Chapter 3 : Air Transportation. It is about the Travel Transport that tourist used in Air.

1. CHAPTER 3
AIR TRANSPORTATION

2. THE AVIATION SYSTEM
* AVIATION - is the broad termm uused to
describe the industry that buils and flies aircraft.
- It is usually subdivided into MILITARY
AVIATION - (aircraft flown by a nation’s ar force n
other branches of its military and the one we’re
concerned with,
*CIVIL AVIATION - The industry that flies from
place to place.

3. CIVIL AVIATION CATEGORIES
- DOMESTIC SERVICE - all flight must start and
end within the borders of the same country.
- INTERNATIONAL SERVICE - A flight starts in one
country and ends in another.

4. FLIGHT TYES AND ROUTES
-NONSTOP FLIGHTS - is one on which a traveler goe from
‘POINT A “ to POINT B” on the same aircraft, with no stop
in between
A B

5. DIRECT FLIGT - is one on which a traveler
goes from ‘POINT A’ to POINT B’ on the
same aircraft but that aircarft stops at an
airport in between.
A NO CHANGE OF PLANES B

6. CONNECTING FLIGHT - is one in which the
traveler, to get to his or her destination
must changes plane once, twice or even
more times.
A CHANGE OF PLANES B

7. OPEN-JAW FLIGHT ITINERARY -is one where the traveler
flies from ‘POINT A’ to ‘POINT B’, then travelers by ground
transportation (e.g. car Rental, Rail etc.
A B

8. ROUND TRIP FLIGHT ITENERARY - is the most common,
travelers flies from “POINT A” to “POINT B”, stays a while
and then returns from B to A again, it can be nonstop,
direct or connecting.
A B

9. ONE WAY FLIGHT ITENERARY - means that the traveler just goes from
“POINT A” to ‘POINT B’

10. CIRCLE FLIGHT ITENERARY - is one where the traveler has two or more
extended stopovers and return to the originating city.

11. AIRCRAFT
-An aircraft is a vehicle which is able to fly
by being supported by the air, or in
general, the atmosphere of a planet.

12. PARTS OF AN AIRCRAFT

13. BASIC COMPONENT
- FUSELAGE - The fuselage is that the portion of
the aircraft that usually containes the crew and
payload, either passengers, cargo, or weapongs.
Most fuselages are long, cylindrical tubes or
sometimes rectangular box shapes. All of the
other major components of the aircraft are
attached to the fuelsage. EMPENNAGE is
another term sometimes used to refer the aft
portion of the fuselage plus the the horizontal
and vertical tails.

14. WING
-The wing is the most important part of an
aircraft since it produces the lift that allows a
plane to fly. The wing is made up of two halves,
left and right, where viewed from behind.
- These halves are connected to each other by
means of fuselage.
- A wing produces lift because of its special
shape, a shape called an airfoll.

15. ENGINE
The other key component that makes an
airplane go is engine, or engines. Aircraft use
several different kinds of engines, but they can
all be classified in two major categories:
- Early aircraft from the Wright flyers until World
War II used propeller-driven piston engines, and
these are all still common today on light general
aviation planes. Many aircraft house within the
fuselage itself.

16. HORIZONTAL
- If an aircraft consists of only a wing or a wings and
fuselage, it is inherently unstable. Stability is defined as
the tendency of an aircraft to return to its initial state
following a disturbance in pitch.
In other words, if some distrubance forces the nose up or
down, the horizontal stabilizer produces a counteracting
force to push the nose in the opposite direction and
restore equilibrium . When in horizontal tail is essentially
a miniature wing since it is also made up of an airfoil cross-
section.
The tail produces a force similar to lift that balances out
the lift of the wing to keep tha plane in equilibrium or
balance.
- To do so, the tail usully needs to produce a force pointed
downward, a quantity called down force.

17. VERTICAL STABILIZER
- The vertical stabilizer, or vertical tail, functions in the
same way as the horizontal tail, except that it provides
stability for a disturbance in YAW.
YAW - is the side to side motion of the nose, so if a
distrubance causes the none to deflect to one side, the
vertical tail produces a counteracting force that pushes the
nose in the opposite direction to restore equilibrium.
= The vertical tail is also made of airfoll cross section and
produces forces just like wing or horizontal tail.

18. AIRCRAFT CONTROL SURFACES AND AXES OF MOTION
-.

19. ELEVATOR
-The Elevator is located on the horizontal stabilizer. It can
be deflected up or down to roduce a change in the down
force produced by the horizontal tail.
The angle of deflection is considered positive
when the trailing edge of the elevator is
deflected upward. Such a deflection increases
the down force by the horizontal tail causing the
nose to pitch upward.

20. RUDDER
The rudder is located on the vertical stabilizer.
- It can be deflected to other side to produce a change in
the side force produced by the vertical tail. The angle of
the deflection is usually considered positive when the
tailing edge of the rudder is deflected towards the right
wing. Such deflection creates a side-force to the left which
causes the nose to yaw to the right.

21. AILERON
Ailerons are located on the tips of each wing.
They are deflected in opposite directions (one
goes trailing edge up, the other trailing edge
down) to produce a change in the lift produced
by each wing.
- On the wing with the aileron deflected
downward, the lift increases whereas the life
decreases on the other wing whose aileron is
deflected upward. The wing with more lift rolls
upward causing the aircraft to go into a bank.

22. ADDITIONAL COMPONENT
FLAP
- Flaps are usually located along the trailing edge
of both the left and right wing, typical inboard of
the ailerons and close to the fuselage.
- Flaps are similar to ailerons in that affect the
amount of lift created by the wings. However,
flaps only deflect downard to increase the lift
produced by both wings simultaneously. Flaps
are most often used during takeoff and landing
to increase the lift the wings generate at a given
period.

23. CABIN AND COCKPIT
-Sometimes these two terms are used
synomously, but most of the time; the term
cockpit is applied to a compartment at the front
of the fuselage where the pilot and flights crew
sit.
= This compartment contains the control yolks
( or sticks) and equipment the crew use to send
commands to the control surfaces and engines
as well to monitor the operation of the vehicle.
Meanwhile, a cabin is typically a compartment
within fuselage where passengers are scaled.

24. THE TRIM TAB
- The Trim Tab can be thought of almost as a
‘mini elevator’ by deflecting the tab up or down,
it increases or decreases the down force created
by the elevator and forces the elevator to a
certain position.
The pilot can set the deflection of the trim tab
which will cause the elevator to remain at the
deflection required to remain trimmed.

25. THE AIRLINE SEATS
Airline seats are chairs on an airliner in which
passengers are accommodated for the duration
of the journey.
- such seats are usually arranged in rown running
across the airplane’s fuselage.
- A diagram of such seats in an aircaft is called
AIRCRAFT SEAT MAP.

26. ROWS OF AIRLINE SEATS
AIRPLANE FRONT SEATS
Good: you will be among the first passengers to
leave the plane; less turbulence; quiter.
Bad: closeness to the washrooms-people
passing by your seat.

27. AIRPLANE BACK SEATS
Good: you can board the plane first to take
more room in the overhead storage bus.
Bad: more moise from airplane engines, more
turbulence.

28. BULKHEAD ROW SEATS
BULKHEAD ROW Seats (in front of the airplane’s partition
walls)
Good: There is no row in front of you, so if are flying with
children, they will not bother people in front of you; there are
no people reclining into your lap:
Bad: too close to watch a movie if it projected on a screen;
less legroom

29. BULKHEAD ROW SEATS
BULKHEAD ROW Seats (in front of the airplane’s partition
walls)
Good: There is no row in front of you, so if are flying with
children, they will not bother people in front of you; there are
no people reclining into your lap:
Bad: too close to watch a movie if it projected on a screen;
less legroom

30. WINDOW SEATS
Good: nice view ( unless it is the one over the wings); more
private space.
Bad: colder area, less room for elbows and legs.

31. BULKHEAD ROW SEATS
BULKHEAD ROW Seats (in front of the airplane’s partition
walls)
Good: There is no row in front of you, so if are flying with
children, they will not bother people in front of you; there are
no people reclining into your lap:
Bad: too close to watch a movie if it projected on a screen;
less legroom

32. AISLE SEATS
Good: more leg and elbow room;
easier getting up.
Bad: people pass by your seat all
the time, a passenger sitting by
the window can ask you to let him
get out.

33. AIRLINE SEAT SIZE
- When evaluating the size (and comfort)
of a seat, the main terms used are pitch
and width.

34. SEAT PITCH - It is a common
misunderstanding that ‘pitch’ is the
same as ‘legroom’.
Seat pitch is an indication of legroom,
referring to the space between a point
on one seat and the same point on the
seat in front of it.

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