The document provides an introduction to the Python programming language. It discusses that Python was created by Guido Van Rossum in 1991 and was named after the Monty Python comedy troupe. Python is an open source, interpreted language that can be used for both procedural and object-oriented programming. It has a simple syntax and supports features like graphical user interfaces, integration with other languages, and is used widely in applications like web development, artificial intelligence, and data science. The document also covers Python concepts like variables, data types, operators, input/output and comments.
INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming language
Python's simple, easy to learn syntax emphasizes readability and therefore reduces the cost of program maintenance.
A standard distribution includes many modules
Dynamic typed Source can be compiled or run just-in-time Similar to perl, tcl, ruby
Why Python
Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc).
Python has a simple syntax similar to the English language.
Python has syntax that allows developers to write programs with fewer lines than some other programming languages.
Python runs on an interpreter system, meaning that code can be executed as soon as it is written. This means that prototyping can be very quick.
Python can be treated in a procedural way, an object-oriented way or a functional way
Python Interfaces
IDLE : a cross-platform Python development
Python Win: a Windows only interface to Python
Python Shell running 'python' from the Command Line opens this interactive shell
IDLE — Development Environment
IDLE helps you program in Python by
color-coding your program code
debugging ' auto-indent ‘
interactive shell Python Shell
Auto indent
Example python
Print (“Hello World”)
output:
Hello World
Python Indentation
Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code line.
Where in other programming languages the indentation in code is for readability only, the indentation in Python is very important.
Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code.
Example:
if 5 > 2: print("Five is greater than two!")
Python Comments
Comments can be used to explain Python code.
Comments can be used to make the code more readable.
Comments can be used to prevent execution when testing code
Example
#This is a commentprint("Hello, World!")
Python Variables
Variables are containers for storing data values
Python has no command for declaring a variable.
A variable is created the moment you first assign a value to it
Example
x = 5y = "John"print(x)print(y)
Python - Variable Names
A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive name (age, carname, total_volume). Rules for Python variables:
A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
A variable name cannot start with a number
A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three different variables)
Example
Legal variable names:
myvar = "John"my_var = "John"_my_var = "John"myVar = "John"MYVAR = "John"myvar2 = "John
Python Variables - Assign Multiple Values
Python allows you to assign values to multiple variables in one line:
Example
x, y, z = "Orange", "Banana", "Cherry"print(x)print(y)print(z)
Python - Output Variables
Python output variable function are print()
Example
x = "Python is awesome"print(x)
Python - Global Variables
Variables that are created outside of a function (as in all
INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming language
Python's simple, easy to learn syntax emphasizes readability and therefore reduces the cost of program maintenance.
A standard distribution includes many modules
Dynamic typed Source can be compiled or run just-in-time Similar to perl, tcl, ruby
Why Python
Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc).
Python has a simple syntax similar to the English language.
Python has syntax that allows developers to write programs with fewer lines than some other programming languages.
Python runs on an interpreter system, meaning that code can be executed as soon as it is written. This means that prototyping can be very quick.
Python can be treated in a procedural way, an object-oriented way or a functional way
Python Interfaces
IDLE : a cross-platform Python development
Python Win: a Windows only interface to Python
Python Shell running 'python' from the Command Line opens this interactive shell
IDLE — Development Environment
IDLE helps you program in Python by
color-coding your program code
debugging ' auto-indent ‘
interactive shell Python Shell
Auto indent
Example python
Print (“Hello World”)
output:
Hello World
Python Indentation
Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code line.
Where in other programming languages the indentation in code is for readability only, the indentation in Python is very important.
Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code.
Example:
if 5 > 2: print("Five is greater than two!")
Python Comments
Comments can be used to explain Python code.
Comments can be used to make the code more readable.
Comments can be used to prevent execution when testing code
Example
#This is a commentprint("Hello, World!")
Python Variables
Variables are containers for storing data values
Python has no command for declaring a variable.
A variable is created the moment you first assign a value to it
Example
x = 5y = "John"print(x)print(y)
Python - Variable Names
A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive name (age, carname, total_volume). Rules for Python variables:
A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
A variable name cannot start with a number
A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three different variables)
Example
Legal variable names:
myvar = "John"my_var = "John"_my_var = "John"myVar = "John"MYVAR = "John"myvar2 = "John
Python Variables - Assign Multiple Values
Python allows you to assign values to multiple variables in one line:
Example
x, y, z = "Orange", "Banana", "Cherry"print(x)print(y)print(z)
Python - Output Variables
Python output variable function are print()
Example
x = "Python is awesome"print(x)
Python - Global Variables
Variables that are created outside of a function (as in all
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Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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2. PYTHON
• A programming language developed
by Guido Van Rossum in feb-1991.
• Named after a comedy show namely
‘Monty Python’s Flying Circus’.
• It is based on ABC language.
• It is an open source language.
3. Features of Python
It is an pen source, so it can be
modified and redistributed.
Uses a few keywords and clear
,simply English like structure.
Can run on variety of platforms.
Support procedure oriented as well as
object oriented programming.
4. Features of Python
It support Graphical user interface.
It is compatible with C,C++ languages
etc.
Used in game development, data
base application, web application ,
Artificial Intelligence.
Lesser time required to learn Pyhton
as it has simple and concise code.
5. Features of Python
Distinguish between input, output and
error message by different colour
code.
Has large set of libraries with various
module functions.
Has automatic memory management.
Provide interface to all major
databases.
6. Applications of Python
• Amazon uses python to analyse customer’s
buying habits and search patterns.
• Facebook uses python to process images.
• Google uses python in search system.
• NASA uses python for scientific
programming tasks.
• Python is used in AI systems.
7. Python Character Set:
• A set of Valid characters that a language can recognize.
• A character set includes:
Letters : A-Z , a-z.
Digits : 0-9
Special Symbols :Space + -*/**(){}[]//!= ==<,>.’’ “”;:%!
White spaces : Blank space ,tabs carriage return ,new
line , form feed.
Other Characters : process all ASCII
8. Variable
• Has a name
• Capable of storing values of certain
data type.
• Provide temporary storage.
9. Variable naming conventions
• Variable names are case sensitive.
• Keywords or words with special meanings
should not be used as variables.
• Variable names should be short and
meaningful.
• All variable names should begin with a letter
or underscore(_).
• Variable names may contain numbers,
underscore,.
• no space or special character allowed
10. Keywords
• Keywords are the words that convey a
special meaning to the language
compiler/interpreter.
• These are reserved for special
purpose.
• Must not be used as normal variables.
• Eg: True, False , if, return , try, elif ,
and ,while, None ,with ,range ,break ,
for ,in ,or
11. Data Types
• Data types states the way the values of
that type are stored .
• The operations can be done on that
type and the range for that type.
• Different types of data requires different
amount of memory for storage.
• Data can be manipulated through
specific data types.
13. Number
• Number data type is used to store
numerical values.
• Python support three numerical data
types.
• Integer: eg a=2
• Float: eg: a=2.766
• Complex Numbers: a=17+9b
14. String
• An order of set of characters closed
in a single or double quotation marks.
• Eg: str1=‘Hello’
• wrd=“Hello”
15. List
• List is a collection of comma separated
values within square bracket.
• Values in the list can be modified.
• The values in the list are called
elements.
• It is mutable.
• Elements in the list need not be of
same type.
17. Tuple
• A tuple is a sequence of comma
separated values . Values in tuple
cannot be changed.
• It is immutable.
• The values in the tuple are called as
elements.
• Elements in the list need not be of
same type.
19. Dictionary
• An unordered collection of items where
each item is a key: value pair
• Each key is separated from its value
by a colon (:) .
• The entire dictionary is enclosed within
curly braces {}.
• Keys are unique within dictionary while
the values may not be.
21. Boolean data type
• The Boolean data type is either TRUE
or FALSE
• In python, Boolean variables are
defined by either True or False.
• The first letter of True and False must
be in upper case . Lower case returns
error
22. Eg:
>>> a=True
>>> type(a)
<class 'bool'>
>>> a=True
>>> b=False
>>> a or b
True
>>> a and b
False
>>> not a
False
>>> a==b
False
>>> a!=b
True
>>>
23. Data Type Conversion
• The process of converting the value of
one data type to another data type is
called type conversion.
• There are two types of conversion
• Implicit type conversion
• Explicit type conversion
24. Implicit type conversion
• In this python automatically convert
one data type to another.
• This process doesn’t need any user
involvement.
26. Explicit type conversion
• User convert the data type of an object
to the required data type.
• We use predefined functions like int(),
float(),complex(), bool(), str(), tuple(),
list() ,dict() etc to perform explicit type
conversion.
• This type conversion is also known as
type casting.
27. Input
a=100
b=20.50
c='567'
print('Variable a converted into string:',str(a))
print('Variable a converted into float:',float(a))
print('Variable b converted into integer:',int(b))
print('Variable b converted into string:',str(b))
print('Variable c converted into integer:',int(c))
print('Variable c converted into float:',float(c))
print('Variable a converted into list:',list(c))
OUTPUT
Variable a converted into string: 100
Variable a converted into float: 100.0
Variable b converted into integer: 20
Variable b converted into string: 20.5
Variable c converted into integer: 567
Variable c converted into float: 567.0
Variable a converted into list: ['5', '6', '7']
28.
29. Operators
• Are special symbols which represent
computation.
• Values or variables are called
oparands .
• The operator is applied on operands,
thus form expression.
38. User input
• The values inserted by the user while executing a program are
fetched and stored in the variable using the input() function.
39. User output
• The print statement is used to display
the value of a variable.
• If an expression is given with the print
statement ,it first evaluate the
expression and then print it.
• To print more than one item on a
single line comma (,) can be used.
41. comments
• A comment in Python starts with the hash
character, # , and extends to the end of the
physical line.
• Comments can be used to explain Python
code.
• Comments can be used to make the code
more readable.
• Comments can be used to prevent
execution when testing code.
42. Creating a Comment
• Comments starts with a #, and Python will ignore
them:
• Example
• #This is a comment
print("Hello, World!")
• Comments can be placed at the end of a line, and
Python will ignore the rest of the line:
• Example
• print("Hello, World!") #This is a comment
•
43. • A comment does not have to be text
that explains the code, it can also be
used to prevent Python from executing
code:
• Example
• #print("Hello, World!")
print("Cheers, Mate!")
44. Multi Line Comments
• Python does not really have a syntax
for multi line comments.
• To add a multiline comment you could
insert a # for each line:
• Example
• #This is a comment
#written in
#more than just one line
print("Hello, World!")
45. • Or, not quite as intended, you can use a
multiline string.
• Since Python will ignore string literals that are
not assigned to a variable, you can add a
multiline string (triple quotes) in your code, and
place your comment inside it:
• Example
• """
This is a comment
written in
more than just one line
"""
print("Hello, World!")
46. Indentation In Python
• Indentation refers to the spaces at the
beginning of a code line.
• Python uses indentation to indicate a block
of code.
• Python will give you an error if you skip the
indentation:
• You have to use the same number of
spaces in the same block of code, otherwise
Python will give you an error: