The document discusses the history and evolution of the internet from its origins as the ARPANET network established by the US Department of Defense in the 1960s to connect research institutions. It then traces the development of technologies like packet switching and the World Wide Web that enabled the internet's growth. The summary concludes by noting that while the internet has expanded dramatically and connected billions of users worldwide, it remains without any central ownership or control.

1. THE INTERNET AND WORLD
WIDE WEB

3. • At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. trace the history of the internet;
2. identify the ways to access and connect to the internet,
3. analyze how data travels through the internet,
4. perform search functions on the web; and
5. create a personal web page.

5. • ANSI-American National Standards Institute
• CPU-Central processing unit
• GUI-Graphical user interface

6. DNS-DOMAIN
NAME SYSTEM
• The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of
the Internet. Humans access information online through
domain names, like nytimes.com or espn.com. Web
browsers interact through Internet Protocol (IP)
addresses. DNS translates domain names to IP
addresses so browsers can load Internet resources.

7. • HTML- Hypertext markup language
• HTTP-Hypertext transfer protocol
• ISO-International Organization for Standardization

8. • OOP-Object-oriented programming
• Perl-Practical extraction and reporting language
• PHP-Hypertext preprocessor
• SQL-Structured query language

9. • WISP-Wireless internet service provider
• WMA-Windows media audio
• WWW-World Wide Web
• XML-Extensible markup language

10. • Android OS is Google's open and free software stack that includes an
operating system, middleware, and key applications for use on mobile
devices such as smartphones.

11. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
• is used primarily for direct
hardware manipulation and
direct access to specialized
processor instructions. It is also
used to address critical
performance issues.

12. BLOG WEBSITE
• is an informal website consisting of time-
stamped articles, or posts, in a diary or
journal format, commonly listed in reverse
chronological order.

13. • C programming language is a general-purpose, imperative programming
language developed in the early '70s; C is the oldest and most widely used
language, providing the building blocks for other popular languages.
• C sharp (C#) is a programming language based on C++ and Java that helps
developers create XML web services and Microsoft's NET-connected
applications for Windows operating systems and the internet.

14. • Cable modem provides high-
speed internet connections
through the cable television
network. This service costs
about twice as much as dial-up
access.

15. • Chat room is a location on an internet server that permits users to
chat with each other.
• Chat is a real-time typed conversation that takes place on a computer
or mobile device.

16. • Computer programming
language is a language used to
write computer it involves a
computer that performs some
kind of computation or
algorithm, and possibly controls
external devices such as printers,
disk drives, etc.

17. • C++ programming language is an intermediate-level language with
object-oriented programming features, originally designed to enhance
the C language.
• Database - is a collection of data used for automated systems.

18. • Dial-up access - takes place when the modem in the computer uses a
standard telephone line to connect to the internet.

19. • Domain name - It is an easy yet an expensive way for users to connect
to the internet. Domain name is the text version of an IP address.
• High-level language - is a programming language such as C Fortran,
or Pascal that enables a programmer to write programs that are
more or less independent of a particular type of computer.

20. • Hypertext preprocessor (PHP) is a server-side interpreted scripting language.
It was designed for creating dynamic pages and other web pages that
effectively work with databases.
• Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that links millions of
businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals.
• Internet2 is a not-for-profit networking consortium in the US which aims to
improve the internet, such as relieving bottlenecks in the current architecture

21. • Interpreter is a computer program that directly performs instructions
written in a programming or scripting language, without previously
compiling them into a machine language program. Java programming
language is a programming language that was first introduced to the
public in 1995 and is widely used to create internet applications and
other software programs.

22. • Low-level language is a programming language that provides little or
no abstraction from a computer instruction set architecture.
• Netiquette – Refers to the etiquette guidelines that govern
behavior when communicating on the internet.

23. • Operating system - manages the computer's memory and processes,
as well as all of its software applications and hardware; it also allows
one to communicate with the computer without knowing how to
speak the computer's language

24. • Program refers to a set of instructions and operations for a to perform
or do certain tasks.
• Programmer is a person who writes computer programs.

25. • Programming language is a formal computer language that is
designed to create instructions for the computer.
• System software comprises device drivers, OS, servers, and software
components. Programming software helps in writing programs
through tools such as editors, linkers, debuggers, and
compilers/interpreters, among others.

26. • Web browser-is the tool used to access the internet.
• Web community is a website that gathers a specific group of people
with similar interests or relationships.
• Web hosting provides the technologies and services needed for the
website or web page to be viewed via the internet. Web page is a
document that contains text, graphics, audio (sound), and/or video
accessible through the internet

27. • Web publishing - is the process of publishing original content on the
internet. The process includes building and uploading websites,
updating the associated web pages, and posting content to these web
pages online.

28. • Web server is a system that delivers requested web pages to the
computer.
• Website is a collection of related web pages and associated items,
such as documents and pictures, stored in a web server.
• WiFi is a network that uses radio signals to provide internet
connections to wireless computers and devices.

29. • Wiki website is a collaborative website that allows users to create, add
to, modify, or delete the website content via their web browser.

30. • Wireless internet service provider (WISP) - is a company that provides
wireless internet access to users with wireless modems or web-
enabled mobile devices, such as smartphones and personal digital
assistants (PDAs).

31. • Wizard-is an automated assistant that helps complete a task by asking
questions and then performs actions based on the answers.
• Word processor - allows the user to write a letter, design a flyer, and
create other types of documents.
• World Wide Web (WWW)- of electronic documents. consists of a
worldwide collection

32. THE INTERNET
• is defined as a worldwide network connecting to a million of computers
via dedicated routers and servers. When computers are connected to the
internet, end-users could start sending and receiving different types of
information.
• These types of information can be sent and received via electronic mails
(emails), text or video chats and/or conferencing, and computer programs,
among others.

33. THE INTERNET
• In the Philippines, the PLDT, Inc. (formerly known as Philippine
Long Distance Telephone Company) is the largest network
company; Smart Communications, Inc. and Digitel Mobile
Philippines, Inc. (commercially known as Sun Cellular) are
collaborating with PLDT while Globe Telecom has acquired Bayan
Telecommunications (commonly known as BayanTel or Bayan).

34. THE INTERNET: THEN AND NOW
•Even though today's internet bears little resemblance to
its forebear of almost 50 years ago, it still functions in
basically the same way. The internet has evolved into
something different from the special-purpose,
restricted-use network its planners originally envisioned
it to be (Norton, 2012).

35. • The Internet started from the Advanced
Research Projects Agency's Wide Area Network
which is called the ARPANET. This was
established by the U.S. Department of Defense
in the 1960s so that the military's research unit
could collaborate or partner with business and
government laboratories.

36. • Afterwards, other universities and U.S. institutions were connected to
ARPANET that resulted in the growth of ARPANET different from
everyone's expectations. ARPANET then attained the name of
"Internet."

37. • The first workable prototype of the Internet came in the late 1960s with the creation of
ARPANET, or the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. Originally funded by
the U.S. Department of Defense, ARPANET used packet switching to allow multiple
computers to communicate on a single network.

38. • On October 29, 1969, ARPAnet delivered its first message: a “node-to-node”
communication from one computer to another. (The first computer was in a research lab
at UCLA and the second was at Stanford; each one was the size of a small house.) The
message—“LOGIN”—was short and simple, but it crashed the fledgling ARPA network
anyway: The Stanford computer only received the note’s first two letters.

39. • The advancement of hypertext-based technology known as
World Wide Web, WWW, or just simply as the Web has
provided the channels for displaying text, graphics,
animations, etc. Its other features of enabling easy search
and offering navigation tools prompted the internet's
unpredictable worldwide growth.

40. INTERNET TODAY: STILL GROWING
• Today, the internet connects thousands of
networks and billions of users around the
world. The number of internet users as of
January 2018 is 4.021 billion which means
that more than half of the world's
population is now online as revealed by
We Are Social and Hootsuite in their 2018
Global Digital suite of reports

41. • Despite this huge number, the internet has no central ownership It
means that no single person or group controls the network Although
there are several organizations (such as The Internet and the World
Wide Web Consortium) that propose standards for internet-related
technologies and guidelines for its appropriate use, these
organizations almost universally support the internet's openness and
lack of centralized control.

42. • As a result, the internet is open to anyone who can access it. If one can
use a computer and if the computer is connected to the internet, he or
she is free not only to use the resources posted by others, but also to
create resources of his or her own; that is, the internet user can
publish documents on the World Wide Web. exchange email
messages with other users and perform many other tasks.

43. JOBS THE INTERNET CAN DO
• Internet users may wonder about
the jobs that the internet can
However, there is only one simple
job that the internet does, and it is
to move, transfer, or assign a
computerized information from one
place to another. This information
can be in the form of text
documents, images, audio, video,
and software programs, among
others. All this information is known
as data.

44. HOW DATA TRAVELS THE INTERNET

45. HOW DATA IS SENT THROUGH THE INTERNET
• Circuit switching is one of the most
common schemes utilized to build a
communications network, such as the case
of ordinary telephone calls. Circuit
switching, however, is inefficient because if
you stay connected with your friend or
relative over the phone all the time, the
circuit is still connected, and is, therefore,
blocking other people from using it.

46. • As time goes by, technologies are
improved and developed as well. Most
data that moves over the internet in an
entirely different way is called packet
switching. This is a mode of
transmission in which the message is
broken into smaller parts (called
packets) which are sent independently,
and then reassemble at the ultimate
destination.

47. • Suppose an email from the Philippines is sent to someone in South Korea,
Singapore, Thailand, China, Italy. the US and other countries. Instead of
having a circuit between the home in the Philippines and those in the
mentioned countries, and sending the email in one go, the email is "broken"
tiny press (happens at the back of the system). Theoretically, the packets are
assigned their ultimate destination. It travel via different routes, and when
they reach their definitive destination, these packets will then reassemble to
make the email message one and complete.

48. • Compared to circuit switching, packet switching, therefore, is much
more efficient. A permanent connection is not necessary between the
two places communicating, which avoids blocking the entire chunk of
the network each time a message is sent.

49. THE TABLE BELOW SHOWS THE DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN CIRCUIT SWITCHING AND PACKET
SWITCHING.
• Comparison between Circuit Switching and Packet Switching
Switching
Method
Pros Cons Key Features
Circuit
Switching
It offers a dedicated
transmission channel
that is reserved until
it is disconnected.
Dedicated Channels can cause
delays because a channel is
unavailable until one side
disconnects. It uses a dedicated
physical link between the sending
and receiving devices.
It offers the capability of storing
messages temporarily to reduce
network congestion.
Packet
Switching
Packets can be
routed around
network congestion.
Packets switching
makes efficient use
of network
bandwidth
Packets can get lost while taking
alternative routes to the
destination. Messages are divided
into packets that contain source
and destination information.
The two types of packet
switching are datagram and
virtual circuit. Datagram Packets
are independently send and can
take different paths throughout
the network. Virtual circuits
uses a logical connection

50. WHAT COMPUTERS DO ON THE INTERNET
• Computers do different jobs on the internet. Some compute work like
electronic filing cabinets that store information and send it when
clients request so. These are called servers

51. • . A server is a computer that is designed to process any requests for
data and delivers data to other client computers over a local network
or the internet. A client is a computer or device that gets information
from a server. Any computer running with special software can
function as a server, and servers have different roles to play.

52. • A computer that holds the user accounts, computer accounts,
organizational units, and application services is called the Active
Directory Domain Services (AD DS) Another machine that helps the
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server is a server that
configures IPv4 and IPv6 addresses specifically in giving names to
each IP address up to its root recognition which is called domain
name system (DNS) server.

53. • . Another machine that holds and manages documents is known as
the file server while the other one that holds users mail services and
Web services is referred to as Web Server II A device that connects
printers to client computers through the internet is called a print
server. It accepts print jobs from the computers, queues these jobs,
and sends them to the appropriate printers.

54. • . Besides clients and servers, the internet is made up of a hardware
device designed to receive, analyze, and send incoming packets to
another network. This is called router. Having several computer
devices both at home and in school, you probably have a router that
connects all of your devices to the internet. The can be compared to a
simple mailbox placed at the corner of a street and which represents
your single point of entry to the worldwide network

55. THE WORLD WIDE WEB
• The World Wide Web (WWW) is referred to as the collection of public
websites that are connected to the internet worldwide, together with
the client computers which include personal computers, laptops,
iPads, and cellular phones that access its content.

56. WEB TECHNOLOGIES
• The WWW is considered to be one of the applications in the internet
and computer networks. This is based on three fundamental
technologies that are said to be part of the WWW development:
Hypertext markup language (HTML) is a standard markup language
used for creating web pages. HTML is classified as the set of markup
symbols or codes appended in a file intended for presentation on a
World Wide Web browser page.

57. • Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) is classified as the set of standards
allowing users of the World Wide Web to interchange information
seen on web pages. Port 80 is the standard port for HTTP connections.
• Web servers and web browsers is a software application for
recovering, presenting, and navigating information resources on the
World Wide Web.

58. • There are different browser applications that are currently used in the
WWW such as Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome, Internet Explorer,
Mozilla Firefox, Safari, and more. The World Wide Web Today Last
March 12, 2017, WWW turned 28 years, a milestone that recalls the
invention of the WWW which has changed humanity forever, and
developed a new virtual world within a generation.

59. WEB TECHNOLOGIES
• Hypertext markup language (HTML) is a standard markup language
used for creating web pages. HTML is classified as the set of markup
symbols or codes appended in a file intended for presentation on a
World Wide Web browser page.

60. WEB TECHNOLOGIES
• Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) is classified as the set of standards
allowing users of the World Wide Web to interchange information
seen on web pages. Port 80 is the standard port for HTTP connections.

61. WEB TECHNOLOGIES
• Web servers and web browsers is a software application for
recovering, presenting, and navigating information resources on the
World Wide Web. There are different browser applications that are
currently used in the WWW such as Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome,
Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, and more.

62. THE WORLD WIDE WEB TODAY
• Last March 12, 2017, WWW turned 28 years, a milestone that recalls
the invention of the WWW which has changed humanity forever, and
developed a new virtual world within a generation.

63. THE WORLD WIDE WEB TODAY
• There are known websites that enhanced their features in terms of
design and development style to adapt to the speedily growing
techniques of the users' way of retrieving the Web from large screen
computers to small-screen mobile phones

64. • . It is observed and shown that the way the Web works is reasonably
simple having its four basic stages: connection, request, response, and
close. The first stage is where many users access the browsers such as
Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, and Mozilla Firefox (some of the
most used browsers) to connect to the Web server, Browsers work by
using a unique protocol known as the HTTP which demands a
particular programmed text from the web server.

65. • The text is actually written in HTML format that informs the browser
on how it will display the text on the user's screen Different technical
terms are used in explaining how the Web works. One of the most
important terms to know is the uniform resource locators (URLs) which
is sorted as the internet address. A URL contains four parts, namely
the protocol identifier which indicates the protocol to use, the domain
name which specifies the IP address where the resource is located, the
path, and the file name (Mitchell, 2017)

66. • According to W3Counter, a free unit counter that offers website
analytics, Chrome is the most used web browser with (60.6% share) as
of March 2018. Among other web browsers in the list are Safari
(15.4%), Internet Explorer and Edge (7.6%), Firefox (7.2%), and Opera
(2.9%).

67. SEARCHING FOR INFORMATION ON THE WEB
• A website is maintained by its owner, called a web administrator. The
owner can modify the website content as well as add new information
in it. However, no single organization controls additions, deletions,
and changes to all websites.

68. • This means there is no single repository for all the websites found on
the internet. Several companies, however, maintain organized
directories of websites to help people find information about specific
topics (Shelly, Cashma, & Vermaat, 2011).

69. • There are two mainly managed search tools that people use in
locating information on the web: subject directories and search
engines. Subject directories are developed and maintained by human
editors and not by electronic spiders or robots that are used to fetch
web pages automatically

70. • . A search engine, on the other hand, uses small programs called
spiders or bots (like Googlebot, Yahoo Slurp, and MSNbot) that polish
the internet, follow links, and return information to the search engine's
indicator

71. If you enter a phrase with spaces between the words in the search text,
most search engines return links to pages that include all of the words.
There are several techniques that can be used to improve web searches
such as:
• Using specific words and placing the most important terms first in the
search text or phrase

72. • Using quotation marks to create exact phrases this helps the search
engine find what it is looking for by using the exact sequence of
words.

73. • Listing all possible spellings, for example, organization and
organization In addition to searching for web pages, many search
engines allow searching for images, news articles, and various reports
in different formats.

74. • One of the most popular search engines now is Google. Below is an
overview of some of the most useful Google search tricks released in
2016, from basic tips to new features.
1. Use quotes to search for an exact phrase - By typing in double-
quotes (") at the start and end for a certain word or phrase, Google will
provide the exact word or phrasing you need.

75. 2. Use an asterisk within quotes to specify unknown or variable words
the asterisk symbol (*) will provide possibilities. It is helpful, for example,
if you are trying to determine a song from its lyrics, but you forgot
some of the words or if you are trying to complete a sentence but could
not remember what it was.

76. 3. Use the minus sign to eliminate results containing certain
words - While the asterisk gives you possibilities, the minus sign
(-) eliminates results of certain words. Just type the minus sign
prior to the word you do not want to include in the search.

77. 4. Search websites for keywords You can specify certain content,
format, or files you want Google search to provide. For instance,
if you want to specifically search for PDF files regarding a certain
topic, simply type the keyword PDF followed by a colon symbol
🙂) and the topic you are searching for.

78. 5. Compare using "vs" - By using the "vs" or "versus" between
two words you want to compare, Google will provide an in-depth
analysis of the two words, such as pointing out similarities and
differences.

79. 6. Use "DEFINE:" to search for the meaning of words- slang
included - The "DEFINE:" keyword provides a dictionary definition
of a word. Also, you will be able to see etymology and a graph of
its use over time.

80. 7. Search images using images - Using your mobile device's
camera, you can search for images online by going to Google
Images, activating your camera phone and taking a picture of the
image you are searching for. Google will provide you with similar
images on the web.