Artificial Sweeteners As we already know about cane sugar and natural sugar, sucrose. Here we will see about artificial sweeteners. “A sugar substituent is a food additive that duplicates the effect of sugar in taste with less food energy. They are usually refer to as non-nutritive or non-caloric substances”. There are presently five artificial or synthetic sweeteners approved by U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) named as saccharin, aspartame, neotame, sucralose and acesulfame K. History The first artificial sweetener was discovered by accidently in 1879 by a German Scientist Fahlberg while searching on the coal tar derivatives. During his work he raised a piece of bread to eat without washing hands and found the bread unbelievably sweet. Thus, he created the world first artificial sweetener named as Saccharin. Explanation of artificial sweeteners are given in slides

1. Made by
Zarafshan Javed
Roll#39
B.S Chemistry
8th semester
GCWUF

2.  Introduction
 History
 Saccharin
 Aspartame
 Neotame Artificial sweeteners
 Sucralose
 Acesulfame K
 Commercial uses
 Advantages and disadvantages

5.  First artificial sweetener discovered in 1879
by Fahlberg.
 300 times sweeter than sucrose and
contains 0Kcal/g.
 Does not involve in human metabolism and
excretes from body without any change.
 Prepared by the combination of
chlorosulfuric acid with toluene, a sweet
smelling chemical, and then treated them
with ammonia and permaganat followed by
heating.

6.  Molecular formula C7H5O3NS
 Acceptable daily intake (ADI) is 5 mg/Kg.
 Mostly used in jams, candies
and syrups etc.
 Sold under the brand named as Sweet’N Low,
Sweet Twin.
C H 3
+ C lS O 3 H
C H 3
S O 2 C l
N H 3
C H 3
S O 2 N H 2
C H 3
S O 2 N H 2
[ O ]
K M N O 4
O H
S O 2 N H 2
O
O
N H
S
O
O
S A C C H A R I N

7.  Discovered by James M. Schlatter in 1965
and approved by FDA in 1974.
 200 times sweeter than sucrose and
contains 4Kcal/g.
 Less stable that saccharin, may breakdown
at 29.44oC so cannot used for baking.
 Prepared from two types of amino acid
Aspartate and phenylalanine.

8.  Molecular formula C13H18O5N2
 In body, it absorbed as products that
Contain aspartate, phenylalanine and
methanol
 Used in sugar free gums, coke zero and
other low calories drinks.
O
O
N H
H 2 N
H O
O
O
A S P A R T A M E
N H 2 O
O H
O
H O
A S P A R T A T E
+
H 2 N
O
O H
P H E N Y L A L A N I N E

9.  ADI is 50mg/Kg and sold under the brands
named as Nutra Sweet and Equal.
 Due to phenylalanine it is toxic and cause
mental retardation

10.  Similar to aspartame but it contains tert-butyl
group to the free amino group of aspartic
acid
 30-40 times sweeter than aspartame and
7000-13000 times than sucrose
 completely eliminated from body without
metabolized.
 Prepared by the reaction of aspartame and
3,3-dimethylbutyraldehyde.

11.  Molecular formula C20H30N2O5
 Used in beverages and soy based
nutritionally fortified products.
 ADI is 18mg/Kg and sold under the brand
name Newtame.
O
O
NH
H2N
HO
O
O
ASPARTAME
+
H
C
O O
O
NH
NH
HO
O
O

12.  Discovered in 1976 and approved in 1998 by
FDA.
 Most popular sweetener and used over 4500
products and 300 times sweeter than sucrose.
 Similar to sucrose but in its structure three
hydroxyl of sucrose is replaced by chlorine
atoms.
 Has no effect on insulin, does not promote
dental cavity and also beneficial for diabetics.
 Prepared by mixing sucrose with maltodextrin
and dextrose.

13.  Molecular formula C12H19O8Cl3

14.  used in frozen foods, baked products,
carbonated beverages and dry milk
products.
 ADI is 5mg/Kg and sold under the brand
named as Splenda, Natura and Sweet.

15.  Discovered by German Chemist Charl
Clauss in 1967.
 200 times sweeter than sucrose and used
with other sweeteners for better taste.
 Over 90 studies conformed that acesulfame
is safe
 Prepared by combining organic aceto-acetic
acid with mineral potassium to form white
crystals.

16.  Molecular formula C4H4O4NSK
 Used in baked product due to its long shelf
life and does not break easily.
 ADI is 15mg/Kg and sold under the brand
named as Sunnet and Sweet One.

17. Used as tabletop sweetener
Extensively used in beverages , food
cocktails in food industry
Toothpaste and mouth washers contains
sucralose as sweetening agent
Diabetic foods contains sucralose
and beverages
Aspartame and sucralose mainly
used in cold beverages

18.  Weight controlling
 Sugar control so good for diabetics
 Boost up the taste of food
 Prevent from tooth decay
 Helpful for common dieter to eat foods that
are not allowed due to high sugar content.

19.  Brain Damages
Negative effect on CNS
Genetic disorder phenylketonuria
 Cancer
aspartame can cause leukemia,
lymphoma and bladder cancer
 Obesity
 Commonly studied side effects are mood
swings, headache, dizziness etc.

20. THANK YOU