Chapter4
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The document discusses several key topics in perception: 1) It describes different theories of perception including direct perception, constructive perception, template theories, prototype theories, and feature theories. 2) It discusses factors that influence perception such as context effects, perceptual constancies, depth cues, and Gestalt principles. 3) It examines evidence for structural description theories including the identification of objects by their geons.
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Perception
This document discusses perception and how humans recognize and interpret sensory information. It covers topics like perceptual constancy, depth perception using monocular and binocular cues, object perception from viewer-centered and object-centered representations, Gestalt principles of visual perception, and theories of perception including direct perception, constructive perception, bottom-up and top-down processing. It also discusses evidence from research on prototypes, features, structural descriptions, and context effects in perception.
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This chapter discusses visual perception and attention. It covers object recognition, visual illusions, unconscious perception, change blindness, and visual and auditory attention. Regarding object recognition, it discusses how we recognize objects despite variations in appearance and viewing conditions. It describes Gestalt principles of perceptual grouping and debates about whether object recognition depends on viewpoint. It then discusses visual illusions and explains them using Milner and Goodale's two visual systems model, which proposes separate systems for perception and action.
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The document discusses several topics related to perception including:
1. It describes different theories of perception such as direct perception theories, constructive perception theories, template theories, and prototype theories.
2. It discusses factors that influence perception such as context effects, bottom-up and top-down processing, and Gestalt principles of perception.
3. It covers depth perception cues including binocular and monocular depth cues, and deficits in perception like agnosia and prosopagnosia.
perception
This document discusses perception and how humans recognize and interpret sensory information. It covers topics like perceptual constancy, depth perception using monocular and binocular cues, object perception through viewer-centered and object-centered representations, Gestalt principles of visual perception including figure-ground and proximity, and theories of perception including direct perception, constructive perception, and bottom-up and top-down processing. It also briefly discusses deficits in perception like agnosia and prosopagnosia.
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Perception
This document discusses perception and how humans recognize and interpret sensory information. It covers topics like perceptual constancy, depth perception using monocular and binocular cues, object perception from viewer-centered and object-centered representations, Gestalt principles of visual perception, and theories of perception including direct perception, constructive perception, bottom-up and top-down processing. It also discusses evidence from research on prototypes, features, structural descriptions, and context effects in perception.
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This chapter discusses visual perception and attention. It covers object recognition, visual illusions, unconscious perception, change blindness, and visual and auditory attention. Regarding object recognition, it discusses how we recognize objects despite variations in appearance and viewing conditions. It describes Gestalt principles of perceptual grouping and debates about whether object recognition depends on viewpoint. It then discusses visual illusions and explains them using Milner and Goodale's two visual systems model, which proposes separate systems for perception and action.
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The document discusses various topics related to sleep and consciousness. It describes the different stages of sleep including REM sleep. It discusses several theories about the function and meaning of dreaming, such as Freud's theory of unconscious wish fulfillment. The document also covers circadian rhythms, sleep disturbances, and altered states of consciousness.
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The document discusses several topics related to perception including:
1. It describes different theories of perception such as direct perception theories, constructive perception theories, template theories, and prototype theories.
2. It discusses factors that influence perception such as context effects, bottom-up and top-down processing, and Gestalt principles of perception.
3. It covers depth perception cues including binocular and monocular depth cues, and deficits in perception like agnosia and prosopagnosia.
perception
This document discusses perception and how humans recognize and interpret sensory information. It covers topics like perceptual constancy, depth perception using monocular and binocular cues, object perception through viewer-centered and object-centered representations, Gestalt principles of visual perception including figure-ground and proximity, and theories of perception including direct perception, constructive perception, and bottom-up and top-down processing. It also briefly discusses deficits in perception like agnosia and prosopagnosia.
Section a revision
The optic chiasma is not found in the retina. It is located where some of the optic nerve fibers from each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain.
The other three structures are all found in the retina:
- Rods and cones are the light-sensitive cells located in the retina.
- The blind spot is an area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye, containing no photoreceptors.
So the optic chiasma is the structure not found in the retina from the options given. It is located where the optic nerves meet after leaving the eyes.
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8 perception
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009457343.pdf
Perception is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. A person's perception can differ from others due to internal and external factors. There are various principles that guide human perception, including Gestalt principles of grouping, figure-ground relationships, depth perception cues from binocular and monocular vision, and perceptual constancy which allows objects to appear the same despite changes in viewing conditions. Perception can be influenced by perceptual sets, and illusions demonstrate its fallibility.
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The document discusses key concepts in perception including size constancy, shape constancy, brightness constancy, and figure-ground organization. It also covers Gestalt principles of perceptual organization such as similarity, continuity, and closure. Depth perception is discussed including monocular and binocular cues like linear perspective, overlap, and motion parallax. Common illusions are also described such as the moon illusion and Muller-Lyer illusion.
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2. Several factors like attention, perceptual organization, depth cues and perceptual constancies influence how we perceive objects and their properties like size, shape and color.
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1. The document discusses several visual illusions and theories about how human perception of images can be misleading.
2. Eye movement theories, perspective cues, transactionalist theories, and adaptation-level theories are some of the approaches explored to explain illusions like the Muller-Lyer lines.
3. Ambiguous images and figures that use conflicting depth cues can create "impossible" perceptions by exploiting how the visual system interprets 2D images as 3D scenes.
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The document discusses perception and defines it as the recognition and interpretation of sensory information by the brain. It provides examples of how letters are perceived as words and how objects are perceived to have constant properties like size, brightness, and shape even when the retinal image changes. The three main processes of perception are selection, organization, and interpretation. Form and depth perception are also discussed. Depth perception allows us to see the three-dimensional world through binocular cues from both eyes and monocular cues from a single eye, such as relative size, linear perspective, overlap, and brightness.
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This document provides an overview of key topics in perception, including selective attention, perceptual illusions, perceptual organization, depth perception, motion perception, perceptual constancy, perceptual interpretation, sensory deprivation and restored vision, perceptual adaptation, perceptual set, and the role of human factors in perception. It discusses experimental findings and defines important concepts such as inattentional blindness, change blindness, grouping principles, monocular and binocular depth cues, shape and size constancy, and schemas. Examples of perceptual illusions and demonstrations of perceptual effects are also described.
218 Perceiving visually presented objects recognition, aw.docx
218
Perceiving visually presented objects: recognition, awareness,
and modularity
Anne M Treisman* and Nancy G Kanwisherf
Object perception may involve seeing, recognition,
preparation of actions, and emotional responses-functions
that human brain imaging and neuropsychology suggest are
localized separately. Perhaps because of this specialization,
object perception is remarkably rapid and efficient.
Representations of componential structure and interpolation
from view-dependent images both play a part in object
recognition. Unattended objects may be implicitly registered,
but recent experiments suggest that attention is required to
bind features, to represent three-dimensional structure, and to
mediate awareness.
Addresses
*Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton,
New Jersey 08544-1010, USA;
e-mail: [email protected]
tDepartment of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, El O-243,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02138, USA; e-mail: [email protected]
Current Opinion in Neurobiology 1998, 8:218-226
http://biomednet.com/elecref/0959438800800218
0 Current Biology Ltd ISSN 0959-4388
Abbreviations
ERP event-related potential
fMRl functional magnetic resonance imaging
IT inferotemporal cortex
Introduction
It is usually assumed that perception is mediated by
specific patterns of neural activity that encode a selective
description of what is seen, distinguishing it from other
similar sights. When we perceive an object, we may form
multiple representations, each specialized for a different
purpose and therefore selecting different properties to
encode at different levels of detail. There is empirical
evidence supporting the existence of six different types
of object representation. First, representation as an ‘object
token’-a conscious viewpoint-dependent representation
of the object as currently seen. Second, as a ‘structural de-
scription’- a non-visually-conscious object-centered rep-
resentation from which the object’s appearance from other
angles and distances can be predicted. Third, as an
‘object type’-a recognition of the object’s identity (e.g. a
banana) or membership in one or more stored categories.
Fourth, a representation based on further knowledge
associated with the category (such as the fact that the
banana can be peeled and what it will taste like). Fifth, a
representation that includes a specification of its emotional
and motivational significance to the observer. Sixth, an
‘action-centered description’, specifying its “affordances”
[l], that is, the properties we need in order to program
appropriate motor responses to it, such as its location,
size and shape relative to our hands. These different
representations are probably formed in an interactive
fashion, with prior knowledge facilitating the extraction of
likely features and structure, and vice versa.
Evidence suggests that the first four t ...
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1) Object recognition involves matching visual stimuli to stored representations to identify objects. Basic, subordinate, and superordinate levels of categorization are discussed.
2) Both bottom-up and top-down processing contribute to object recognition. Features are built up from the stimulus itself, and knowledge and context help with recognition.
3) Several theories of object recognition are described, including structural description, recognition by components, and view-based approaches. Both vision and touch (haptics) contribute to recognition.
4) Face recognition is discussed as a special case of object recognition. The importance of configural and relational
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Attention is the concentration of mental energy required to process incoming information. It is selective and limited. There are two types of attention: conscious attention which we are aware of, and preconscious attention which occurs automatically below our awareness level. Preconscious attention can be seen through priming effects, tip-of-the-tongue experiences, automatization through practice, and habituation to repeated stimuli. Divided attention research shows that the number of tasks one can perform simultaneously improves with practice and is not fixed, and dual task experiments reveal delays in responding to the second task, known as the psychological refractory period effect. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
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Section a revision
The optic chiasma is not found in the retina. It is located where some of the optic nerve fibers from each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain.
The other three structures are all found in the retina:
- Rods and cones are the light-sensitive cells located in the retina.
- The blind spot is an area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye, containing no photoreceptors.
So the optic chiasma is the structure not found in the retina from the options given. It is located where the optic nerves meet after leaving the eyes.
Ch06
This chapter discusses various topics related to perception including selective attention, change blindness, perceptual illusions, perceptual organization through Gestalt principles like proximity and continuity, figure-ground perception, depth perception using monocular and binocular cues, perceptual constancy, and perceptual set and schemas. It also briefly introduces human factors psychology and debates around extrasensory perception.
8 perception
The document discusses visual perception and how the brain processes visual information. It explains that perception is the process by which sensory impulses are organized and coded by the brain. Visual perception involves discriminating various visual attributes like color, shape, distance. It describes how visual impulses travel from the retina to the brain areas involved in visual processing and interpretation. Key areas mentioned are the optic chiasm, lateral geniculate nucleus, and primary visual cortex. The document also discusses factors that can influence perception like quality of vision, culture, drugs, personality, and observation methods. Finally, it introduces Gestalt principles of visual organization like figure-ground, similarity, proximity, continuity, closure, and simplicity.
009457343.pdf
Perception is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. A person's perception can differ from others due to internal and external factors. There are various principles that guide human perception, including Gestalt principles of grouping, figure-ground relationships, depth perception cues from binocular and monocular vision, and perceptual constancy which allows objects to appear the same despite changes in viewing conditions. Perception can be influenced by perceptual sets, and illusions demonstrate its fallibility.
Psychology of Perception & Attention
Perception is the active process by which the cognitive system constructs an internal representation of the outside world based on sensory input. It involves both bottom-up processing of sensory stimuli and top-down influences from expectations and prior knowledge. The mind forms a global whole using Gestalt principles and depth is perceived through binocular and monocular cues. Object recognition involves basic feature detection, grouping, figure-ground segregation, and matching with memory representations to apply meaning. Perception can be distorted by illusions or disrupted by agnosias and other disorders.
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The document discusses key concepts in perception including size constancy, shape constancy, brightness constancy, and figure-ground organization. It also covers Gestalt principles of perceptual organization such as similarity, continuity, and closure. Depth perception is discussed including monocular and binocular cues like linear perspective, overlap, and motion parallax. Common illusions are also described such as the moon illusion and Muller-Lyer illusion.
Psykofysik
Personlige og fundamentale egenskaber i synsprocessen. Transformation af stimulusenergi til perception.
Unit 2 - Perception ppt
Perception: definition, nature, importance, gestalt laws of grouping, bottoms up top down processing, perceptual process and perceptual constancy.
#psychology #perception #perceptualgrouping #perceptualconstancy
perception .pptx
1. Perception refers to how sensory information is organized, interpreted and consciously experienced. It involves both bottom-up processing of sensory input and top-down processing influenced by knowledge and experiences.
2. Several factors like attention, perceptual organization, depth cues and perceptual constancies influence how we perceive objects and their properties like size, shape and color.
3. Illusions reveal limits of perception when sensations are interpreted differently than physical stimuli, and there are debates around direct vs indirect approaches and awareness in perception.
Sensation & Perception - Introduction to Psychology
Stages of processing of the senses in human and animal systems, such as vision, auditory, vestibule, and pain senses.
Psychology 101 Sensation & Perception
Sensation is the process by which our senses take in information from the environment. Perception is how we interpret and make sense of these sensory inputs. It involves processing sensory information and extracting meaning. Key aspects of perception include localization, recognition, and discerning objects as well as major functions of the visual perceptual system such as gestalt principles of grouping, depth perception through various cues, and perceptual constancies that allow us to perceive objects as having the same properties despite variations in retinal images.
Fundamentals of visual communication unit iii
Visual perception involves the five senses of sight, touch, smell, taste, and sound, as well as proprioception. It is the process by which we detect stimuli in the environment and take actions based on that information. Perception includes both bottom-up processing, where perception begins with sensory stimuli, and top-down processing, where contextual information aids perception. Optical illusions demonstrate how perception does not always match physical reality due to cognitive influences on what we see. Gestalt principles of perception, such as similarity, continuity, and closure, describe how we tend to group visual elements.
Perception
This document discusses perception and how it influences human behavior and judgment. It describes the perceptual process, which involves receiving stimuli, selective attention, organizing information, interpreting meaning, and forming a response. Several factors are discussed that can influence perception, including external factors like color, size, and movement as well as internal factors like learning, needs, and stereotypes. The document emphasizes that perception is subjective and reality is interpreted differently by different people based on their unique perspectives and experiences.
Photography lesson 05
Deviprasad Goenka Management college of Media Studies
http://www.dgmcms.org.in/
Subject: Photography
Lesson 5: Visual Perception
Faculty Name: Partha Pratim Samanta
A Feature-Integration Theory Of Attention
This document presents Anne Treisman and Garry Gelade's feature-integration theory of attention. The theory proposes that visual features are initially processed in parallel across the visual field, while objects are identified separately and require focused attention. A number of experiments are described that test predictions of the theory regarding visual search, texture segregation, illusory conjunctions, and the relationship between identification and localization of visual stimuli. The results provide general support for the theory and its distinction between the parallel processing of visual features and the serial processing required to integrate features into objects.
Visual illusions
1. The document discusses several visual illusions and theories about how human perception of images can be misleading.
2. Eye movement theories, perspective cues, transactionalist theories, and adaptation-level theories are some of the approaches explored to explain illusions like the Muller-Lyer lines.
3. Ambiguous images and figures that use conflicting depth cues can create "impossible" perceptions by exploiting how the visual system interprets 2D images as 3D scenes.
Ask
The document discusses perception and defines it as the recognition and interpretation of sensory information by the brain. It provides examples of how letters are perceived as words and how objects are perceived to have constant properties like size, brightness, and shape even when the retinal image changes. The three main processes of perception are selection, organization, and interpretation. Form and depth perception are also discussed. Depth perception allows us to see the three-dimensional world through binocular cues from both eyes and monocular cues from a single eye, such as relative size, linear perspective, overlap, and brightness.
Chapter6
This document provides an overview of key topics in perception, including selective attention, perceptual illusions, perceptual organization, depth perception, motion perception, perceptual constancy, perceptual interpretation, sensory deprivation and restored vision, perceptual adaptation, perceptual set, and the role of human factors in perception. It discusses experimental findings and defines important concepts such as inattentional blindness, change blindness, grouping principles, monocular and binocular depth cues, shape and size constancy, and schemas. Examples of perceptual illusions and demonstrations of perceptual effects are also described.
218 Perceiving visually presented objects recognition, aw.docx
218
Perceiving visually presented objects: recognition, awareness,
and modularity
Anne M Treisman* and Nancy G Kanwisherf
Object perception may involve seeing, recognition,
preparation of actions, and emotional responses-functions
that human brain imaging and neuropsychology suggest are
localized separately. Perhaps because of this specialization,
object perception is remarkably rapid and efficient.
Representations of componential structure and interpolation
from view-dependent images both play a part in object
recognition. Unattended objects may be implicitly registered,
but recent experiments suggest that attention is required to
bind features, to represent three-dimensional structure, and to
mediate awareness.
Addresses
*Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton,
New Jersey 08544-1010, USA;
e-mail: [email protected]
tDepartment of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, El O-243,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02138, USA; e-mail: [email protected]
Current Opinion in Neurobiology 1998, 8:218-226
http://biomednet.com/elecref/0959438800800218
0 Current Biology Ltd ISSN 0959-4388
Abbreviations
ERP event-related potential
fMRl functional magnetic resonance imaging
IT inferotemporal cortex
Introduction
It is usually assumed that perception is mediated by
specific patterns of neural activity that encode a selective
description of what is seen, distinguishing it from other
similar sights. When we perceive an object, we may form
multiple representations, each specialized for a different
purpose and therefore selecting different properties to
encode at different levels of detail. There is empirical
evidence supporting the existence of six different types
of object representation. First, representation as an ‘object
token’-a conscious viewpoint-dependent representation
of the object as currently seen. Second, as a ‘structural de-
scription’- a non-visually-conscious object-centered rep-
resentation from which the object’s appearance from other
angles and distances can be predicted. Third, as an
‘object type’-a recognition of the object’s identity (e.g. a
banana) or membership in one or more stored categories.
Fourth, a representation based on further knowledge
associated with the category (such as the fact that the
banana can be peeled and what it will taste like). Fifth, a
representation that includes a specification of its emotional
and motivational significance to the observer. Sixth, an
‘action-centered description’, specifying its “affordances”
[l], that is, the properties we need in order to program
appropriate motor responses to it, such as its location,
size and shape relative to our hands. These different
representations are probably formed in an interactive
fashion, with prior knowledge facilitating the extraction of
likely features and structure, and vice versa.
Evidence suggests that the first four t ...
Ch 5 Object Recognition.pptx
This document discusses concepts and categories related to object recognition. It covers several key topics:
1) Object recognition involves matching visual stimuli to stored representations to identify objects. Basic, subordinate, and superordinate levels of categorization are discussed.
2) Both bottom-up and top-down processing contribute to object recognition. Features are built up from the stimulus itself, and knowledge and context help with recognition.
3) Several theories of object recognition are described, including structural description, recognition by components, and view-based approaches. Both vision and touch (haptics) contribute to recognition.
4) Face recognition is discussed as a special case of object recognition. The importance of configural and relational
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Sensation & Perception - Introduction to Psychology
Sensation & Perception - Introduction to Psychology
218 Perceiving visually presented objects recognition, aw.docx
218 Perceiving visually presented objects recognition, aw.docx
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Este documento presenta una introducción al curso PSIC 3001 - Principios de Psicología I. Explica brevemente que la psicología es el estudio científico del comportamiento y los procesos mentales, y tiene cuatro metas principales: describir, explicar, generar teorías y predecir. También resume algunas áreas clave de la psicología como la psicodinámica, conductual, humanista y cognitiva, así como los métodos científicos utilizados en la investigación psicológica como los estudios
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Attention is the concentration of mental energy required to process incoming information. It is selective and limited. There are two types of attention: conscious attention which we are aware of, and preconscious attention which occurs automatically below our awareness level. Preconscious attention can be seen through priming effects, tip-of-the-tongue experiences, automatization through practice, and habituation to repeated stimuli. Divided attention research shows that the number of tasks one can perform simultaneously improves with practice and is not fixed, and dual task experiments reveal delays in responding to the second task, known as the psychological refractory period effect. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
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El documento habla sobre el desarrollo infantil y niñez. Menciona los reflejos del neonato, el desarrollo de los sentidos a través de la habituación, el desarrollo físico y el apego social. También cubre las teorías del desarrollo cognitivo de Piaget y Vygotsky incluyendo las etapas de Piaget y la zona de desarrollo próximo de Vygotsky.
Herencia Y Ambiente
El documento trata sobre el módulo 27 de la psicología del desarrollo prenatal. Explora el debate entre la herencia y el ambiente en el desarrollo, y cómo ambos factores interactúan. También describe estrategias para determinar su influencia relativa, como estudios con gemelos y de personas criadas en ambientes similares. Finalmente, detalla algunas influencias genéticas y ambientales prenatales como enfermedades hereditarias, teratógenos y el estado de la madre.
Estiloapapsic3070e09
El documento proporciona instrucciones sobre el formato APA para citas y referencias. Requiere el uso de paréntesis en el texto en lugar de notas al pie, doble espacio en todo, y una sección de referencias al final. Detalla los niveles de títulos, párrafos, redacción sin sesgo de género, y el uso de tercera persona. Incluye ejemplos de citas en el texto, largas y cortas, y secundarias, así como instrucciones sobre números y orden alfabético de referencias.
Estiloapa3070
El documento describe las características de estilo y formato del estilo APA para la escritura de manuscritos académicos. Se destaca la importancia de presentar las ideas de manera ordenada, fluida y precisa a través del uso correcto de la gramática, palabras de transición y consistencia en el sujeto y verbo. También se enfatiza el uso de un lenguaje claro y conciso sin redundancias ni jerga innecesaria. Finalmente, se especifican detalles de formato como tipo de letra, márgenes, enumeración de páginas
Chapter1introcogpsych
Cognitive psychology is the study of how people think, perceive, learn, remember, and solve problems. It has roots in both rationalism, which emphasizes logic and reasoning, and empiricism, which focuses on experience and observation. Early approaches included structuralism, functionalism, and associationism. Behaviorism then dominated but was later supplemented by cognitivism, which focuses on mental processes and representations. Modern cognitive psychology uses diverse methods like experiments, case studies, and computer simulations to understand phenomena like attention, memory, decision-making, language, and problem-solving.
Introdu Psic Cog Enero 2009
El documento presenta un resumen de la historia de la psicología cognitiva, desde sus inicios con Wundt y la introspección hasta las teorías conductistas de Watson y Skinner. Se describen los aportes de pioneros como Ebbinghaus en el estudio de la memoria y Bandura en el aprendizaje observacional.
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Chapter4
- 3. Ilusiones Perceptuales Ilusiones Ópticas – estímulos físicos que producen todo el tiempo errores en la percepción
- 35. Biederman & Cooper (1991) After naming novel objects, the second phase begins … Name these fragmented objects 0
- 36. Biederman & Cooper (1991) 1 st fragment Complementary fragment Different exemplar Several different kinds of stimuli were used: identical repeats, complementary, novel, and different exemplars. Reaction time to name object was noted. 0
- 37. Biederman & Cooper (1991) Results Reaction time for identical and complementary stimuli was faster demonstrating visual priming. Visual priming could only occur if participants had created the whole geon when exposed to the first fragmented image. 0
- 41. Marr’s Computational Theory edges contours blobs edges contours blobs depth & orientation depth & orientation real shape real shape 2-D Primal sketch 2.5-D Sketch 3-D model representation