National security is a state or condition where our most cherished values and beliefs, our democratic way of life, our institutions of governance and our unity, welfare and well-being as a nation and people are permanently protected and continuously enhanced
National security is a state or condition where our most cherished values and beliefs, our democratic way of life, our institutions of governance and our unity, welfare and well-being as a nation and people are permanently protected and continuously enhanced
Pakistan – the problems and solutions regarding terrorism and 4thGWZaid Hamid
4th Generation War is the latest weapon being deployed against the Muslim world to dismember Muslim countries in the greater middle east. This mode of War fare is least understood by the policy makers, leaders, and the media. Here BrassTacks brings a comprehensive presentation for the policy makers on this illusive subject.
BLOOD ON THE CAMPUS
JNU symbolised citizenship, democracy and freedom, writes noted columnist Shiv Visvanathan, who analyses the reasons why the University has become a political and ideological battleground
President-elect Donald J. Trump will enter the White House having promised to radically alter United States foreign policy, with ramifications for Americans and the world.
But it’s not yet clear how. Mr. Trump offered vague and sometimes contradictory proposals during his campaign, with few of the typical details or white papers. Voters, foreign policy professionals and the country’s allies are all, to a real extent, left guessing.
Here, then, is a rundown of what we know about Mr. Trump’s foreign policy ideas and what some experts say about their feasibility and likely ramifications.
How Americans are loved in Vietnam despite a brutal war? How China has to secure global leadership amid so many internal and external challenges? How China is eager to claim a global leadership - while living with Few Friends but with more Rivals? What are the prospective Political Reforms that follows the full commitment to UNIVERSAL HUMAN VALUES, CAN GIVE CHINA A WIDER GLOBAL RECOGNITION AND ACCEPTABILITY FOR ITS GLOBAL LEADERSHIP.
The most frightening and totally ignored political reality is that a group of provincial leaders is independently running the federal government and the provinces without any sign of an Integrated Provincial and National Vision and Plan of Action.
A provincially, administratively and politically weak and handicapped central government and on-their-own provincial governments do not seem to have the much needed will and the resources to forcefully eliminate the political and corporate crime mafias now evidently hiding behind unquestionably fake war against terror which is the biggest global political, diplomatic and military fraud of the past and present century. Pakistan’s problem is not war against terrorism. Pakistan’s problem is now identified criminal political and alleged corporate mafias who are plundering and hollowing Pakistan by hiding and acting from behind the mask of war against terror, the failure of law enforcement agencies to unmask them and recruitment of armed gangs of criminals by a number of, not all, politicians and corporate tycoons as security guards.
THE BOTTOM LINE IS: Stop using the term TERRORISTS and start chasing the CRIMINALS!
Three curable symptoms of an ailing global economy and their treatmentSUN&FZ Associates
It goes without saying that poverty and inequality beyond rationally acceptable limit are caused by wrong economic, monetary and fiscal policies; legislative, legal and regulatory flaws; and imbalance between pro-business and pro-people and pro-employer and pro-employee policies.
The transfer of money through channels other than strictly regulated and monitored companies cannot be ruled out but that money’s unchecked investment in bonds, shares, properties and business companies clearly and convincingly points out that the countries and their governments at both ends are intentional accomplices of white collar crimes for a number of understandable but inexcusable reasons.
Is it possible that those who are responsible to monitor the inter-state flow of money don’t know from which countries money is transferred to their countries? Who in regulatory, banking and financial circles doesn’t know whose money is parked in which tax haven for how long? Who doesn’t know who manages the illegally transferred funds on whose behalf? Why do the tax havens hide the information?
Why these questions have not been answered so far?
Who is responsible?
What can be done about it?
The Answers follow…
Though the worst intelligence failure, the USA took maximum advantage of the 9/11 tragedy and embarked on the mission to accomplish the objectives set forth in the infamous neo-con paper, known as the American Century.
America employed all its -military, diplomatic and financial, to wage a war of terror on several countries besides Afghanistan-its starting point.
Whether it was a stellar success or a dismal failure, it has cost the world massively in terms of loss of human lives, financial losses, refugees crises, missed opportunities, and surprisingly, increased global terrorism
This presentation covers all these issues in greater detail
Pakistan – the problems and solutions regarding terrorism and 4thGWZaid Hamid
4th Generation War is the latest weapon being deployed against the Muslim world to dismember Muslim countries in the greater middle east. This mode of War fare is least understood by the policy makers, leaders, and the media. Here BrassTacks brings a comprehensive presentation for the policy makers on this illusive subject.
BLOOD ON THE CAMPUS
JNU symbolised citizenship, democracy and freedom, writes noted columnist Shiv Visvanathan, who analyses the reasons why the University has become a political and ideological battleground
President-elect Donald J. Trump will enter the White House having promised to radically alter United States foreign policy, with ramifications for Americans and the world.
But it’s not yet clear how. Mr. Trump offered vague and sometimes contradictory proposals during his campaign, with few of the typical details or white papers. Voters, foreign policy professionals and the country’s allies are all, to a real extent, left guessing.
Here, then, is a rundown of what we know about Mr. Trump’s foreign policy ideas and what some experts say about their feasibility and likely ramifications.
How Americans are loved in Vietnam despite a brutal war? How China has to secure global leadership amid so many internal and external challenges? How China is eager to claim a global leadership - while living with Few Friends but with more Rivals? What are the prospective Political Reforms that follows the full commitment to UNIVERSAL HUMAN VALUES, CAN GIVE CHINA A WIDER GLOBAL RECOGNITION AND ACCEPTABILITY FOR ITS GLOBAL LEADERSHIP.
The most frightening and totally ignored political reality is that a group of provincial leaders is independently running the federal government and the provinces without any sign of an Integrated Provincial and National Vision and Plan of Action.
A provincially, administratively and politically weak and handicapped central government and on-their-own provincial governments do not seem to have the much needed will and the resources to forcefully eliminate the political and corporate crime mafias now evidently hiding behind unquestionably fake war against terror which is the biggest global political, diplomatic and military fraud of the past and present century. Pakistan’s problem is not war against terrorism. Pakistan’s problem is now identified criminal political and alleged corporate mafias who are plundering and hollowing Pakistan by hiding and acting from behind the mask of war against terror, the failure of law enforcement agencies to unmask them and recruitment of armed gangs of criminals by a number of, not all, politicians and corporate tycoons as security guards.
THE BOTTOM LINE IS: Stop using the term TERRORISTS and start chasing the CRIMINALS!
Three curable symptoms of an ailing global economy and their treatmentSUN&FZ Associates
It goes without saying that poverty and inequality beyond rationally acceptable limit are caused by wrong economic, monetary and fiscal policies; legislative, legal and regulatory flaws; and imbalance between pro-business and pro-people and pro-employer and pro-employee policies.
The transfer of money through channels other than strictly regulated and monitored companies cannot be ruled out but that money’s unchecked investment in bonds, shares, properties and business companies clearly and convincingly points out that the countries and their governments at both ends are intentional accomplices of white collar crimes for a number of understandable but inexcusable reasons.
Is it possible that those who are responsible to monitor the inter-state flow of money don’t know from which countries money is transferred to their countries? Who in regulatory, banking and financial circles doesn’t know whose money is parked in which tax haven for how long? Who doesn’t know who manages the illegally transferred funds on whose behalf? Why do the tax havens hide the information?
Why these questions have not been answered so far?
Who is responsible?
What can be done about it?
The Answers follow…
Though the worst intelligence failure, the USA took maximum advantage of the 9/11 tragedy and embarked on the mission to accomplish the objectives set forth in the infamous neo-con paper, known as the American Century.
America employed all its -military, diplomatic and financial, to wage a war of terror on several countries besides Afghanistan-its starting point.
Whether it was a stellar success or a dismal failure, it has cost the world massively in terms of loss of human lives, financial losses, refugees crises, missed opportunities, and surprisingly, increased global terrorism
This presentation covers all these issues in greater detail
Do Peacekeeping Advance China’s African Economic And Securityinterests? an In...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: China’s interest in Africa has become a common point of discussion among analysts, academics, politicians and the general population. Understanding the role or meaning of China’s African interests can shed light on the goals the leadership want to achieve. This paper identifies peacekeeping as a foreign policy instrument which explains security and economic goals, placed within the framework of the national interest. In the African security and economic environment,goals towards a path of direction determine China’s actions, which affect the protection of interests. By using peacekeeping as an inclusive means to achieve peace, security and economic development, China’s goal-seeking behaviour can be partially answered. The analysis reveals that certain conditions of peace and development have a high priority and properly labeled in the ‘national interest’.
The 1950s was a period of great uncertainty for Thailand. With its neighbours caught up in communist insurrections, the kingdom needed a strong ally to protect it against a possible Red invasion. Meanwhile, the United States needed a friendly base to launch their anti-communist plans in Southeast Asia. Their interests converged and they hooked up. This paper studies US attempts to bolster Thailand against communism with the use of psychological warfare. During this period, neither country was involved in large-scale physical fighting in Southeast Asia at that time, taking the fight to the psychological level. Individual governments were making decisions and responding based on impressions and perceptions founded on what they thought the opposing side was doing.
The China factor in US alliances in East Asia and the Asia Pacific 1Shree Silwal
What are China’s perception and concerns regarding the US alliance system as a whole and regarding specific bilateral military alliances of the US?
What is the China’s place in the US worldview after cold war ?
What are the view of US allies regarding China?
What are the changes in the perception of China regarding the future alliance development in after math of post 9/11 incident ?
This Slidedoc presents a strategic framework that provides insights into China’s behaviour and highlights various alternative policies that China may consider for engagement in the Indian Subcontinent. An underlying assumption is that China is modeled as a rational actor in this framework.
What is China’s strategy in the Indian subcontinent?
China’s growing footprint in the Indian subcontinent is one arc of an overarching strategy to expand its global presence and influence. This study unpacks the underlying drivers of China’s policy in the region and examines the enabling and constraining factors. Based on these, it identifies a repertoire of ongoing measures and long-term policy approaches that China can and is employing.
China's ongoing measures of engagement in the subcontinent include:
Control over resource streams
Display of aggressive intent by Chinese armed forces
Control over flows of people and ideas
Denial/Provision of support at international fora
China's long term approaches to expand its presence and influence include:
Investing in multi-purpose projects
Interfering in domestic affairs of other states
Providing strategic support to non-democratic regimes
Expanding hard power reach
Dr. Tamunopubo Big-Alabo,
2Dr. Emmanuel C. MacAlex-Achinulo Department of Political and Administrative Studies
University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Email Id: tamunopubo_big-alabo@uniport.edu.ng,
Contact no: 2347063775335
Abstract: This study examined China’s foreign policy in Africa and Nigeria development. The study was anchored on the dependency theory as propounded by Dos Santos in 1970. The study adopted ex-post research design while
data was gotten from a secondary source such as textbooks, journal articles, newspapers, magazines and internet
and the data generated was analyzed through content analysis. The findings of the study showed that China's
foreign policy interests in Africa is centered on political, economic and security interest and China’s foreign policy
has not resulted in development in Nigeria, as Chinese firms in Nigeria employ more than 84 percent of local
labour, despite the fact that few of these employees are technical or managerial staffs. Based on the findings the
study recommended among others; that Africa should take advantage of China’s economic, political and
ideological interest in Africa as China should be encouraged to strengthen and improve its co-operation with
Africa in other areas such as engineering and technology and the government of Nigeria should put down strong
laws as well as implement the laws, that will lead to Chinese firms putting more Nigerians into managerial and
technical positions.
Sino-US Relations in the 21st Century: Is a Sino-US War Possible?Bright Mhango
This paper grapples with this question and concludes that war between the two can break out even tonight if certain conditions are met. However, for now, with China’s military not advanced enough, any war would have to be started by the US. And it so happens that the US actually has enough motives to engage China before it fully modernizes but cannot just do so from the blue. The US is thus trying to force China to give it the reason to justify a war to its increasingly war skeptical allies and domestic publics.
The reasons why the two cannot fight for now range from interdependence, the fact that Taiwan has not declared independence yet and the fact that Sino-Japan relations do not boil beyond the Yasukuni rhetoric. It is also due to the fact that China is powerless and relies on the US for many things such as access to lucrative markets and technology. The characters and personalities of the leaders of the two countries are also partly the reason there is not enough bad-blood to sound the war cry yet.
https://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/policy-briefs/xi-jinping-and-the-19th-cpc-congress.html - Xi Jinping’s marathon three and a half hour address to the 19th Congress of the CPC delivered on October 18, 2017 has set the stage for far reaching changes in Xi’s own position in the Party, and laid down the guidelines for the governance of China and the domestic, foreign and security policies of the of the CPC and the Chinese Government over the next five years.
#38 who is the true threat to the west-5pgDaniel Wambua
Very good essay about threats to the west. America and other western have had threats coming from the middle west and economic threats from Asia particularly China.
1. As of July 2010, with a total of 2,013 military and police currently in theatre,
the People’s Republic of China (PRC or China) ranks as the 16th
largest provider of
peacekeepers worldwide.1
While Chinese contributions are certainly much lower than
those of the traditional peacekeeping nations such as Bangladesh, Pakistan and India,
these numbers represent an important transition in the country’s foreign policy. From
initial open hostility to peacekeeping operations (PKO), through a period of quiet
acquiescence, to voluntary funding and participation, China’s relationship with United
Nations peace operations has seen a gradual shift. Analysis of the current state of
Chinese cooperation in United Nations peacekeeping operations raises numerous
debates whereby various theories of international relations may be instrumental in
explaining China’s change in attitude vis-à-vis such operations: the rationalization of
a strong belief in state sovereignty with peacekeeping, the motivations to participate,
and peacekeeping in the lens of China’s rise and the resulting transformation of its
identity and interest. Finally, the current shortcomings in Chinese peacekeeping will
be examined as will future possibilities. The following will begin with a brief
historical outline of the interplay between China and the United Nations in regards to
peacekeeping operations and will continue to discuss the debates and approaches of
analysis on the subject in relation to operations in Africa. As research on Chinese
peacekeeping operations specifically in Africa is less than prolific, given the fact that
the majority of and the most high profile UN PKOs are in Africa, research into
Chinese peacekeeping in general is of great value.
At its inception, the People’s Republic of China was, to say the least,
distrustful of United Nations peacekeeping operations. Following UN intervention
during the Korean War such distrust would evolve to open hostility and the feeling
that such actions were merely a tool of Western imperialism.2
Moreover, such
hostility kept in line with China’s self-image as a champion Third-World causes and a
leader in the front against supposed meddling in its internal affairs by the more
wealthy countries in the international state system. Given such suspicions, Chinese
1
United Nations. “Rankings of Military and Police Contributions to UN Operations.” Month of
Report, 31 July 2010. Accessed: September 9, 2010. Available:
http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2010/july10_2.pdf
2
Gill, Bates and Chin-Hao Huang. "China's Expanding Role in Peacekeeping: Prospects and Policy
Implications." SIPRI Policy Paper, No. 25 (November 2009), p. 4.
2. policy espoused the notion of a strong state sovereignty and non-intervention in
internal affairs of all states.
With China’s opening in the 1980s under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, a
gradual shift towards acceptance of PKOs was manifested in its authorization in 1981
of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP). While this move
was certainly telling, China nonetheless remained hesitant to vote for authorization
throughout the 1980s and, for the most part, the 1990s. During this period China
generally opted for acquiescence; abstaining from voting for authorization while also
abstaining from voicing opposition.
Starting in the year 2000 with the deployment of a civilian police contingent in
East Timor, China showed itself eager to participate in UN PKOs. While Chinese
participation has increased at an impressive rate over the last decade, participation
remains small compared to the largest contributors. In financial terms, China
provides 3.94% of the total UN peacekeeping budget, placing it in the seventh
position between Italy and Canada respectively.3
Also important to note in relation to
China’s UN contributions is the purely non-combat nature.
Overall % Of Chinese
China Mission Participation
MINURSO
experts on mission 6 198 0.030
individual police 0 6 0
contingent troops 0 20 0
total 6 224 0.027
MONUSCO
experts on mission 16 716 0.022
individual police 0 336 0
contingent troops 218 8603 0.025
total 234 9655 0.024
UNAMID
experts on mission 2 242 0.008
individual police 0 2769 0
contingent troops 322 16997 0.019
total 324 20008 0.016
UNMIL
3
United Nations Peacekeeping. Accessed: September 19, 2010. Available:
http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/financing.shtml
3. experts on mission 2 128 0.016
individual police 18 481 0.037
contingent troops 565 7923 0.071
total 585 8532 0.069
UNMIS
experts on mission 12 493 0.024
individual police 11 665 0.017
contingent troops 444 9445 0.047
total 467 10603 0.044
UNOCI
experts on mission 6 191 0.031
individual police 0 424 0
contingent troops 0 7194 0
total 6 7809 0.001
Source: United Nations Peacekeeping website.
Note: Current Chinese troop contributions by mission as of August 2010.4
Flexibility
Rationalizing China’s Interpretation of State Sovereignty with Peacekeeping
While no longer categorically against PKOs, China retains policies based on
notions of “strong” state sovereignty. Such policies are certainly more nuanced than
before yet there remains a necessity for host-state acceptance of UN PKO
deployments as a prerequisite for possible Chinese participation. In the framework of
UN PKOs the use of force is only an option in instance of self-defense. To this point,
China has yet to contribute any combat troops as a part of its personnel contributions
to UN PKOs.
Geographic Considerations
Geographic considerations are two-fold for China in that, first, regional actors
are thought to be the first option in responding to crises and that intervention is not to
be undertaken on purely humanitarian grounds. Secondly, China has shown itself
more likely to accept deployment in its immediate neighborhood where a political
crisis in one country may affect its region’s overall stability. Chinese peacekeeping
policies and actions regarding the former Yugoslavia versus East Timor illustrate
4
United Nations Peacekeeping. Accessed: September 19, 2010. Available:
http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2010/aug10_5.pdf
4. bring light and present debate. According to Pang Zhongying, in the case of the
former Yugoslavia, China rejected NATO actions due to the lack of a UN mandate
yet later participated in the peacebuilding process in East Timor as it gained
confidence in its ability to act in multilateral security mechanisms by freeing itself
from former strong notions of sovereignty.5
In contrast, according to Gill Bates and
James Reilly, China in fact made more calculating considerations. In the case of
Kosovo, China kept in line with its traditional reflex to seek a domestic solution and
later became disillusioned with the marginalization of the UN and the ensuing NATO
response which effectively sidelined the Chinese ability to influence emerging norms
in humanitarian intervention.6
Although historic suspicion toward UN humanitarian
intervention has been a hallmark of Chinese policy, in the case of East Timor China
supported this very type of action. To explain this Bates and Reilly look beyond the
mere host-state acceptance of UN intervention by Indonesia by also pointing out that
China had an interest in such action due to East Timor’s geographic proximity and the
presence of Chinese minorities.
In other words, it may be argued that Chinese action vis-à-vis peacekeeping
and humanitarian intervention has shown a measure of flexibility in correlation to
national interests. In the case of Kosovo, Chinese hostility to NATO action may be
interpreted as a reaction to the undermining of the influence which it may have
wielded in the UN forum. In East Timor, humanitarian intervention was acceptable
especially due to the challenges that potential instability in the country’s immediate
region may have presented. In the case of UN PKOs in Africa Chinese interest to
participate may thus have several underlying motivations from the financial, military,
political or altruistic.
5
Zhongying, Pang. (2005) "China's changing attitude to UN peacekeeping." International
Peacekeeping, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2005), p. 97.
6
Gill, Bates and James Reilly. "Sovereignty, Intervention and Peacekeeping: The View from Beijing."
Survival, Vol. 42, No. 3 (Autumn 2000), pp. 41-59.
5. Under Mao Zedong Chinese policy vis-à-vis Africa mainly consisted of
supporting movements for independence against imperial regimes. However, in
recent decades facing independence movements of its own China has emphasized
the central of state authorities in questions of sovereignty.7
Despite a change in
dynamics between China and African states due to the former’s impressive
economic growth, if one is to view China’s foreign policy through a realist lens,
where the principal concern is to create a counter-balance to the West, foreign
policy has remained consistent with its aims.
The end of colonization in Africa and the emergence of the United Sates as
the lone superpower following the end of the Cold War necessitated a new Chinese
balancing strategy. Multilateralism, while generally considered a form of
international cooperation, in the Chinese case may be viewed as a strategy of creating
a balance to Western interests in favor of the developing world.
Economic Model
Stability good for business / Protecting Interests Abroad
China’s economic interests in Africa have increased substantially through the
1990s and the 2000s. In a rational-actor model, Chinese peacekeeping assistance in
Africa is tied to its commercial interests whereby stability is essential for efficiently
functioning business. Having substantial economic interests in a country at risk of
collapse makes non-participation in UN PKOs difficult while at the same time risk of
UNSC Chapter VII sanctions can potentially cut off trade flows.8
One China Policy
Just as China seeks a multilateral balancing strategy, this approach also creates
a coalition to serve the country’s One China Policy.
Military
7
Gill, Bates and James Reilly. "Sovereignty, Intervention and Peacekeeping: The View from Beijing."
Survival, Vol. 42, No. 3 (Autumn 2000), p. 42.
8
Houser, Trevor and Roy Levy. "Energy Security and China's UN Diplomacy." China Security, Vol.
4, No. 3 (Summer 2008), p. 65-66.
6. Operational learning
Contact with the armed forces of other states allows for operational learning.
MOOTW, riot control, disaster
Defense spending justification
Continued engagement in peacekeeping is a means for China’s military to
continue high defense spending and to curtail attempts by the civilian administration
to attempt to push through defense budget cuts.
Force projection (physically and visually)
China’s participation in UN PKOs allows its armed forces visibility. At the
same time, given their nature within a peacekeeping framework, such shows of force
are categorized as antagonistic or threatening with great difficulty.
China’s participation in anti-piracy operations of the African coast likewise
allow for a display of naval force, an area where China’s modern military capacity has
been lacking.
China’s Rise: Changes in Identity and Interests
Gill (2000) risk of China’s interfering....however may be now put aside given
Chinese endorsement of the Brahimi report
Socialization
Peacekeeping is often
Domestic
Change in interests through internal processes
System-Level
Constructivism
Promoting a positive image, responsible power
Shortcomings
Decision making process
Transparency
Contributions, lacking combat troops
Competent English speakers
7. Operational learning
Contact with the armed forces of other states allows for operational learning.
MOOTW, riot control, disaster
Defense spending justification
Continued engagement in peacekeeping is a means for China’s military to
continue high defense spending and to curtail attempts by the civilian administration
to attempt to push through defense budget cuts.
Force projection (physically and visually)
China’s participation in UN PKOs allows its armed forces visibility. At the
same time, given their nature within a peacekeeping framework, such shows of force
are categorized as antagonistic or threatening with great difficulty.
China’s participation in anti-piracy operations of the African coast likewise
allow for a display of naval force, an area where China’s modern military capacity has
been lacking.
China’s Rise: Changes in Identity and Interests
Gill (2000) risk of China’s interfering....however may be now put aside given
Chinese endorsement of the Brahimi report
Socialization
Peacekeeping is often
Domestic
Change in interests through internal processes
System-Level
Constructivism
Promoting a positive image, responsible power
Shortcomings
Decision making process
Transparency
Contributions, lacking combat troops
Competent English speakers