CHEMICAL WEAPONS AND ITS TYPES
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This document summarizes the types of chemical weapons, including nerve agents, blister agents, blood agents, choking agents, and incapacitating agents. It provides examples of specific chemical weapons like phosgene, mustard gas, lewisite, hydrogen cyanide, soman, and chlorine. The document explains that chemical weapons cause death, injury or temporary incapacitation through chemical action on the lungs, skin, eyes or nervous system by interfering with oxygen absorption, blistering skin or causing difficulty breathing.
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the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
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Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
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With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
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(Work in progress.)
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
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Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
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Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
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CHEMICAL WEAPONS AND ITS TYPES
- 2. PRESENTED BY ABDUL BASIT 14-MCE-83 NFC-INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND FERTILIZER RESEARCH, FAISALABAD.
- 3. Chemical WeaponsChemical Weapons and its typesand its types
- 4. CHEMICAL WEAPONSCHEMICAL WEAPONS The term chemical weapon is applied to any toxic chemical that can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation or sensory irritation through its chemical action.
- 5. Phosgene (COCl2)and mustard gas(C4H8Cl2S) are mostly used as a chemical weapon. Phosgene gas was responsible for about 85% of the 100,000 deaths caused by chemical weapons. Mustard gas was first used effectively in World War I by the German army against British and Canadian soldiers.
- 6. TYPES OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS
- 7. Types of Chemical Weapons • Nerve Agents • Blister Agents • Blood Agents • Choking Agents • Incapacitating Agents
- 8. Nerve Agents • Nerve agents attack the bodies nervous system. • Nerve agents cause breathing difficulties, convulsions, paralysis, and death. • Nerve agents can be inhaled or absorbed through the skin. • Symptoms poisoning include runny nose, tightness of chest, difficulty breathing, excessive sweating, nausea, vomiting dimness of vision, and death. • Example: soman
- 9. Blister Agents • Blister agents attack the lungs, eyes, and skin. • They blister both skin and mucous membranes. Example: Lewisite
- 10. Blood Agents • Blood agents interfere with the bodies ability to absorb oxygen. • The victim dies because the body tissues are starved of oxygen. • Blood agents cause headaches and nausea before death. Example: hydrogen cyanide.
- 11. Choking Agents • Choking agents attack the lungs, causing them to fill with fluid. Choking agents are detected by their smell. • The victim suffocates by drowning in his own body fluid. Choking agents cause coughing, choking, tightness of the chest, nasea, headache, and watering of the eyes. • Examples: phosgene, chlorine.
- 13. Incapatitating Agents • An agent that produces temporary physiological or mantal effects, or both, which will render individuals incapable of concerted effort in the performance of their assigned duties. Casualities : temporary loss of vision, diarrhea etc.