Chestnut blight is a disease caused by a bark-inhabiting fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica), which mostly affects the trunk and branches of host chestnut trees.
The document discusses how various climate factors like temperature, humidity, light, and wind influence the development of plant diseases. It provides details on the temperature and humidity ranges that favor the growth of certain fungi and diseases in different crops like rice, wheat, potato, and groundnut. Specific climate conditions are described that make diseases like rice blast, late blight of potato, and rust more prevalent at different crop stages.
The document discusses three types of rust that infect sugarcane - brown rust, orange rust, and tawny rust. It describes the symptoms, distribution, pathogen, disease cycle, and management of sugarcane rust. Controlling the disease involves growing resistant varieties, removing infected plant material, and applying fungicides when conditions are favorable for rust development.
This presentation provides you complete information about all kinds of rusts of wheat and their symptoms and managment stratigies. Hope that it will prove to be helpful for you.
Fusarium wilt of cotton is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, which plugs the xylem vessels of the cotton plant leading to wilting symptoms. The disease is favored by warm temperatures between 20-30°C and spreads through contaminated soil. Management strategies include seed treatment, removing infected plant debris, growing resistant varieties, and spot treating with fungicides.
Red rot of sugarcane is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum falcatum. It can cause complete loss of sugarcane production during severe epidemics. Symptoms include red patches on leaves and shriveled canes with red and white tissues. Favorable conditions include rain, irrigation, wind, and insect damage. Control measures include using disease-free canes, removing infected plants, rotations, and fungicide treatments.
Smut of sugarcane is caused by the fungus Ustilago scitaminea. Symptoms include the emergence of a "smut whip" and spindle leaves on infected plants. Control involves removing smutted plants, avoiding ratooning, using resistant
- Rust disease caused by the fungus Melampsora lini severely affects linseed plants, appearing in February/March in India where the crop is grown.
- Infected plants develop orange-yellow rust pustules on leaves and stems, which can cause necrosis of leaves. This results in reduced seed yield and fiber quality.
- The rust has a complex life cycle involving pycnial, aecial, uredial, and telial stages, though the first two are not observed in India. Primary infection occurs through windblown uredospores from infected crops in hilly areas.
Pokkah boeng is a disease that affects sugarcane tops and was first observed in Java in 1886. It is caused by the fungus Fusarium moniliforme. The disease has three phases: the chlorotic phase causes leaf chlorosis and twisting, the acute top-rot phase kills young spindles and causes top rot, and the knife-cut phase forms transverse cuts in the stalk. The disease is most severe in temperatures between 20-32°C and high humidity, favoring growth of the pathogen. Management strategies include fungicide sprays and removing infected canes.
The document discusses how various climate factors like temperature, humidity, light, and wind influence the development of plant diseases. It provides details on the temperature and humidity ranges that favor the growth of certain fungi and diseases in different crops like rice, wheat, potato, and groundnut. Specific climate conditions are described that make diseases like rice blast, late blight of potato, and rust more prevalent at different crop stages.
The document discusses three types of rust that infect sugarcane - brown rust, orange rust, and tawny rust. It describes the symptoms, distribution, pathogen, disease cycle, and management of sugarcane rust. Controlling the disease involves growing resistant varieties, removing infected plant material, and applying fungicides when conditions are favorable for rust development.
This presentation provides you complete information about all kinds of rusts of wheat and their symptoms and managment stratigies. Hope that it will prove to be helpful for you.
Fusarium wilt of cotton is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, which plugs the xylem vessels of the cotton plant leading to wilting symptoms. The disease is favored by warm temperatures between 20-30°C and spreads through contaminated soil. Management strategies include seed treatment, removing infected plant debris, growing resistant varieties, and spot treating with fungicides.
Red rot of sugarcane is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum falcatum. It can cause complete loss of sugarcane production during severe epidemics. Symptoms include red patches on leaves and shriveled canes with red and white tissues. Favorable conditions include rain, irrigation, wind, and insect damage. Control measures include using disease-free canes, removing infected plants, rotations, and fungicide treatments.
Smut of sugarcane is caused by the fungus Ustilago scitaminea. Symptoms include the emergence of a "smut whip" and spindle leaves on infected plants. Control involves removing smutted plants, avoiding ratooning, using resistant
- Rust disease caused by the fungus Melampsora lini severely affects linseed plants, appearing in February/March in India where the crop is grown.
- Infected plants develop orange-yellow rust pustules on leaves and stems, which can cause necrosis of leaves. This results in reduced seed yield and fiber quality.
- The rust has a complex life cycle involving pycnial, aecial, uredial, and telial stages, though the first two are not observed in India. Primary infection occurs through windblown uredospores from infected crops in hilly areas.
Pokkah boeng is a disease that affects sugarcane tops and was first observed in Java in 1886. It is caused by the fungus Fusarium moniliforme. The disease has three phases: the chlorotic phase causes leaf chlorosis and twisting, the acute top-rot phase kills young spindles and causes top rot, and the knife-cut phase forms transverse cuts in the stalk. The disease is most severe in temperatures between 20-32°C and high humidity, favoring growth of the pathogen. Management strategies include fungicide sprays and removing infected canes.
This document discusses the yellow rust disease of wheat, caused by the fungus Puccinia striiformis. It covers the classification of the pathogen, the economic significance of yield losses up to 100%, the disease cycle involving uredospores and teliospores, distribution in India and worldwide, symptoms of yellow stripes and pustules on leaves and stems, favorable cool and wet conditions for disease development, and management through resistant varieties, crop rotation, and fungicide application.
Rice blast, Rust of wheat and downy mildewDinesh Ghimire
Blast of Rice causes significant yield losses in rice. Symptoms include spindle-shaped lesions on leaves and sheaths. The fungus infects plants at all growth stages. It overwinters in crop residues or alternate hosts and spreads via airborne spores, favoring wet and humid conditions. Management involves growing resistant varieties, removing weeds, proper fertilizer use, and fungicide application.
Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) decline is one of the most important diseases of Shisham now a days. There are some causes and drawbacks have been mentioned in the slides.
This presentation summarizes several diseases that affect the sissoo tree species (Dalbergia sissoo), including leaf spot caused by various fungi which produce yellowish or grayish lesions on leaves, leaf blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani which causes stomata-infected blotches on leaves, powdery mildew caused by Phyllactinia dalbergiae which produces a dense white mycelium on leaves, and rust disease caused by Maravalia achroa which infects seedlings. It also discusses wilt symptoms of flagging leaves and die-back symptoms of thinning foliage and drying branches. Control methods include fungicide applications and sanitation practices.
White rust, caused by the oomycete Albugo candidans, is a disease affecting cruciferous vegetables like cabbage and broccoli. It causes yield loss through defoliation and reduced quality. The fungus has a life cycle involving oospores that overwinter in soil or infected plant debris and zoospores that are spread by wind or water to infect new plants. Infection causes white pustules on leaves and stems and can result in distorted and sterile flowers. Management involves crop rotation, removing weeds, and fungicide applications to control spread.
My this document is very comprehensive attempt to describe the very important disease of shisham tree. I have included almost all the major aspects of the disease with the appropriate references. I hope you will get a better chance to gain the knowledge from it.
This document discusses the white rust disease that affects plants in the mustard family. It is caused by the fungus Albugo Candida. The disease causes white blister-like lesions on leaves, stems, and flowers. When severe, it can cause distorted growth. The fungus overwinters in soil or infected plant debris as oospores. In spring, the oospores produce zoospores that infect new plants, starting the disease cycle. Secondary infections spread the disease within a growing season. Warm, wet conditions favor disease development. Management includes removing debris, rotating crops, and applying fungicide sprays.
Powdery mildew is caused by the fungus Erysiphe cruciferarum, which infects mustard crops. It was first reported in Punjab in 1907. Symptoms include white powdery spots on leaves that eventually cover the entire plant. The disease reduces seed quality and yield by up to 45%. Powdery mildew spreads via wind-blown spores. Management includes growing resistant varieties, removing plant debris, timely sowing to avoid disease periods, and applying fungicides like dinocap or triadimefon.
- Grey mildew, caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella areola, is an important cotton disease that can cause major yield losses in India.
- The disease spreads via airborne spores during periods of low temperature and high humidity from October to January.
- Management of grey mildew involves cultural controls like deep plowing of fields to destroy crop residues between seasons as well as fungicide applications during periods of disease risk.
1. The disease white blister affects many cruciferous crops like mustard, rape, radish, cabbage and cauliflower.
2. It causes 24-54.5% yield losses in India due to malformed floral parts that prevent seed formation.
3. The causal organism is Albugo candida, which has both asexual and sexual reproduction stages. Its life cycle involves production of zoospores that infect plants.
This document summarizes a doctoral seminar presentation on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense race TR4, a new threat to banana cultivation in Bihar, India. The presentation covers key details about banana cultivation in Bihar and India, important banana diseases, symptoms and spread of Panama wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense, races of the pathogen, its international spread and impact on banana production worldwide, and management strategies for fields infected with race TR4.
The document provides information on diseases that affect cotton plants (Gossypium spp.), including bacterial blight, fusarium wilt, verticillium wilt, and root rot. It describes the symptoms, causal pathogens, disease cycles, and favorable conditions for each disease. Management strategies are also outlined, such as using resistant varieties, seed treatment, crop rotation, removing debris, and adjusting sowing times. The overall objective is to familiarize the reader with common cotton diseases and their control.
This document summarizes root rot and powdery mildew, two fungal diseases that affect sunflower. It describes the pathogens that cause each disease, Macrophomina phaseolina for root rot and Erysiphe cichoracearum for powdery mildew. It outlines the symptoms, disease cycle, epidemiology and management strategies for each disease. Root rot causes wilting and stem lesions while powdery mildew produces white powdery growth on leaves. Both diseases can reduce sunflower yields and favor under warmer, drier conditions. Management involves crop rotation, resistant varieties, and fungicide application.
Ginger soft rot is a disease caused by bacteria that enters through contaminated seed rhizomes. It causes pre-emergence damping off if infection occurs before sprouting, and water-soaked brown lesions on the collar region if after. The lesions spread, causing above-ground parts to wilt and die while the rhizome rots into a soft, watery mass. The disease is favored by warm, wet conditions and is managed by planting disease-free rhizomes and applying bactericides.
This document summarizes several diseases that affect jute and cotton crops. It describes the causal organisms, symptoms, and factors favoring disease development for stem rot, black band, anthracnose of jute, bacterial blight of cotton, fusarium wilt of cotton, verticillium wilt of cotton, and seedling diseases of cotton. Management strategies are provided for each disease, including using disease-free seeds, crop rotation, removing infected plant debris, and applying appropriate fungicides.
bacterial leaf blight and khaira disease of rice suman kr surendra imu3197
This document summarizes information about bacterial leaf blight and khaira disease of rice. Bacterial leaf blight is caused by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris and has several symptoms including leaf blights, wilting, and yellowing. Khaira disease is caused by zinc deficiency and shows symptoms like reddish-brown speckling on leaves. Management of these diseases involves practices like removing plant debris, using resistant varieties, spraying antibiotics, and applying zinc to soils or seedlings.
Bacterial leaf blight is a disease of rice caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. It was first identified in Japan in 1884. The disease causes wilting and death of rice seedlings within 3-4 weeks of transplanting. It enters through natural openings or wounds in the leaf. Lesions form on the leaves and turn yellow. Dew drops containing bacterial masses form on young lesions. The bacterium can be transmitted by irrigation water, rain, plant contact, or contaminated tools. Warm temperatures between 25-30 degrees Celsius and heavy rain or flooding create favorable conditions for the disease. Management strategies include growing resistant varieties, destroying infected plant debris, avoiding wounding of seedlings
This document describes three types of symptoms caused by a bacterial disease in plants: 1) Seedling blight causes water-soaked spots on cotyledons that collapse and die. 2) Blackarm causes dark brown to black lesions on stems, petioles, and fruiting branches that crack and are easily broken. 3) Angular leaf spot causes small, dark-green spots on leaves that become angular, brown, and blackish as they enlarge and appear on both sides of the leaf. The bacterium can survive for years in soil and seed and spreads primarily through seed and secondarily through water, wind, and insects. Resistant varieties should be grown to manage the disease.
The document summarizes the major diseases that affect lentil crops. It discusses 8 diseases in detail - Fusarium wilt, Botrytis grey mold, Collar rot, Rust, Ascochyta Blight, Stemphylium blight, Anthracnose, and Lentil yellows disease. For each disease, it describes the symptoms, epidemiology, and management strategies. Fusarium wilt is identified as the most important disease worldwide, causing wilting and death of lentil plants. Proper crop rotation, resistant varieties, and other integrated management approaches are recommended to control the different diseases.
powdery mildew of red gram, black gram, green gramrishi0
This document summarizes information about powdery mildew, a fungal disease that affects red gram, black gram, and green gram crops. It causes significant yield losses between 21-47%. The disease is caused by the fungi Leveillula taurica in red gram and Erysiphe polygoni in black gram and green gram. It spreads primarily through airborne spores and under favorable warm, humid conditions. Management strategies include removing crop residues, late sowing avoidance, sulfur dusting, and fungicide application at early disease signs.
The document discusses the oak wilt fungus, one of the most destructive tree diseases in the United States. It kills oak trees in central Texas in epidemic proportions. It is caused by the fungus Bretziella fagacearum and is present in over 20 eastern and midwestern states. In Texas it is found in 76 central and west Texas counties and was first identified in Dallas in 1961. It impacts both rural and urban areas by reducing property values and destroying thousands of acres of live oaks. The document provides information on the fungus, how it spreads, symptoms, identification, and management strategies like prevention, trenching, and injection.
Anthracnose is a fungal disease of grapes that reduces fruit quality and yield. It was introduced to the US in the 1800s from Europe. Symptoms appear as lesions on shoots, leaves, tendrils, young shoots, and berries. On shoots, lesions are small and isolated with a violet to brown margin. On leaves, lesions are circular with brown or black margins that cause a shot-hole appearance when the tissue drops out. On berries, small reddish circular spots develop with a dark brown to black margin and velvety whitish gray center. The fungus overwinters in infected plant material and produces spores during wet weather that infect plants, causing more lesions. Proper sanitation,
This document discusses the yellow rust disease of wheat, caused by the fungus Puccinia striiformis. It covers the classification of the pathogen, the economic significance of yield losses up to 100%, the disease cycle involving uredospores and teliospores, distribution in India and worldwide, symptoms of yellow stripes and pustules on leaves and stems, favorable cool and wet conditions for disease development, and management through resistant varieties, crop rotation, and fungicide application.
Rice blast, Rust of wheat and downy mildewDinesh Ghimire
Blast of Rice causes significant yield losses in rice. Symptoms include spindle-shaped lesions on leaves and sheaths. The fungus infects plants at all growth stages. It overwinters in crop residues or alternate hosts and spreads via airborne spores, favoring wet and humid conditions. Management involves growing resistant varieties, removing weeds, proper fertilizer use, and fungicide application.
Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) decline is one of the most important diseases of Shisham now a days. There are some causes and drawbacks have been mentioned in the slides.
This presentation summarizes several diseases that affect the sissoo tree species (Dalbergia sissoo), including leaf spot caused by various fungi which produce yellowish or grayish lesions on leaves, leaf blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani which causes stomata-infected blotches on leaves, powdery mildew caused by Phyllactinia dalbergiae which produces a dense white mycelium on leaves, and rust disease caused by Maravalia achroa which infects seedlings. It also discusses wilt symptoms of flagging leaves and die-back symptoms of thinning foliage and drying branches. Control methods include fungicide applications and sanitation practices.
White rust, caused by the oomycete Albugo candidans, is a disease affecting cruciferous vegetables like cabbage and broccoli. It causes yield loss through defoliation and reduced quality. The fungus has a life cycle involving oospores that overwinter in soil or infected plant debris and zoospores that are spread by wind or water to infect new plants. Infection causes white pustules on leaves and stems and can result in distorted and sterile flowers. Management involves crop rotation, removing weeds, and fungicide applications to control spread.
My this document is very comprehensive attempt to describe the very important disease of shisham tree. I have included almost all the major aspects of the disease with the appropriate references. I hope you will get a better chance to gain the knowledge from it.
This document discusses the white rust disease that affects plants in the mustard family. It is caused by the fungus Albugo Candida. The disease causes white blister-like lesions on leaves, stems, and flowers. When severe, it can cause distorted growth. The fungus overwinters in soil or infected plant debris as oospores. In spring, the oospores produce zoospores that infect new plants, starting the disease cycle. Secondary infections spread the disease within a growing season. Warm, wet conditions favor disease development. Management includes removing debris, rotating crops, and applying fungicide sprays.
Powdery mildew is caused by the fungus Erysiphe cruciferarum, which infects mustard crops. It was first reported in Punjab in 1907. Symptoms include white powdery spots on leaves that eventually cover the entire plant. The disease reduces seed quality and yield by up to 45%. Powdery mildew spreads via wind-blown spores. Management includes growing resistant varieties, removing plant debris, timely sowing to avoid disease periods, and applying fungicides like dinocap or triadimefon.
- Grey mildew, caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella areola, is an important cotton disease that can cause major yield losses in India.
- The disease spreads via airborne spores during periods of low temperature and high humidity from October to January.
- Management of grey mildew involves cultural controls like deep plowing of fields to destroy crop residues between seasons as well as fungicide applications during periods of disease risk.
1. The disease white blister affects many cruciferous crops like mustard, rape, radish, cabbage and cauliflower.
2. It causes 24-54.5% yield losses in India due to malformed floral parts that prevent seed formation.
3. The causal organism is Albugo candida, which has both asexual and sexual reproduction stages. Its life cycle involves production of zoospores that infect plants.
This document summarizes a doctoral seminar presentation on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense race TR4, a new threat to banana cultivation in Bihar, India. The presentation covers key details about banana cultivation in Bihar and India, important banana diseases, symptoms and spread of Panama wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense, races of the pathogen, its international spread and impact on banana production worldwide, and management strategies for fields infected with race TR4.
The document provides information on diseases that affect cotton plants (Gossypium spp.), including bacterial blight, fusarium wilt, verticillium wilt, and root rot. It describes the symptoms, causal pathogens, disease cycles, and favorable conditions for each disease. Management strategies are also outlined, such as using resistant varieties, seed treatment, crop rotation, removing debris, and adjusting sowing times. The overall objective is to familiarize the reader with common cotton diseases and their control.
This document summarizes root rot and powdery mildew, two fungal diseases that affect sunflower. It describes the pathogens that cause each disease, Macrophomina phaseolina for root rot and Erysiphe cichoracearum for powdery mildew. It outlines the symptoms, disease cycle, epidemiology and management strategies for each disease. Root rot causes wilting and stem lesions while powdery mildew produces white powdery growth on leaves. Both diseases can reduce sunflower yields and favor under warmer, drier conditions. Management involves crop rotation, resistant varieties, and fungicide application.
Ginger soft rot is a disease caused by bacteria that enters through contaminated seed rhizomes. It causes pre-emergence damping off if infection occurs before sprouting, and water-soaked brown lesions on the collar region if after. The lesions spread, causing above-ground parts to wilt and die while the rhizome rots into a soft, watery mass. The disease is favored by warm, wet conditions and is managed by planting disease-free rhizomes and applying bactericides.
This document summarizes several diseases that affect jute and cotton crops. It describes the causal organisms, symptoms, and factors favoring disease development for stem rot, black band, anthracnose of jute, bacterial blight of cotton, fusarium wilt of cotton, verticillium wilt of cotton, and seedling diseases of cotton. Management strategies are provided for each disease, including using disease-free seeds, crop rotation, removing infected plant debris, and applying appropriate fungicides.
bacterial leaf blight and khaira disease of rice suman kr surendra imu3197
This document summarizes information about bacterial leaf blight and khaira disease of rice. Bacterial leaf blight is caused by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris and has several symptoms including leaf blights, wilting, and yellowing. Khaira disease is caused by zinc deficiency and shows symptoms like reddish-brown speckling on leaves. Management of these diseases involves practices like removing plant debris, using resistant varieties, spraying antibiotics, and applying zinc to soils or seedlings.
Bacterial leaf blight is a disease of rice caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. It was first identified in Japan in 1884. The disease causes wilting and death of rice seedlings within 3-4 weeks of transplanting. It enters through natural openings or wounds in the leaf. Lesions form on the leaves and turn yellow. Dew drops containing bacterial masses form on young lesions. The bacterium can be transmitted by irrigation water, rain, plant contact, or contaminated tools. Warm temperatures between 25-30 degrees Celsius and heavy rain or flooding create favorable conditions for the disease. Management strategies include growing resistant varieties, destroying infected plant debris, avoiding wounding of seedlings
This document describes three types of symptoms caused by a bacterial disease in plants: 1) Seedling blight causes water-soaked spots on cotyledons that collapse and die. 2) Blackarm causes dark brown to black lesions on stems, petioles, and fruiting branches that crack and are easily broken. 3) Angular leaf spot causes small, dark-green spots on leaves that become angular, brown, and blackish as they enlarge and appear on both sides of the leaf. The bacterium can survive for years in soil and seed and spreads primarily through seed and secondarily through water, wind, and insects. Resistant varieties should be grown to manage the disease.
The document summarizes the major diseases that affect lentil crops. It discusses 8 diseases in detail - Fusarium wilt, Botrytis grey mold, Collar rot, Rust, Ascochyta Blight, Stemphylium blight, Anthracnose, and Lentil yellows disease. For each disease, it describes the symptoms, epidemiology, and management strategies. Fusarium wilt is identified as the most important disease worldwide, causing wilting and death of lentil plants. Proper crop rotation, resistant varieties, and other integrated management approaches are recommended to control the different diseases.
powdery mildew of red gram, black gram, green gramrishi0
This document summarizes information about powdery mildew, a fungal disease that affects red gram, black gram, and green gram crops. It causes significant yield losses between 21-47%. The disease is caused by the fungi Leveillula taurica in red gram and Erysiphe polygoni in black gram and green gram. It spreads primarily through airborne spores and under favorable warm, humid conditions. Management strategies include removing crop residues, late sowing avoidance, sulfur dusting, and fungicide application at early disease signs.
The document discusses the oak wilt fungus, one of the most destructive tree diseases in the United States. It kills oak trees in central Texas in epidemic proportions. It is caused by the fungus Bretziella fagacearum and is present in over 20 eastern and midwestern states. In Texas it is found in 76 central and west Texas counties and was first identified in Dallas in 1961. It impacts both rural and urban areas by reducing property values and destroying thousands of acres of live oaks. The document provides information on the fungus, how it spreads, symptoms, identification, and management strategies like prevention, trenching, and injection.
Anthracnose is a fungal disease of grapes that reduces fruit quality and yield. It was introduced to the US in the 1800s from Europe. Symptoms appear as lesions on shoots, leaves, tendrils, young shoots, and berries. On shoots, lesions are small and isolated with a violet to brown margin. On leaves, lesions are circular with brown or black margins that cause a shot-hole appearance when the tissue drops out. On berries, small reddish circular spots develop with a dark brown to black margin and velvety whitish gray center. The fungus overwinters in infected plant material and produces spores during wet weather that infect plants, causing more lesions. Proper sanitation,
P. cinnamomi is a fungus that causes Phytophthora root rot, which has devastated crops and native vegetation in Australia. The fungus grows through plant root systems, preventing water and nutrient uptake and causing death. It spreads through soil water and spores. Symptoms include leaf browning, yellowing, and dieback. Prevention through limiting the fungus's spread is critical, using quarantine, sanitization, and phosphite treatment, though the fungus can survive dormant for years in soil. More research is still needed on control and treatment.
Heart rot is a fungal disease that causes decay of the heartwood in tree trunks and branches. Fungi enter through wounds in the bark and slowly decay the inner wood, weakening the structural integrity of the tree. This can cause branches and trunks to break. Heart rot has major economic and environmental impacts. It causes significant losses to the logging industry by damaging timber. In forests, trees weakened by heart rot are more susceptible to disturbances and allow new growth, changing the forest environment over time. Heart rot is diagnosed through visual examination of symptoms and signs like mushrooms or decayed wood.
Citrus canker is a widespread disease affecting citrus plants worldwide. It is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri. The disease produces lesions on leaves, twigs, fruits, and branches that appear as small, raised spots that eventually rupture, giving a crater-like appearance. Wet weather and temperatures between 20-30 degrees Celsius promote the spread of the disease. Control methods include destroying infected plants, using disease-free nursery stock, pruning infected twigs, and spraying with copper-based fungicides. The bacterium spreads primarily through rain splash and insects like citrus leaf miners.
Citrus canker is a bacterial disease that causes lesions on citrus leaves, fruit, and stems. It is caused by the bacteria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. The disease was first found in Florida in 1910 and caused extensive damage. Lesions start as small spots on leaves and fruit and become visible within 7-10 days. If left untreated, the bacteria can spread through wind and rain and severely damage citrus crops. Management strategies include removing infected plant material, using resistant citrus varieties, spraying copper-based fungicides, and controlling leaf miners to reduce disease spread.
The document discusses various diseases and disorders that affect plantation crops and forest species. It describes diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, insects and other living organisms as biotic stresses, and diseases caused by non-living factors like water, nutrients, chemicals, heat or cold as abiotic stresses. It then provides details on specific diseases affecting leaves, stems, roots and needles of trees. These include bacterial blight of eucalyptus leaves, pink disease affecting stems, Phytophthora root rot of acacia, and Dothistroma needle blight of pine. It describes the symptoms, causal organisms, species affected and management strategies for each disease.
Carpenterworms are wood-boring insects that can cause damage to trees like apricot, ash, birch, and others near riparian areas. Signs of infestation include dark sap spots and frass expelled from galleries. Larvae bore into trees, creating galleries up to 6-10 inches long. Adults are large moths that lay eggs on tree bark. Larvae hatch and feed for 2-4 years before pupating and emerging as adults in May through July. Extensive feeding can cause branches to weaken and break. Integrated pest management involves monitoring, removing heavily infested wood, and applying beneficial nematodes to control carpenterworm larvae.
This document summarizes common diseases that affect Anthurium plants in commercial greenhouse production. It describes symptoms, causal agents, and management strategies for bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas, bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia, and three fungal diseases: Rhizoctonia root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora/Pythium root rot caused by Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica and Pythium splendens, and black nose disease which causes darkening of the spadix. Maintaining good sanitation and using pathogen-free propagation materials, fungicide drenches or dips, and cultural controls like spacing, ventilation
Effective Prevention Tips for Sudden Oak Death.pdfTree Doctor USA
Discover effective prevention tips and treatment options for Sudden Oak Death with Tree Doctor USA. Learn to identify symptoms, implement prevention measures, and promote tree health.
White pine blister rust is a fungal disease that requires both white pines and species of currants and gooseberries to complete its lifecycle. It was introduced from Europe in the 1890s and can cause defoliation, death of white pines, and was declared a public nuisance in some states. The disease spreads via spores from ribes plants to pine needles and causes needle discoloration, flagging branches, trunk cankers, and decay. Monitoring, improving tree health, removing ribes plants, and bark tracing can help manage the disease.
Scientific name: Ceratocystis fagacearum
Order: Microascales
Family: Ceratocystidaceae
Oak wilt is a vascular disease of oak trees, caused by the fungus Bretziella fagacearum
The fungus grows on the outer sapwood of oak trees restricting the flow of water and nutrients through the tree and causing the foliage to wilt
While some trees can recover from the infection, the fungus can eventually cause the tree to die.
Oak wilt is not yet present in Canada, but it occurs in 24 U.S. states with close proximity to Ontario. The origin of the oak wilt fungus is not known.
Grape Eutypa dieback is a destructive disease caused by the fungus Eutypa lata. It causes cankers on the wood of grapevines that develop several years after infection via ascospores released from infected wood during pruning season. Early symptoms include deformed and discolored shoots with small, chlorotic leaves developing necrosis. Over time, the infected portion of the vine dies. The most effective control strategies are good pruning practices to remove infected wood from vines and the vineyard, as the pathogen can survive for many years in infected plant material. There are currently no specific fungicides available to treat Eutypa dieback.
Citrus tristeza virus is a pathogen that infects citrus trees and is transmitted by the brown citrus aphid. It causes decline, stem pitting, and yellowing symptoms and has led to the death of over 80 million citrus trees worldwide. The virus is classified as a closterovirus within the family Closteroviridae. Management strategies focus on using resistant rootstocks, controlling aphid vectors, and preventing transmission through infected budwood or plant material.
Sclerotinia diseases, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, can infect safflower through soil-borne structures called sclerotia or wind-blown spores, causing stem rot, stalk rot, or head rot. The fungus survives for many years in soil or infected plant debris as sclerotia and has a very broad host range. Management strategies include crop rotation, weed control, resistant varieties, and fungicide application.
The document discusses various challenges for growing crops in high tunnels, including weeds, pests, diseases, and labor issues. It provides tips for controlling weeds such as using wire weeders and organic mulches. For pest control, it recommends scouting, identifying pests accurately, and utilizing biological controls when possible, such as releasing ladybugs or lacewings. Fungal diseases are a common problem, so the document suggests practices like ventilating the high tunnel and using soil solarization and biofumigation with mustard cover crops to reduce pathogens in the soil.
This document contains summaries of several presentations for the Seminar on Forest and Plant Health on November 7th, 2018 at the Natural Resources Institute Finland in Viikki, Helsinki.
The first presentation provides an overview of the invasive forest pathogen Fusarium circinatum, which causes disease in over 60 pine species. It discusses the pathogen's spread pathways and risk areas, as well as management strategies like prevention, clear-cutting of infested forests, and resistance breeding.
The second presentation reports on a study finding that rust-infected Norway spruce cones in seed orchards are more often infested by the spruce coneworm moth compared to non-rust infected cones, lowering seed quality and quantity.
This document provides information on several plant viruses. It defines viruses and describes their structure. It then discusses the history of the earliest documented plant virus. The document proceeds to provide details on several specific plant viruses, including Tobacco mosaic virus, Potato virus Y, Sugarcane mosaic virus, Citrus tristeza virus, and Cotton leaf curl virus. For each virus, it outlines key facts like genome, geographic occurrence, symptoms caused, transmission method, environmental conditions needed, and control methods.
Northern corn leaf blight is caused by the fungus Exserohilum turcicum. It affects corn and other crops like sorghum. Symptoms include long elliptical lesions on leaves. The fungus overwinters in plant debris. Management includes using resistant hybrids, residue management like crop rotation, and fungicide application in seed fields. Southern corn leaf blight is caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus. It was particularly damaging in 1970. Symptoms are elongated tan lesions. It overwinters in residue and favors warm, humid conditions. Management focuses on resistant hybrids, crop rotation, and tillage.
Black rot, caused by the fungus Guignardia bidwelii, is a significant disease of grapes in Minnesota that can cause complete crop loss under the right conditions. While it can infect all parts of the vine, berry infection poses the largest threat. Symptoms start as small white or brown spots on leaves, shoots, and berries that enlarge and turn dark. The fungus overwinters in mummified berries on the ground or vine. In spring, spores are released and spread by rain to cause primary infections. Secondary spores then spread the disease throughout the vineyard. The most effective controls are sanitation to remove inoculum sources, resistant varieties, canopy management, and a well-timed fungicide spray program focused on
Emerging Earth Observation methods for monitoring sustainable food productionCIFOR-ICRAF
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GFW Office Hours: How to Use Planet Imagery on Global Forest Watch_June 11, 2024Global Forest Watch
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Trichogramma spp. is an efficient egg parasitoids that potentially assist to manage the insect-pests from the field condition by parasiting the host eggs. To mass culture this egg parasitoids effectively, we need to culture another stored grain pest- Rice Meal Moth (Corcyra Cephalonica). After rearing this pest, the eggs of Corcyra will carry the potential Trichogramma spp., which is an Hymenopteran Wasp. The detailed Methodologies of rearing both Corcyra Cephalonica and Trichogramma spp. have described on this ppt.
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Explore Aussie Hydrovac's comprehensive cable location services, employing advanced tools like ground-penetrating radar and robotic CCTV crawlers for precise detection. Also offering aerial surveying solutions. Contact for reliable service in Australia.
2. Chestnut blight
HISTORY
The disease chestnut blight was first detected near Eurobin in the Ovens Valley in September 2010. Further
surveillance detected the disease on fifteen other properties in the Ovens Valley in Victoria's north east.
DEFINATION
Chestnut blight is a disease caused by a bark-inhabiting fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica), which
mostly affects the trunk and branches of host chestnut trees.
EXPLANATION
The disease invades stems and branches of any size and causes cankers that can grow rapidly.
Cankers are dead or malformed areas of bark or woody tissue. In most cases cankers continue to
develop until they surround the trunks, stems or branches and the tree eventually dies. Other
symptoms of chestnut blight include cracking or peeling bark, trunk and branch swelling, bark and
wood degeneration or death, and additional resin exudates.
Under favourable environmental conditions, orange fruiting bodies (stroma) are produced on the
outside of the bark inside the canker margins. Spores are formed in stroma, which can spread the
disease.
The disease has the potential to spread from cuttings and dead wood for up to nine months.
Orange stroma (2-3mm diameter) visible on the bark of stems and branches
3. Cankers and bark splitting on stems and branches
How does chestnut blight spread?
Chestnut blight can spread via:
Airborne spores
Rain splash
Transport of infected material
Farm operations e.g. pruning
Machinery and equipment.
Chestnut blight can also be spread through budding material and cuttings taken from infected trees.
It can also be spread by two types of spores produced in the orange stroma of the fungus:
One type of spore is ejected from stroma on infected wood and spread by air movement.
The other spore type is released from infected wood onto the tree surface from where it can
be spread by rain splash, water, or any object that comes into contact with it (e.g. clothing,
tools or equipment).
Cut branches with the disease are also a serious spreading risk, as the fungus grows more rapidly
on dead wood and can produce spores for up to a year after cutting.
Chestnut blight has also been transferred to healthy trees by the use of contaminated cutting
equipment such as saws, knives and chainsaws, or tree injection equipment.
Chestnut blight may lie dormant and symptoms may take over a year to develop so, as a
precaution, it is important to keep monitoring trees for symptoms.
4. Spreading of chestnut :
The best option for containing the disease is to eliminate any sources of infection, including spores
of the fungus. This means that infected limbs and tree trunks must be cut off and burnt on site.
New infections cannot be seen until they fully develop and spread onto the bark, so infected tree
parts may be missed in an initial pruning. Therefore, pruned trees should be regularly monitored
for a reappearance of the disease.
Any destruction and disposal of infected trees must be done under Agriculture Victoria supervision
to ensure the highest biosecurity levels of farm hygiene and decontamination are observed.
Propagating material
Chestnut blight is most readily spread through the movement of infected budwood or cuttings. Do
not receive any cuttings or new trees unless the source material is from a grove or nursery outside
the Restricted Area or from a trusted source within the Restricted Area that has been surveyed and
found to be free of the disease.
There are restrictions in place in the Ovens Valley regarding chestnut and oak plant movement.
Heavier restrictions are in place in a small area of Eurobin, including machinery and equipment
that is used on or been in contact with chestnut or oak trees. Penalties are in place for non
compliance with these restrictions.
Notable Chestnut tress
Chestnut Tree of One Hundred Horses on Mount Etna, 57.9 m (190 ft) circumference 1780.
Tortworth Chestnut. 15.8-meter circumference in 1776, when it was described as "the largest
tree in England’
Sacred Chestnut of Istán, 46-foot (14 m) circumference, estimated to be between 800 and 1,000
years old.