-owned irrigated area. Second, it is
7. 50 Inter. J. Econ. Bus. Manage.
neighboured to Tanzanian agricultural research institute,
which will make the necessary technology transfer more
direct. the task to build an agricultural technology
demonstration center in Tanzania and to transfer the
necessary agricultural techniques to the locals was
contracted to Chongqing Sino-Tanzania Agricultural
Development Co., Ltd, which was co-funded by
Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Science and
Chongqing Agricultural Investment Group, both of which
have a strong official background and are affiliated to
China’s largest city with a high agricultural productivity in
its suburb. Local farmers living in the nearby villages and
agricultural workers all over Tanzania have been
regularly organized for training in the center, especially in
the sowing and harvest seasons for straightforward
planting skill and advanced agricultural techniques (Table
2).
Yiwu International Marketing
Recent one of the major Chinese planned Economy
depend on Hangzhou and Yiwu international marketing,
Yiwu international marketing area around of 5 million
meter square, more than 200,000 suppliers with exhibit of
500,000 kinds of products includes retail and wholesale
trade, the Futian market expected to export product
more than 65% into different countries. Yiwu
international marketing has being categories into 5
districts;
District 1: project finished 22/10/2002, complete
area of 340,000 meter square, over 10500
business operate
District 2: project finished 22/10/2004, complete
area of 600,000 meter square, over 10,000
business operate
District 3: project finished October 2008,
complete area of 560,000 meter square, over
10,600 business operate
District 4: project finished 21/10/2008, complete
area of 1,739,000 meter square, over 10,000
business operate
District 5: project finished 5/5/2011, complete
area of 640,000 meter square, over 10,000
business operate
Confucius relation
Exchange the cultural relationship between Tanzania and
China will direct positively promote the bilateral
cooperation between countries, (Xinjun, 2013-10-10).
Membe said the establishment of the Confucius Institute
at UDSM will further promote bilateral cooperation in the
field of culture and education between
Tanzania and China. Huang Xuming emphasized that the
Confucius Institute provides more opportunities to
improve mutual understanding between the two countries
Critical Factor which influence the international
business relationship Tanzania vs China
Electronic shifting
(Awan, 2013)The electronic industry is the fastest
growing manufacturing industry in the world and it
undergoes rapid product. Frequent electronic items called
E-commercial which operate electronic business have
become a fastest growing stream in the industrialized
world. Current China led for the online payment, growing
quantity and quality of E-commerce is beginning to reach
proportions and industrialized countries all over the world.
The position of E-commercial become legal and serious
business over the world, example China presence of Ali
baba, Weixin help China to over rapid selling product in
the world
Greatest economic success
China was short list in the grouped as poor countries in
the world 1980. The rising moment of China economic
from a stagnant country to world super power economic
in the world has decades by the effort of the state where
by the central government manage and controlled the
large investments for input more human resources and
physical capital. The effort emphasize by states was push
China to shortlist as a greatest economic power success
in the world.
Infrastructure
Effective implement different project mode of transport
like railway, port, air and road will direct positive affect to
entrepreneur and trade relationship become more
efficient on received and issue services to target market
in a good manner.(Altorfer-Ong, 2009 )When the Chinese
government first made a verbal promise to sponsor the
construction of the Tanzania-Zambia rail link in February
1965, Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere was
apprehensive about accepting it.
Agriculture and Manufacturing
(Johanna Jansson, October 2009 )China has provided
Tanzania with financing towards a number of other
development projects over the years, mainly within the
areas of agriculture and manufacturing. From 1990s,
8. Katanga 51
Table 2. Some of the big success project which run by China government
Year Projects Sum
1968 Urafiki textile mill project -
1975 Railway’s construction Usd 500 million
2001 Chalinze water plant Usd 11.73 million
February 2004 Shinyanga water project -
2005 Dar es Salaam National Stadium Usd 25 million
2007 Agricultural technology Demonstration Centre Usd 7 million
2008 Julius Nyerere International conference center Usd 33.4 million
2008 Tanzania vs Mozambique bridge projects Usd 24 million
2008 Special Economic zone Usd 2 billion
2009 Cardiac surgery treatment & training center Usd 9.33 million
2009 Malaria Prevention & treatment Centre -
Source of data: (Shi, April 2013)
bilateral aid and economic and technical assistance
focused on key industries such as textiles and agriculture
dispersed by the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Relations
and Trade (MOFERT)
Health care
(Johanna Jansson, October 2009 )Since 1968, China
regularly dispatches medical teams from Shandong
Province to Tanzania. To date approximately 1000
medical workers have been sent to the country. In an
interview with the CCS, the leader of the Chinese medical
team noted that the Chinese medical workers often share
their knowledge by teaching local Tanzanian health
practitioners Chinese medicine.
(Centre for Chinese studies, November 2006 )Since the
signing of an agreement on the dispatch of Chinese
medical teams to Tanzania in 1967, 16 groups of medical
personnel totaling more than 585 individuals have worked
in hospitals and medical centers across Tanzania. A
number of the doctors involved in these exchanges have
since established their own private practices in Tanzania
Debt cancelling
In July 2001, China agreed to partial debt cancellation for
Tanzania. According to bilateral agreements, the Chinese
government agreed to exempt Tanzania from the
obligations of paying back 15 batches of interest-free
loans to the value of US$ 19.2 million which had matured
by the 31st December 1999. The debt relief accounted
for one third of Tanzania's total debt owed to China in this
period. During President Hu Jintao’s latest visit to
Tanzania in February 2009, a donation of US$ 22 million
was made and a US$ 56 million, 60,000 seat sports
stadium financed by the Chinese government was
inaugurated (Johanna Jansson, October 2009 )
(Centre for Chinese studies, November 2006 )In July
2001, China agreed to partial debt cancellation for
Tanzania. According to bilateral agreements, the Chinese
government agreed to exempt Tanzania from the
obligations of paying back 15 batches of interest-free
loans which had matured by December 31, 1999, to the
value of US$19.2 million.
Procurement material
(Centre for Chinese studies, November 2006 )The price
of Chinese construction materials becomes more
competitive, and the quality of their products improves,
Tanzanian suppliers are also procuring an increasing
amount of construction materials and fittings from China
either directly or via Dubai. A high percentage of the
construction materials for projects funded by the Chinese
government are procured in China with only bulky
materials such as steel and cement procured locally
Political Stability
(MUSIBA) Tanzania is free of ideological confrontations,
ethnic problems and labour disputes. It is a center of
economic and political stability in Sub Saharan Africa.
Multi-party democracy adopted in 1992 has not disturbed
the peaceful political climate of the country. The political
scene is characterized by parliamentary democracy and
public consensus on key social and economic priorities
Geographical Location
Major Tanzania ports location on side of Indian Ocean
direct push Chinese put their base in Tanzania, major
ports like Dar es Salaam ports, Zanzibar port, Tanga port,
recently Tanzania government by cooperation with
9. 52 Inter. J. Econ. Bus. Manage.
Chinese government rebuilt a new big port in East Africa
located on Bagamoyo. Tanzania neighbor Country like
Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, Malawi, Burundi and Zambia
depend ports service from Dar es Salaam ports. Most of
investor took Tanzania has a main central of business
location markets in East Africa.
Education
(Johanna Jansson, October 2009 )In terms of educational
assistance, it can be noted that around 600 Tanzanian
students have studied in China since bilateral relations
were established. In 2008 alone, more than 70 Tanzanian
students were selected to pursue studies at Chinese
universities.
(Johanna Jansson, October 2009). China and Tanzania
signed two cultural cooperation agreements, one in 1962
and the second in 1992, to facilitate the exchange of
students. Over 80 Tanzanian students have completed
studies in China. Many of these students are fluent in
Mandarin and are currently working with Chinese
businesses, including construction companies in
Tanzania
Quality and Standards
Receipt Tanzania adapt the quality and standard of
work/product which produce by Chinese company, the
quality standard of Chinese product it’s so cheap and
affordable price everyone can manage to import, the
electrical product like hisense, xiaomi and Lenovo
become famous and replace other big company in the
marketing like Hitachi, Toshiba and other.
(Lucy Corkin, 2008 )There is a general trend of
construction companies, both Chinese and others, buying
materials imported from China due to the cheaper prices.
Although opinions on the quality of these Chinese
materials vary, the majority of respondents agreed that
quality is improving rapidly
Employment opportunity
(Lucy Corkin, 2008 )The general perception is that
Chinese companies not only bring in their own labour but
underpay the local labour they do employ. Chinese
workers are well trained and considered skilled. The skills
level of Chinese workers is recognized across the
industry. They usually undergo an intensive training
programed, prior to expatriation. In addition, Chinese
workers are multi-skilled and will be involved in each
section of construction. Whereas it is normal practice to
employ tiered hierarchies of workers, it has been found
that Chinese artisans can also double up as manual
laborers and participate in manual labour as well as the
more skilled undertakings of an artisan, so Tanzania
labor got a chance to have a training from Chinese
worker to operate multi-task to be competent during and
after the projects
(Centre for Chinese studies, November 2006). A good
number of companies reported that they employed locals
as managers and several reported local staff at senior
management levels though none reported Tanzanians
being employed at executive levels. Workers in Chinese
companies commonly receive on-the-job training,
particularly in the operation of machinery.
China policy to foreign country
(Schiere, May 2011 )China’s phenomenal growth offers
an opportunity to boost development in African countries.
In 2008, trade between Africa and China reached $100
billion and FDI flows from China to Africa amounted to
$5.4 billion. Moreover, China’s loans and concessional
assistance financed a wide range of development
projects
(Forum on China-Africa cooperation , 22/06/2011)The
founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949
marked the initiation of contemporary China-Africa trade
and economic relations .From the 1950s to the 1970s,
African countries were preoccupied with their fight for
national liberation while China worked to safeguard its
own sovereignty and territorial integrity. They supported
each other, forged friendship and mutual trust, and laid g
good political foundation for the future growth of trade
and economic relations
(Shi, April 2013)The origin of China’s thinking on the
relations with African countries in terms of aid can be
traced back to half a century ago. In the year of 1964,
China’s Prime Minister Zhou Enlai presented the Eight
Principle son China’s External Economic and Technical
Assistance during his marathon visits to up to fourteen
Asian and African countries including Tanzania. The
principles demonstrated China’s programmatic political
and economic thinking on external economic and
technical assistance, the concise summary of which is:
China does not offer one-way aid. Aid is mutual
and based on quality.
China respects strictly recipient countries’
sovereignty, with absolutely no conditions and
prerogatives.
China gives aid by way of interest-free or low
interest loans.
China does not want recipient countries to
become dependent on aid. China to help them to
be self-reliant and economically independent.
The projects that China assists are aimed at
10. increasing recipient governments’ funds in a
short time. Thus, they are projects with small
investment but rapid returns.
China promises to offer the best equipment and
material that China can produce itself, based on
prices determined in the global market, and is
responsible for the return of disqualified ones.
China promises to make the local technicians of
recipient countries sufficiently master the
technologies that China transfers.
Chinese experts will live in the same standard
with the local counterparts. They are not allowed
to have any privilege.
CONCLUSION
The good cooperation which we have between two
Countries, Tanzania government should use this
opportunity to pressurize and set up some strict role to all
Chinese company to make shifting company in Tanzania
for further production instead of importing complete
product from China, vivid example in mostly of U.S.A
company they just own the original of brand name but the
procedure of product reassembly made in China like
Apple.(Johanna Jansson, October 2009) It was argued
that many Chinese economic actors in Tanzania obtain
investment licenses but continue to import Chinese
goods into Tanzania rather than making actual
investments. Some respondents believed that this could
be a strategy to test the market before establishing
manufacturing operations.
Trade equalizes the prices of traded goods and factors
worldwide, the importance of property rights in the
context of international trade when two identical
countries, both with same inputs and outputs, and with
the same endowments, technologies and preferences.
Trade is necessary for efficiency when two countries
are identical, yet trade occurs when they have different
property rights regimes. In this context, we establish two
general propositions. First, the country with ill-defined
property rights observe the environment as an input to
production and these ill-defined property rights by
themselves create a motive for trade between two
otherwise identical countries. Second, for the country with
poorly defined property rights, trade with a country with
well-defined property rights increases the overuse of
resources and makes the miscalculation worse,
transmitting it to the entire world economy. Tradeoff
between economic growth and environment because of
desire to high growth and excessive use of resources that
cause environmental pollution. Poor people and poor
countries depend on the soil for food, the rivers for water
and forests for fuel. Because they need these resources
desperately, they have little choice. (Awan, 2013)
Katanga 53
ABBREVIATION
TANU - Tanganyika African National Union
PRC - People Republic of China
GDP - Gross Development product
FDI - Foreign Direct Investment
USD - United States Dollar
TAZARA- Tanzania- Zambia Railways Authority
CREC -Chinese Railway Engineering
Corporation
SEZ - Special Economic Zone
MOFERT- Ministry of Foreign relations and Trade
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